Lin Zexu (1785-1850), the word Yuanfu, also known as the word Shaomu, the late name of the old man in Qiqicun, Zhangcun Retreating old man, 72 peaks Retreating old man. He was a native of Houguan, Fujian (present-day Fuzhou, Fujian). His main achievement was the seizure of nearly 20,000 boxes of opium from Britain, about 2.37 million pounds. In April 22 (June 3) in Humen beach public destruction.
Origin of the name
Rule, learn, emulate.
Xu, referring to Xu Sizeng, the governor of Fujian.
Yuanfu (元抚), meaning to follow the example of the governor Xu Sizeng.
Shao Mu, Shi Lin, according to Cheng Enze "title Lin Yanggu Nianzhang feeding cranes Figure photo" poem and note explanation, Lin Zexu was born that night, Lin Binzhi "dreaming personally see the phoenix fly", which immediately reminds him of the "heavenly stone unicorn" and so on in the Southern Dynasties, the talented Xu Ling (word Shao Mu). Talent Xu Ling (word Shao Mu), thought it was an auspicious omen, so in the son named "Zexu" and then give the word "Shao Mu", "Shi Lin". Jiaqing nine years (1804) in the examination, served as secretary of Xiamen Coastal Defense Tongzhi, and then into the Fujian governor Zhang Shicheng's office. In the sixteenth year of the Jiaqing period (1811), he was elected as a concubine, and was awarded the title of editor. He successively served as deputy examiner of Jiangxi rural examination and examiner of Yunnan rural examination. Jiaqing twenty-five years (1820), the Jiangnan Road to monitor the Royal Secretary of Zhejiang Hangjiahu Road, tenure repair ponds, water conservancy, the development of agriculture, quite a political voice. During the Opium War, he was a patriotic statesman who advocated a strict ban on opium and resisted invasion. Historians call him "the first person to open his eyes to the world" in modern China.
Edited biography
Teenager
Lin Zexu was born on July 26th, the 50th year of the Qianlong reign (August 30th, 1785), in Gudong Street, Houguan, Fujian Province (Gulou District, Fuzhou City, present-day Fuzhou City), into a family of lower-class feudal intellectuals. His father, Lin Binri, made his living by teaching reading and lecturing. The father could not make ends meet with the meager income from teaching private school alone, so the mother shared the family's hardship with manual labor.
During the imperial examination era, Lin Zexu's parents counted on their son to rise through the ranks. Lin Zexu was a bright and intelligent man, and at the age of four, he was taught the Four Books and Five Classics orally by his father, who "took him to school and held him in his lap". Under his father's careful cultivation, he read the Confucian scriptures at an early age. Under the influence of his father and friends and relatives, he began to pay attention to the study of the world. In 1804, at the age of 20, he became a successful candidate for the Imperial Examination at the age of 20. The simple teaching of his father made Lin Zexu's academic achievement amazing. However, thereafter, due to the family's day-to-day difficulties, he went out to work as a schoolteacher. In the fall of the eleventh year (1806), was hired by Fong Yongqing to Xiamen as a secretary of the Coastal Defense Tongzhi. Here the opium poison attracted his attention. In the same year, he was recruited by the new governor of Fujian, Mr. Zhang Shicheng. He was informed of many Qing Dynasty stories and military, criminal, rituals, music and other knowledge, as well as experience in the officialdom, for his later "into the service" to prepare for some of the necessary conditions.
Into the officialdom
Jiaqing sixteen years (1811), Lin Zexu will be successful in the examination, given a bachelor's degree, selected the Hanlin Academy commoner's degree, began to enter the officialdom, the realization of the parents of the hope of entering the civil service. In the nineteenth year (1814) was authorized to edit. Since then, he has served as the National Historical Museum, the writer, the study room walk, the Qing secret office, the deputy examiner of Jiangxi countryside examination, the Yunnan countryside examination, Jiangnan Road, the supervision of the imperial censor. In the Beijing official period, he was determined to do a world of upright officials. So, he "literature and cultivation". In order to pass in the political affairs, "more study of the heart of the world, although living in the Qing secret, in six Cao examples due to change. Use of administrative gains and losses, check and balance". In the capital for seven years, he widely collected Yuan, Ming since dozens of experts on the construction of water conservancy in the Gifu Zaozhu, writings, wrote the "North straight water conservancy book". The book clearly pointed out that "Zhili water suitable for rice, water can be made into a field", "agriculture for the world's basic affairs, rice and for the farmers of the basic affairs. He believed that only by developing water conservancy in North China, advocating rice cultivation, and solving the problem of grain transportation locally, could the problem of northward transportation of southern grain and the resultant accumulated problems of grain transportation be reasonably solved. In the 24th year of the Jiaqing period (1819), Lin Zexu participated in the "Xuannan Poetry Society", a literary organization in Beijing, where he met Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan and others, and sang and sang poetry in the society.
