1694 JOE (20th year of Su Zong) was born in Baoqing Hall of Changde Palace on September 13th. 1699, Ji Mao was named Yan Yongjun. Because his eldest brother Jing Zong had no children, with the support of Jin Changji, Li Yiming, Li Jianming and Zhao Taicai, he was posthumously named Wang Shidi in Xin Chou (the first year of Korea) 172 1 year. At that time, Jing Zong was 23 years old, but he was weak since childhood, and so was Liu Yun. 1724 on the first day, Jing Zong passed away, and Li Xie took office in Changde Palace on August 30th. It's for King Yingzu.
Yingzu experienced a rough childhood and was devastated by Zhang Xipin in his mother's womb (see Su Zongtiao). He lived in a foreign country as Yan Jinjun and Wang Shidi before he was crowned the throne. As a bystander of state affairs, he knew the harm of factional struggle to state affairs, so he set out to eliminate this struggle as soon as he ascended the throne. In order to restore the short-lived universal military service tax, Yingzu even went out of the court to seek the opinions of officials, academics, soldiers and farmers. In order to reduce the burden on farmers, Yingzu cut the national average military service tax by half, and the reduced part was made up by fishery tax, salt tax, ship tax and land surcharge tax. Yingzu also rectified the financial system of state revenue and expenditure through the accounting system. He adopted a practical policy, allowing remote Gyeongsangdo to pay grain tax and give it to nearby ports, and allowing cotton or cash to replace grain in mountainous areas. Encourage the circulation of money by adding coins. Yingzu also enthusiastically promoted important books printed in Korean, including primary school instructions, primary school guides, indications records, hundred-line records, warning questions and answers, etc. And promote books related to agriculture such as farmhouse music integration, which shows his concern for improving farmers' lives. Rain gauges, hydrologists and other scientific instruments were mass-produced again and distributed to local government offices. At the same time, extensive public works have been carried out, dams and weirs have been built in rural areas, roads and bridges have been built extensively in Seoul and other cities, and the middle city of Pyongyang has been built. Yingzu promoted the status of ordinary people's children and opened up another possibility for the rise of ordinary people's social status.
The policy adopted by Yingzu aims at adhering to Confucianism and carrying forward the humanitarian rule of the enlightened king in Sejong era, but it can't stop the trend of social change. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, commercial activities at home and abroad in North Korea increased rapidly, and capital was accumulated through monopoly and wholesale sales organized by guilds. Many businessmen engaged in trade are concentrated in Seoul. Government-approved stores, that is, the traditional division of labor between licensed tribute suppliers and street shopkeepers, have been integrated into a monopoly and wholesale system. Temporary shops were originally set up to meet the needs of people in special occasions (such as imperial examinations, king's patrol and other national events), but after this occasion passed, these shops continued to supply food and groceries to ordinary people. These shops are run by small shopkeepers in makeshift shacks, who depend on wholesalers anyway. The price policy of wholesalers directly affects the lives of ordinary people in Seoul. Craftsmen often become individual producers. Some people even developed into factory owners, obtained monopoly franchise rights and were able to sell their own products. In some cases, it is more profitable to be a wholesaler of a certain commodity than to engage in commodity production. Among businessmen and craftsmen, it has become a trend to create a new product by improving the licensed product a little to obtain the license. Franchising ensures monopoly and government protection. North Korea's so-called "Bay Merchants" monopolized goods in Gyeonggi Province and Chungcheong Province, and some wholesalers sold ginseng all over the country.
