Accounts receivable pledge loan refers to the credit that a production enterprise applies to a bank with the accounts receivable formed by its sales as pledge. At present, many domestic banks have officially launched this financing service, which is well received by small and medium-sized enterprises. Accounts receivable used for pledge must meet certain conditions, such as the products under accounts receivable have been issued and accepted by the buyer; The buyer (the payer of accounts receivable) has strong financial strength and no bad credit record; The payer confirms the specific amount of accounts receivable and promises to pay only to the designated account opened by the seller in the loan bank; The due date of accounts receivable is earlier than the repayment date agreed in the loan contract.
Generally, the pledge rate of accounts receivable is 60% to 80%, and the materials required by the applicant enterprises generally include the original sales contract, invoices, receipts, confirmation letters from the payer, commitment letters, etc. Other required information is the same as general working capital loans.
The second measure: accounts receivable trust loan
Accounts receivable trust loan refers to a trust contract signed by the applicant enterprise as the principal, the trust company as the trustee and the bank as the beneficiary. Enterprises entrust accounts receivable to trust companies, and trust companies are responsible for supervising the recovery of accounts receivable of enterprises. The income from accounts receivable belongs to the bank. At the same time, the bank signs a loan contract with the enterprise, and the bank issues loans to the enterprise. Because this operation mode takes advantage of the independence of trust property, accounts receivable are safely isolated as trust property. Compared with the above-mentioned accounts receivable pledge, it improves the security of bank loans, and only increases the financing cost for financing applicants, so it will be more attractive to banks and enterprises.
The third measure: factoring financing
Factoring financing refers to the seller's transfer of his legally owned accounts receivable to the bank to obtain financing, which can be divided into recourse and non-recourse The former means that when the payer of accounts receivable fails to pay, the bank has the right to claim the unpaid amount from the factoring financing applicant (seller) other than the payer of accounts receivable; The latter means that when the payer of accounts receivable does not pay, the bank can only exercise recourse against the payer of accounts receivable.
For financing enterprises, although factoring financing and accounts receivable pledge are both financing based on accounts receivable, they have different financial meanings: the former directly shows that accounts receivable decrease and cash increases (for factoring financing with recourse, enterprises need to disclose contingent liabilities arising from factoring financing), and the asset-liability ratio of enterprises directly decreases; In the latter case, because the seller applied for a loan from the bank in his own name, the accounts receivable did not decrease in the financial statements, and the asset-liability ratio would increase accordingly. It can be seen from the above characteristics that some listed companies are keen to carry out factoring financing business with banks in order to reduce the asset-liability ratio, improve financial indicators and meet the hard conditions of refinancing.
The fourth measure: discounting commercial acceptance bills.
Compared with bank acceptance bills, commercial acceptance bills have no bank credit guarantee, but only the credit guarantee of the drawer (equivalent to the payer of the above accounts receivable), but for the seller, it is easy to get the approval and cooperation of the payer, and the operation is standardized, so the seller is still willing to accept it.
Discounting commercial acceptance bills is actually a form of accounts receivable financing. Because there is no bank credit guarantee, the discount bank has higher credit requirements for the seller and its downstream payers, and only handles this business for enterprises that meet certain conditions. Recently, some banks, such as CCB, have also launched the business of discounting commercial acceptance bills without recourse, that is, banks give up the recourse to the discounting applicant (seller) and only enjoy the recourse to the payer (drawer). Therefore, for those listed companies or companies that need to improve their financial indicators, they can actively try to apply for non-recourse discount from banks.
The fifth measure: charging right pledge loan
The right to charge here generally refers to the right to charge approved by the competent government departments, such as the right to charge for sewage treatment, the right to charge for garbage treatment, the right to charge for expressway, the right to charge for cable TV and so on. For enterprises, the loan with the right to charge is to exchange future cash flow for the convenience of current financing, which can fully revitalize their own financial resources; For banks, due to a series of account arrangements and closed operations, the risks are controllable and the benefits are remarkable. Therefore, small and medium-sized enterprises with such financial resources may wish to apply to the bank for a try.
The sixth measure: intellectual property pledge loan
Intellectual property pledge loan refers to applying for financing from the bank after evaluating the legally owned patent rights, trademark rights and copyright property rights. Due to the particularity of the implementation and realization of intellectual property rights such as patent rights, only a few banks provide such financing facilities to some small and medium-sized enterprises at present, and generally need the legal representative of the enterprise to add insurance. Nevertheless, those excellent SMEs with independent intellectual property rights can still try.
Seventh measure: equity pledge loan
At present, the pledge of tradable shares of listed companies held by Chinese enterprises has not been liberalized in policy, but banks have generally accepted the pledge of non-tradable legal person shares of listed companies (considering the possibility of realizing legal person shares, it must generally be the legal person shares of the top three shareholders). For the pledge of legal person shares, banks will generally consider contingent liabilities and accounts receivable on the basis of adjusted net assets per share to determine the pledge value. This pledge value is generally 60% to 90% of the net assets per share. Therefore, it is a good guarantee resource for those enterprises that hold legal person shares of listed companies.
As for the equity of unlisted enterprises, domestic banks are generally unwilling to accept the equity pledge because there is no unified and standardized registration institution and registration method, and the legal effect cannot be guaranteed.
The eighth measure: chattel pledge loan (supervised warehouse receipt pledge loan)
The movable property that an enterprise can pledge mainly includes finished products and raw materials. Due to the mobility and uncontrollability of movable property, at present, some domestic banks cooperate with warehousing companies or logistics companies to launch a new variety of warehouse receipt pledge loans. The key points of operation are: the applicant will transport the movable property to the warehouse designated by the logistics warehousing company, and the logistics warehousing company will issue the warehouse receipt to the applicant and deliver it to the bank, and the bank will issue loans accordingly. When the applicant enterprise needs to use this part of movable property, it needs to obtain the dual consent of logistics, warehousing companies and banks. If the bank collateral is lost due to the dereliction of duty of the logistics warehousing company, the logistics warehousing company shall be jointly and severally liable for compensation to the bank. At present, this method has been adopted by many small and medium-sized enterprises with a large number of finished products and raw materials.
The ninth measure: export tax rebate account custody loan
For some export-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises, through the cooperation between banks and tax departments, export tax rebate accounts can also become guarantee resources. The former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the People's Bank of China and State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China (PRC) made special provisions on this business.
Tenth measure: financial leasing law
Different from commercial leasing, financial leasing is actually a kind of installment payment for enterprises, which can alleviate the short-term cash flow pressure. With the recovery development of China's financial leasing industry, financial leasing is a good financing method for small and medium-sized enterprises that need large-scale mechanical and electrical equipment and bulk raw materials procurement.
Eleventh measure: collective entrusted loan
Generally, it is initiated by the bank according to the project construction and capital demand of the applicant enterprise, but such projects must have clear and stable cash flow, and the investor must bear the loan risk. For those small and medium-sized enterprises with high-quality project resources, if their projects can obtain indirect loan commitments from banks and collective entrusted loans issued by banks, their financing costs will be reduced by one to two percentage points. & lt