Jiaqing 25 years (1820) in July, Lin Zexu outside the Zhejiang Hangjiahu Road. He actively selecting talents, suggested the construction of the sea pond water conservancy, quite as. But he felt all kinds of resistance on the career is difficult to cope with, had vented "support left and right" "three sighs for the official difficult" such bitterness. Finally in July of the following year, on the pretext of his father's illness, resigned and returned home. Lin Zexu has done a lot of good for the people, but because of the temperament is too impatient, please write "check the anger" hanging in the hall in order to self-police.
Daoguang two years (1822) in April to come back, to the Zhejiang Province by the Jiangnan Huaihai Road, not before assuming office had acted as the Zhejiang Salt Transportation Minister, rectify the salt regime, achieved results. Lin Zexu by the Daoguang Emperor's favor, and soon crossed into the official career in the period of the green clouds. In the first month of the third year of Daoguang (1823), Lin Zexu was appointed as the Minister of Jiangsu Province. In office, he reorganized the officials, clean up the backlog of cases, vindicate the wrongful imprisonment, and opium poisoning as a social evil to be strictly prohibited. Jiangsu in the summer and fall of this year, heavy rain disaster, Songjiang starving people gathered to sue for disaster, raging will change. Lin Zexu opposed the deployment of troops to suppress, personally went to Songjiang to stabilize the victims, to take a series of relief measures, easing the class conflict. At the end of the year into the hajj return, acting Jiangning Buzheng Minister, let Lin Zexu is responsible for the province's disaster relief affairs. But the Daoguang four years in the fall, Lin Zexu successively suffered the loss of his parents, in the register to keep the system. Until the first month of the decade again.
Daoguang seven years (1827) in June, Shaanxi Minister of Justice, Acting Minister of the cloth, in the first month of the appointment that is transferred to the Jiangning Minister of the cloth. Waiting for the handover period, southern Shaanxi Lueyang area floods, so stay in Shaanxi temporarily in charge of the original position, to Lueyang to see the disaster, resettlement of the affected people, but also involved in the county to move the building. To and from southern shaanxi, had gone to zhibaoshan zhangliang temple, jingjunshan zhuge Liang's tomb, wuhou ancestral temple. He wrote in the "Dingjunshan visit Wuhou Tomb" poem: "Although the big star fell big name to stay, a line of the royal program boast Han Liu. The people who hugged their knees knew Guanle, and bowed to the right side of Yi Zhou. Tears of the inhabitants of Shinshui, the moon black Qishan old base in the fall. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to get a good look at this, but I'm sure I'm going to be able to get a good look at this."
Daoguang ten years (1830) completed mourning. Daoguang ten years (1830) in the fall of Hubei Buzhengzhu, the following spring transferred to Henan Buzhengzhu, Mew Donghe River Governor. From June to July of the following year, Lin Zexu successively served as Hubei, Henan, Jiangning Buzheng Minister. "He traveled around the three provinces in the following year, and all the corrupt officials were relieved of their duties. Frontier ministers value his talent, are folded under the heart." He for the long-term interests of the Qing dynasty rule, sharp financial reorganization, repair water conservancy, disaster relief office relief", "a moment of virtuous fame." In October, was promoted to Governor of the East River Road. In the face of the major issues related to the livelihood of the river, determined to "break away from sentimentality", "force revitalization of compliance", in order to "remove the evils of the public funds section, the work of solid Lanan security." In order to manage the Yellow River, personally against the cold wind, walking hundreds of miles, on the spare thousands of water management business beam straw check, but also will be along the river terrain, water flow. Painting and hanging, easy to understand and governance.