During the British-Zu period, the trade volume between Korea, Qing Dynasty and Japan increased rapidly. Among them, besides cattle, horses, salt and iron traded in border cities between China and North Korea, the most important thing is the ginseng trade in Qing Dynasty. Ginseng trade is also called eight-package trade, with each package of ginseng 10 kg. North Korea allowed the delegation sent to China-the so-called "delegation"-to carry eight packages each. Later, the North Korean government stopped the export of ginseng, because the North Korean border people collected ginseng across the border and injured local officials in China, and the mission could take 2,000 taels of silver to China to buy goods at the rate of 25 taels of silver per catty of ginseng. Later, in order to prevent excessive outflow of silver, it was replaced by Korean goods worth 2,000 taels of silver, such as fur, paper, dried seafood and other sundries. Senior officials can carry one and a half packages (three thousand two hundred silver). Due to the shortage of funds for low-level officials such as translators in the mission, private businessmen take advantage of this situation, either lending money to translators or directly providing insurance to the mission and buying goods from China. They sell Korean products such as ginseng in exchange for Japanese silver, China's cloth, daily groceries, metal products, books, medicinal materials, dyes, and luxury goods such as medicinal materials, jewelry, Suzhou and Hangzhou used by the Korean royal family, and purchase a considerable amount. In order to pursue profits, some North Korean tycoons even acted as grooms and slaves of the mission and accompanied the mission to China. In the trade between China and North Korea, there have also been some forbidden events. The Qing Dynasty strictly prohibited the export of firearms, ordnance, horns, gunpowder, saltpeter and other arms and arms raw materials, and also prohibited or restricted the export of rice, beans, miscellaneous grains, copper and iron, scrap iron, raw silk, horses and books. The export to North Korea is relatively loose, but there are also records that the general commander of Shanhaiguan found maps, banned books, horns and nitrates. In order to limit the outflow of silver, North Korea has also taken some measures, the most famous of which is the tattoo ban issued by Yingzu.
Yingzu is a thrifty king in Korean history. At the beginning of his reign, he paid attention to the influence of fresh trade on North Korea's domestic economy and social customs. In the third year of Yingzu (the fifth year of Yongzheng 1727), Zheng Hengyi, the deputy envoy of North Korea to the Winter Solstice, advised Yingzu: "... Ginta, which has recently flowed into Yingzu (Qing Dynasty), is infinite. The so-called silver mining is also the silver collected in China. With my useful goods, everything that is not conducive to trading melts into luxury, which is very boring. " The following year, Li Chongxie wrote: "Silk satin yarn is not produced in China, but is used every year, used by the imperial court and used by the Yingmen flag. If it is prohibited, the law of latent business will be implemented to change the extravagant style of the whole country, prevent the rape of private business and make up for the expenses of economic use. " Young-jo, a businessman, there are three advantages to doing one thing. Minister Xu Mingjun said in the memorial: "It is very expensive to exchange tens of thousands of silver for Tang objects. And the sense of luxury is getting stronger and stronger, especially clothes and food. If only this kind of wind was strictly prohibited. And this is exactly what the above is devoted to guiding. It is difficult to encourage the holy family to be frugal, but the clothes in the palace may not have luxury habits, so don't take this as a warning and think that this is the essence of change. " In the twenty-second year of Yingzu (AD 1746, eleven years of Qianlong), after several brewing, Yingzu finally officially wrote: "The wind of extravagance is nothing more than recent days. Hey! There are good people in the world, and they should abide by the rules. Have you ever killed someone without practicing? Starting this year, it is forbidden to wear upper-level clothes and lower-level clothes, and it is forbidden to trade with people outside the army. " The official ban on importing satin from China. Beijing tycoons who trade with the North Korean Mission were shocked by the news. "From then on, I have nothing to do with my life." However, under the resistance of merchants in Qing and Xian countries, the grain ban soon became invalid. Korean businessmen began to weave plain silks and satins for export to northern China. Forty years later, when Zhengzu was in power, the ban on grain had existed in name only, and Zhengzu had to reiterate this order.