Daoguang 12 years (1832) in February, transferred to Jiangsu Governor. From this year to sixteen years, he has made achievements in agriculture, water supply, water conservancy, disaster relief, officials, especially the promotion of new farming techniques, the promotion of new agricultural tools. In his practical activities, he realized that: "The power of the earth must be invested in manpower, and the work of the earth is all agricultural work. Waterway more than one point of the dredging, that is, the field more than one point of the benefit of dependence." Lin Zexu this farming ideas, is experienced in the actual investigation. Daoguang twelve years (1833), jiangsu big flood, Lin Zexu despite the deadline and court reprimand, exhaustive statement of the disaster, appealing to slow down the levy of watercourse, put forward "more than a point of broad call, that is, more cultivation" a point of vitality "request, which is the development of production, so that the people of hardship in the objectively played a favorable role. At the same time, he analyzed the cause of flooding is due to the wusong river, huangpu river, lou river and the table with the baihao river is in disrepair, silted up year by year, so decided to repair baihao river, lou river, but also the construction of the sea ponds, which in China's history of water conservancy have a certain status. In this period, Lin Zexu on the Qing dynasty's financial policy, trade policy to raise objections, opposed to a blanket ban on foreign money, and for the first time politely to the Daoguang emperor put forward a set of self-cast silver coins, the establishment of the country's silver standard system of proposition. This is the precursor of China's modern monetary reform. This is also to adapt to changes in the political and economic situation, to protect the country's industrial and commercial workers, to protect the independent development of the national economy, to resist the advanced ideas of Western capitalist economic aggression.
Daoguang seventeen years (1837) in the first month, rose to the Governor of Hubei and Guangdong. In the face of the Hubei territory every summer river often flooding, Lin Zexu take strong measures, put forward "repair and defense", so that "thousands of miles of long embankments in Jianghan, peacefully Puqing, and the branch of the river dike, there is no one diffuse mouth," to protect the lives and property of the states and counties along the Jianghan, made an indelible contribution. Made an indelible contribution. At the same time Lin Zexu rectify the officialdom, severely punish corruption and perversion of the law. "To correct people, first correct already." "Teaching by example is more important than teaching by words", Lin Zexu pays close attention to strict requirements for himself, everything by example, everywhere for others to set an example. When serving as Hubei Buzheng, into Hubei issued a "pass card", prohibiting flattery along the way, lending extortion. In the Governor's office, still maintain "all impartial" style. Lin Zexu work conscientiously and diligently, was then the most honest and capable officialdom, upright and selfless by the masses love the good Palace.
Editing this section of the ban on opium and after the experience
At that time, the opium issue gradually became one of the political debate. Daoguang sixteen years (1836), the Secretary of the Taishang Temple Xu Naiji advocate "banning the theory", please allow people to sell smoking, so that the smuggling of opium legalized; Daoguang eighteen years (1838), the Secretary of the Hongfu Temple, Huang Juezhi put forward the "theory of banning the theory", with the heavy treatment of smoking first. Lin Zexu had petitioned the court, requesting a strict ban on opium. Not waiting for the emperor's instructions, began in the province's anti-smoking, the seizure of tobacco, tobacco cream and tobacco, and formulated "break addiction pills", for people to quit smoking, with outstanding results. Subsequently, another zhang fold, the smoke ban, especially the importance of eliminating the source of opium and anti-smoking strategy, and for the refutation of the opposition emphasized that: "the law should be from the strict, if they are still leaking to see, is to make decades later, the Central Plains, several can not defend the enemy's soldiers, and can not be filled with silver", indecisive Daoguang Emperor recognized the urgency of the ban on opium, Necessity and possibility, then, was forced to accept the strict prohibition of claims, decided to ban smoking. November 15 (December 31), the Daoguang Emperor specially appointed Lin Zexu as Minister to Guangdong to investigate the smoking ban.
Before entering Guangzhou. Lin Zexu first clarify the situation in Guangzhou by opium poisoning, look up the smokehouse, grasp a lot of first-hand information, in the first month of the 19th year of the Daoguang [1839 March] arrived in Guangzhou, on the fourth of February (March 19), Lin Zexu, together with Deng Yanzhen and other summoned thirteen rows of foreign merchants, ordered to transmit the Oracle post, foreign opium traffickers to pay the smoke by the end of the day, and a guarantee of the future will never be entrained in the opium, he also declared sternly: "If the opium one day does not end, this minister one day does not return, sworn with this matter always, never suspend the reason." But foreigners refused to hand over, after a determined struggle, thwarted the British commercial supervisor in China Yilu and opium dealers, seized all the opium nearly 20,000 boxes, about 2.37 million pounds. On April 22 (June 3) in Humen beach public destruction. Daoguang 18 years on November 15, Lin Zexu was appointed Minister of Qin, has come 1839 is to make the most important in the history of anti-smoking the following year, for Lin Zexu life is the most glorious years.
In the period of the investigation and ban on opium, Lin Zexu had written a couplet in his own government office: "the sea is tolerant of hundreds of rivers is big; the wall of a thousand refuges without desire is just," the couplet image vivid, profound meaning. The first couplet earnestly admonished himself, to listen to a wide range of different opinions, in order to do things well, invincible; the second couplet to sharpen their own, when the official must resolutely put an end to selfish desires, in order to be as upright and upright as a mountain, standing upright in the world. Lin Zexu advocated this spirit, admirable, for future generations of reference.
On March 10, 1839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou after a two-month journey, and thousands of people crowded both sides of the Pearl River, all vying to see the style of the imperial court. The whole Guangzhou is waiting and listening to the voice of the minister, Lin Zexu's answer is the next day outside the Regulus Gate posted two notices, "the receipt of the submission of the draft" declared that the purpose of the minister of the imperial court in Guangzhou to make the investigation of the incident of the Haikou. The other one, the "Draft of the Defense of the Pass", was nothing less than the first manifesto of the Minister's trip, a precursor to the anti-smoking campaign. This announcement was Lin Zexu's first public appearance as a minister to the officials, people and foreigners of Guangzhou, and it was not only to confess to the world once again his cleanliness, but also to navigate an extremely complicated situation. Lin Zexu's diary records that he stayed at Yuehua Academy that day.
On March 18, 1839, Lin Zexu issued two oracle stickers. March 19 ordered to prohibit foreigners from leaving Guangzhou. March 21 ordered the siege of the merchant houses. March 22 ordered to investigate and take the British opium traffickers upside down.
The arrival of the British commercial supervisor in China, the contradiction naturally shifted to him, he arrived at the same day, Lin Zexu ordered all foreign ships moored in the Huangpu River to seal the cabin, the same night blockade of the merchant house, and withdraw all the servants and Chinese employees. But Yilu is a complete rogue, in the face of Lin Zexu's orders, backtracked, to take the rogue, blackmail, deception, lying, the vile tactics of alternating. Yiliu cunning, but not Lin Zexu's opponent, March 28, to Lin Zexu presented "Yiliu comply with the Oracle to submit a single payment of 20,023 boxes of cigarettes endowed".
From Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou on March 10, 1839, to the Yilu March 28 was forced to agree to surrender all the opium, a total of *** 18 days, which fully illustrates the victory of Lin Zexu to collect the first round of opium.
Lin Zexu met with Deng Tingzhen and others, and then made impeccable instructions and arrangements for all aspects of the collection, such as the location, acceptance, escort, storage, guarding, and guarding.
On April 10th, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen Deng personally went to Humen to check the preparations before the collection.
April 11 began to collect, Lin Zexu personally supervise the whole process of collection.
May 18, practical for 34 days, *** collection of tobacco soil 19,187 boxes, and 2,119 bags, a total weight of 1188,127 kilograms.
The days of the collection, Lin Zexu not a moment to oversee this ponderous process. Day and night labor, meticulous, no error. Tobacco control was a complete victory, but how to dispose of such a huge amount of opium, foreigners speculated that China may be a monopoly on opium, thus legitimizing the sale of opium, but they thought wrong. Lin Zexu reported to the Daoguang Emperor, requesting that the physical quantity be examined and then burned. Daoguang showed great confidence in Lin Zexu, and he asked him, along with Deng Tingzhen and Yiliang, to destroy the seized opium on the spot.
On June 3, the 23-day Humen Smoke Suppression, under the command of Lin Zexu, announced to the world the determination of the Chinese nation to never succumb to aggression. The Humen Smokeout, a feat unprecedented in human history, the Humen Smokeout, demonstrating the unrivaled greatness of the Chinese nation, is a victory against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, rightly so, is the organizer, conductor and completion of this event. In this sense, he has become a historical giant without shame.
150 years ago, Britain was the largest imperialist country in the world. He kept plundering colonies all over the world, and tried to open the door of China with opium.
In 1838, when the local government of Guangzhou executed a Chinese opium dealer, the British tobacco merchants came out to obstruct the execution, which aroused the righteous indignation of the people of Guangzhou. 1839, in February, more than 10,000 people demonstrated in front of the inns where the foreigners lived to denounce the crimes of the foreigners who interfered in China's internal affairs.