Besides the trade between China and North Korea, North Korea, as a re-exporter of Sino-Japanese trade, buys silk in China with the silver obtained from Japanese trade, and then exports China's silk to Japan for silver. North Korea's "white silk trade in the Qing Dynasty, all of which entered the Japanese museum, will be profitable at that time." White silk weighs 100 Jin, and the transaction costs 60 gold, while going to the Japanese museum in the city costs 160 gold, which is very profitable. Therefore, although Bai Si is tired, she can sell it. "During the Yingzu period, merchants in Kaicheng (Songshang) had fierce competition with their counterparts in Seoul (Jingwan merchants) in ginseng wholesale and export trade activities, and conducted tripartite international trade between Japan and China. They bought a lot of paper (Korean paper) from the producers of Korean temples, dried kelp and sea cucumber from the east coast, furs of wild animals such as otters, leopards and tigers from hunters in central and northern mountainous areas, white silk and tin from China, and red copper and iron from Japan, all of which were used for this tripartite international trade. In addition, North Korea's re-export trade to Nanyang through Ryukyu has also developed, importing drugs, spices and luxury goods such as pearls, hawksbill and coral from Nanyang. In Ryukyu Village, the capital of the Ryukyu Kingdom (known as Haipu in North Korea), a Ryukyu trade ship is dedicated to North Korea. In Li Chonghuan's book Selected Stories and Li's painting Endless Rivers and Mountains, the scenes of frequent trading vessels coming and going to these remote ports were described respectively. After the North Korean government stipulated that Songshang (a businessman from Kaesong) was the main supplier and Jingwan (a businessman from Seoul) was the main exporter. Jingwan businessmen not only monopolized the above domestic trade, but also collected taxes, operated currency exchange and acted as agents for overseas trade on behalf of the government, which was greatly influenced by 13 domestic banks and Guangdong Customs.
This commercial monopoly and wholesale activity of North Korean businessmen created greater demand for silver and copper and promoted the mining industry. Before the Japanese War, mines under strict government control were handed over to private operators. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, there were 68 silver mines in North Korea, but copper mining was not developed because copper was supplied by Japan. However, in the18th century, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan stopped exporting copper, and the Qing Dynasty demanded a large amount of copper, so copper mines also developed. With the rising prices, if Seoul people don't participate in business activities in one way or another, their lives will be threatened. Many class two civilians also engage in some kind of business activities regardless of their identity. Therefore, Seoul developed greatly as an industrial and commercial city in the18th century. People's demand for knives, horsehair hats, dining tables, bronzes and other industrial products is growing. The restriction on wearing horsehair hats has actually disappeared.
During the Yingzu period, the two classes in North Korea became poorer and poorer and declined. The increase in the number of the two classes is the root cause of their poverty, because the land they hold must at least be equally distributed among their sons, while the daughter, whether married or not, often occupies a share in the inheritance. The two classes with less and less property are faced with the choice of either engaging in agriculture as yeomen or engaging in profitable industry and commerce indirectly. With the expansion of trade and currency circulation, usury is another field they have entered. The concept that industry and commerce are the second occupation needs to be changed. Some people think that we should learn from China in the Qing Dynasty. Park Ji-won and Park Ji-chia, who went to China with the Korean diplomatic mission, witnessed the development of commerce and manufacturing in their eyes. After they returned to North Korea, they suggested adopting active policies to develop commerce, metallurgy, fishery, animal husbandry, horticulture and mining. Even the illegal copying of books has been commercialized, because two wealthy classes compete to publish the literary works of famous ancestors. This situation led to the publication of popular novels and poems. People especially appreciate satire and social criticism. The story of Chun Xiang tells the loyalty of an artist's daughter, which is widely read because it is full of satire on the greed and snobbery of officials. In the judicial aspect, Yingzu abolished corporal punishment such as knee pressing and stabbing to death, and set up a drum to report grievances in front of the palace, so that the grievances of ordinary people could be heard in the court of Wenda. Militarily, a unified battalion was set up in Gyeongsangdo, south of China, as the command and training institution of the Japanese navy.
1March 5, 776, Shen Bing, King Yingzu died in Qing Ji Hall of Qingxi Palace. Fifty-two years in office and 83 years in the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the longest-lived and longest-serving king in the Korean dynasty. Posthumous title Zhixing Chunde was awarded Zhuang Shun by Tian Jianji, Gong Sheng, Da Guangyun, Kai Tai, Ji Yongyao, Ming Shun, Gan Jiankun, Ning Yi, Wen Xuan, Wu Xi, Jing Xian, Xiao Wang, and Qing Dynasty. Buried in Yuanling, Yangzhou.