In March 1839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, the anti-smoking campaign quickly launched. He stepped up the defense of the sea, and took strict action against the tobacco traders; he also ordered the foreign tobacco traders to hand over the opium. Lin Zexu said in a notice to foreign tobacco merchants: "If opium is not eliminated, this minister will not return for one day." Due to Lin Zexu's firm attitude and strong measures, coupled with the support of the people, foreign tobacco merchants were forced to hand over more than 20,000 cases of opium.
Lin Zexu ordered the opium to be publicly destroyed at Humen, and led major and minor officials to personally supervise the process. He was made to put the opium into the two large pools dug, the pools into the brine, opium soaked for half a day, then add quicklime, quicklime will boil the raw water, the opium was destroyed. It took 22 days to destroy all the seized opium. This is the world-famous "Humen Smoke".
The righteousness of the tobacco sale, the majority of the people's support, Humen Beach every day there are tens of thousands of people to watch, people clapped their hands and applauded. When foreigners saw this, they also expressed their admiration for Lin Zexu's decisiveness in banning cigarettes.
The Humen anti-smoking is a glorious page in the modern history of China's anti-imperialist struggle, Lin Zexu led the anti-smoking campaign victory, is the first great victory in the history of the Chinese people's anti-aggression struggle, this feat, to safeguard the dignity of the nation and the interests of the Chinese people, and grow the fighting spirit of the Chinese people.
Lin Zexu, in the process of checking opium in Guangzhou, realized that Britain would launch a war of aggression. In order to defeat the enemy, it is necessary to know oneself and be known. He analyzed and researched in various aspects, concluded that: change the enemy's strengths for their own strengths, that is, Wei Yuan summarized the elaboration for the "division of the barbarians of the long technology to control the barbarians". So Lin Zexu personally presided over the organization of the translation team, the foreigners about China's speech translated into "Chinese matter barbarians," as a Chinese officials at the time of a "reference news"; in order to understand the foreign military, political and economic intelligence, will be hosted by the British businessman of the "Guangzhou Weekly" translated into the "Macao News Newspaper"; in order to understand the geography of the West, In order to understand the western geography, history, politics, and organized the translation of the British Murray's "World Geography Book", compiled into the "Four Continents", which is China's first modern comparative systematic introduction to the western geography of the book; also translated the Swiss jurist Wattel's "International Law". One of the articles stipulates: "States have the right to prohibit the importation of foreign goods." This shows that China's ban on smoking is fully in line with the International Law. In the military aspect, proceeded to strengthen and improve the defense force along the coast. Lin Zexu specifically from foreign countries to buy more than 200 new-style cannons configured in the Haikou Fortress. In order to improve the military technology, and collected and organized the cannon aiming method, warship books and other information. Lin Zexu dared to learn the spirit of foreign advanced science and technology, was highly praised by the people, known as "the first person to open his eyes to the world." Although Lin Zexu's understanding of the West is relatively shallow, the purpose of contact with Western learning is out of diplomacy, military needs, but after all, created a modern China to learn and study the West's culture, China's modern modernization thought to play a role in enlightenment.
The British colonizers refused to give up the criminal opium trade, and plotted to invade China by force. Lin Zexu in Guangdong while anti-smoking, "while actively preparing for war, the construction of fortresses, pulling the river barrage chain, believe that" the people's hearts available ", recruited more than 5,000 fishermen into the water brave, repeated defeat of the British army provocation. In the second half of 1839, the battle of Kowloon, the battle of Chuanbi Guanchong and other counterattack victories. The Daoguang Emperor, blindly proud, decreed to stop British trade. On the first day of December in the 19th year of Daoguang (January 5, 1840), the Qing court authorized Lin Zexu to be the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. After the outbreak of the Opium War, Dinghai fell, Qishan to Guangzhou, and Lin Zexu in the opposite direction. Under the threat and inducement of the British invaders, he signed without authorization the cession of Hong Kong, compensation for the price of tobacco six million dollars of "through the nose grass contract". But he blamed it all on Lin Zexu.
Lin Zexu anti-British merit, but by the surrender faction of false accusations, was the Daoguang Emperor dismissed, "from the re-sent to the Ili, the effectiveness of atonement." He endured humiliation, Daoguang twenty-one years (July 14, 1841) embarked on the Hundred Days. On the way to the Hundred Days, still worried about the country and the people, and not for the personal ups and downs and sighs, when he said goodbye to his wife in the ancient city of Xi'an, under the full-blooded anger to write "if you want to benefit the country life and death, not because of the disaster and happiness avoided" inspiring verse. This is the expression of his patriotic feelings, but also a reflection of his personality.
Daoguang twenty-one November 9th to Xinjiang. Lin Zexu despite the age of the body, from Ili to Xinjiang around the "western region throughout the 30,000 miles", the field survey of the southern border eight cities, deepening the understanding of the importance of the Northwest frontier defense. Lin Zexu translated the information found in the threat of tsarist Russia on China, contributed to his anti-British defense against Russia's national defense ideas, become a modern "prevention of plugging" of the pioneer. So he clearly to the Ili General Buyan Tai proposed "Tuantian cultivation war", preparedness. He also led the masses to build water conservancy, and popularized the kan'er well and spinning wheel, which people called "Lin Gongjing" and "Lin Gongche" to commemorate his performance. Lin Zexu according to their own years in xinjiang, combined with the tsarist russia coerced the qing court to open yili, pointed out the seriousness of the threat of tsarist russia, dying fashion admonition "the end of the patient for china, its russia hu!" Lin Zexu's foresight, has been confirmed by subsequent history.
Daoguang 25 years (1845) began, the court reappointed Lin Zexu, transferred to the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Shaanxi Governor, Governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. Daoguang twenty-five years in September called back to Beijing to wait for a replacement, in November to the top of the third grade acting governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. Twenty-six years (1846) in April, awarded the governor of Shaanxi, July 9 (August 30) arrived in Shaanxi. Shaanxi at this time, a variety of social contradictions are very sharp: the opium wars, the Qing court in order to solve the military difficulties, in addition to the allocation of Shaanxi levy of salt tax, but also forced Shaanxi to donate more than one million taels of silver. After the Opium War to the foreign invaders of the reparations also amortized to Shaanxi, only Xi'an Xianning, Chang'an two counties of reparations silver, the annual collection of more than 20,000 taels, equivalent to one-third of the number of paid silver; coupled with the occurrence of successive disasters around the world, the masses of laborers and the living exceptionally difficult; the Weinan, Fuping, Sanyuan, Dali, Pucheng, and other places of the "swordsman" and the local Hui people united to resist the government. The local Hui people united against the government's struggle one after another.
After Lin arrived, he ordered the "swordsmen" to be severely suppressed, and affirmed that the local officials in the suppression of those who will be asked to the court to be rewarded; at the same time, a series of disaster relief measures were taken. On the one hand, Xi'an and other places of more than one million stone grain to the poor flat black, for the inability to buy food for the very poor households and the elderly, sick and disabled, by the official adoption, the provincial capital of Xi'an that is the adoption of the very poor people of three or four thousand people; persuade the gentry and merchants of the rich households to contribute to the relief of the poor households of the villages and villages of the money out of the grain, and make the local officials and the rich households around the purchase, pledge of oxen, so as not to affect the cultivation of; on the other hand, to the court of the Qing dynasty even on the drought of various belongings were slow to levy a folding Xianning and other twelve counties should be levied grain and stone exhibition limit Zao pin folding", requesting the court to suspend the levy of money, food. In order to fundamentally exempt from the disaster, he proposed the construction of water conservancy in Guanzhong, ordered the Shaanxi governor of food Zhang Jixin on the "Guanzhong scenic spot atlas" book to study, put forward the program. This plan could not be realized because the cost was too great. Lin through a variety of ways, so that the situation in Shaanxi has been temporarily stabilized, but he was exhausted into a disease, had to ask the court to grant leave of absence for three months, the opening of a shortage of medical treatment.
In March of the 27th year of the Daoguang period (1847), the Qing court ordered Lin Zexu to be the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. After arriving, to maintain the stability of the Yunnan border plus Prince Prince, rewarded with a plume. Twenty-nine years (1849) in the fall, due to serious illness, asked to open a vacancy to return to his hometown to adjust, the following year in March returned to Houguan. In September, and was ordered by the Qing court as Minister of Qin, to Guangxi to suppress the anti-Qing armed uprising of the worship of God. He was sick from Houguan start, October 19 (November 22, 1850) died in Chaozhou Puning Hall. Before the funeral report to Beijing, the Qing court on October 24 (November 27) also ordered him to temporarily act as governor of Guangxi.
In the appointment of Diandu, he put forward the rectification of Yunnan mining, encouraging private mining, advocating the commercialization of ideas. This reflects his thinking contains budding capitalist ideas. In Daoguang 29 years (1849) due to illness resigned. He ended his political career. Daoguang thirty years (1850) the Qing government for the expedition of the Taiping army, and then appointed him as Minister of Qin, supervising the military affairs in Guangxi. On the way to his appointment, November 22, 1850 died in Chaozhou Puning County Hall, aged 66 years. After his death, he was awarded the title of Crown Prince, according to the Governor's pension, and all the past punishments were all restored, posthumous title of Wenzhong.
On the opium trade, the British government's attitude is very clear, it is in the Bamak Zun to the Yilu's order to get a clear expression, June 15, 1838, Bamak Zun wrote:
"With regard to the smuggling trade in opium, which constitutes the subject of your letters of November 18, 19, and December 7, 1837, I must say that Her Majesty's Government is not able to make the British subjects to be able to use the opium trade in order to make the British subjects to be able to use the opium trade in their own way. Majesty's Government cannot interfere for the purpose of enabling British subjects to break the laws of the country to which they go to trade. The loss which such persons may therefore suffer by the more effectual enforcement of the laws of China on this subject must be borne by those who, by their own action, have caused that loss." [Selected and Translated Materials from British Archives Concerning the Opium War (First Book), p. 258, translated by Hu Bin, Chinese Bookstore]
In the later decision of the British Government to send the armed forces to China, Bamak Zun also continued to emphasize in the relevant instructions sent to Yilu that:
"Her Majesty's Government by no means doubt the right of the Chinese Government to prohibit the importation of opium into China and has the right to seize and confiscate any opium which has been imported into Chinese territory by those foreigners or Chinese subjects who have disregarded the duly established prohibition." [Selected and Translated Materials from the British Archives Relating to the Opium War (next volume), p. 523]
When Yiru was removed from his post for a complete violation of the British government's instructions, Bamak Zun, in a lengthy exhortation sent to the new Minister Plenipotentiary, once again reiterated that:
"Her Majesty's Government make no claim in this matter (referring to the banning of opium), for they have no right to do so. The Chinese Government has every right to prohibit opium, if it so desires, and British subjects engaged in a trade in a prohibited article must bear the consequences of doing so." [Selected and Translated Materials from the British Archives Relating to the Opium War (next volume), p. 906]
In regard to the opium trade, Yiru said in his circular:
"This Chief Superintendent further gives notice to warn all those of Her Majesty's subjects who are engaged in the aforesaid unlawful trade in opium in such sailing vessels, speedboats, or small vessels otherwise fitted up, within the limits of the Humen SUBJECTS: that if any Chinese shall come forward by reason of any death or any injury seriously caused by any British subject or subjects, such British subject or subjects, when duly convicted, shall be liable to as great a punishment as if the offense had been committed within the jurisdiction of Her Majesty's Court of Justice at Westminster.
This Chief Superintendent further publishes a notice warning all British subjects who are in possession of such sailing vessels, speedboats, or otherwise fitted out boats, engaged in this unlawful trade in opium within the Humen, that Her Majesty's Government will in no wise interfere with the capture and seizure of such vessels, if the Chinese Government shall think fit to do so.
This Chief Superintendent further publishes a notice warning all British subjects employed in the illicit opium trade in these sailing vessels, speedboats, and vessels otherwise fitted out, within the Humen, that it is unlawful to resist by force the officers of the Chinese Government in the performance of their search and capture, and that they will be subjected to the consequences and penalties accordingly, that is to say, as if the said resistance had been made against their own Government, either in their own country or in any foreign country, or against the Government of their own country. own country or in any foreign country against the officers of their own Government or any other foreign Government." [Selected and Translated Materials from the British Archives on the Opium War (First Book), p. 350]
Even after he was expelled by Lin Zexu to the sea and wandered around because of the "Lin Weixi Case", Yilu did not change his attitude towards the opium trade, and he wrote to Bamai Zun that there was no one who was more interested in the opium trade than he was in the opium trade. "has a more profoundly disgusted attitude towards the disgrace and evils of this compulsory trade on the coast of China, and I do not know what choice there is between that trade and piracy." [Selected and Translated Materials from British Archives Relating to the Opium War (Upper), p. 483]
These historical sources show that the British government recognized the Manchu government's full right to stop opium smuggling and did not attempt to intervene in the anti-smoking measures taken by them.
Editing Lin Zexu's Writings
Lin Zexu, who had been in politics for 40 years and had been an official in 13 provinces, was a famous feudal politician and a representative of the landlord class reformist faction. Although as a feudal official, there is the idea of "loyalty", suppressed the minority uprising, but in the face of the Chinese nation into semi-colonial critical juncture, he stepped forward, "put the misfortune and honor and disgrace outside the degree of responsibility", resolutely implement the anti-smoking, resistance to foreign armed invasion, the defense of national sovereignty and territory. He defended national sovereignty and territory. He also advocated the learning of advanced Western technology and the development of national industry and commerce. This is the mainstream of his life activities and thoughts. Lin Zexu is the first national hero of modern China. Lin Zexu life hobbies poetry, calligraphy, authored "cloud left mountain room notes", "cloud left mountain room notes", "make Dian Yin grass" and "Lin Wenzhong Gong政書""《荷戈纪程》and other works. The remains of the manuscripts, diaries, official documents, letters, notes, poems, etc., after the establishment of the country as a collection of Lin Zexu.
Lin Zexu couplets
A pair of couplets, written on Qianlong paper, slightly worn, on the top:
She Yan Fengchun leave good words,
ground without cold valley spring always.
The next couplet reads, "In the year of dingchou, the year of the gift to Lin Zexu," and then there is a seal in traditional Chinese characters of "shaomu" (which is not very clear, probably) and a seal in traditional Chinese characters of "Lin Zexu" (which is not very clear, probably), and a seal in traditional Chinese characters of "Lin Zexu". and a seal in traditional Chinese characters "林则徐". Another one:
The first couplet reads: "The first is the state of the three suns, the second is the fragrance of the flowers and the spring of the trees. The inscription is "Xin Chou Nian Shao Mu Lin Zexu", and the following are two seals, in order of Lin Zexu's seal, followed by Shao Mu. Both are in traditional Chinese characters.
Edit Lin Zexu famous poems and quotes
1. children and grandchildren if I, leave money to do what, virtuous and more money, then loss of ambition; children and grandchildren are not as good as me, leave money to do what, stupid and more money, more to increase its fault.
2. The sea has the capacity to accommodate a hundred rivers; the wall is a thousand refuges, no desire is just.
3. Lin Zexu said: "If you want to live and die for the sake of the country, do not avoid it because of misfortune. Tolerance is great, how many thousands of years? The desirelessness is the hardness of a hundred generations of teachers. To defend the border by martial arts, to drive away tigers and leopards, and to reason and write poems.
4. "The first thing you need to do is to be correct in your mind and body, and then you will have a good reputation
4. "The first thing you need to do is to be correct in your mind and body, and then you will have a good reputation
4. "The first thing you need to do is to be correct in your mind and body, and then you will have a good reputation
4. The time is hard to get by without faults, and the official is not born of it.
The wind and waves are empty of three islands, and the dust and soil are counted from the beginning. The first time I saw this was when I was a child, and the second time I saw it was when I was a child, and the third time I saw it was when I was a child.
The second
The strength is weak, the weight is heavy, the spirit is tired, and the exhaustion will not be able to support. The first one is the one that is not a part of the program, and the second one is the one that is not a part of the program, and the third one is the one that is not a part of the program.
The banishment is precisely the kindness of the king, and it is appropriate to raise the poor in the garrison. I've been talking to my wife about the story, and I've been trying to get rid of the old man's scalp.
On September 20, 2000, on the occasion of the 215th anniversary of the birth of national hero Lin Zexu, located in the birthplace of Lin Zexu, Fuzhou City, Zuoying Division of the "Lin Zexu Star" monument was unveiled, which means "Lin Zexu Star" rose from here. 1996, June 7, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Chinese Academy of Sciences. On June 7, 1996, an asteroid was discovered by Academician Chen Jiansheng of the Beijing Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. According to the rules of the International Committee on the Nomenclature of Small Bodies, whoever discovers an asteroid has the right to name it. The Schmidt CCD Asteroid Project Team, led by Academician Chen Jiansheng, and Dr. Zhu Jin, a member of the International Committee on the Nomenclature of Small Bodies (ICNB) and a member of the International Astronomical Nomenclature Committee (IACN), proposed that the newly-discovered asteroid be named "Lin Zexu's Star". Lin Zexu's anti-drug and water-control achievements are recognized by the international community, and therefore the International Committee on Small Body Nomenclature approved CAS's proposal. The "Lin Zexu Star" is between Mars and Jupiter, moving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with a period of 4.11 years.
This move by Lin Zexu gave the Chinese nation a breath of fresh air!!!!
Is it a "gift" gift, or does it mean something else?
Explanation:
1, "Shaomu" is