Shanghai Pudong model is a government-promoted intellectual property pledge loan model. By the end of February, 2009, Pudong Development Bank had issued intellectual property pledge loans 106 to 84 enterprises, with a total amount exceeding1600,000 yuan. Its target is mainly small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, which are distributed in high-tech industries such as integrated circuits, electronics, materials, new materials and software, which are mainly developed in Pudong New Area. The financing period is extended from 1 year to 3 years, and the single-family amount is increased from 1 10,000 yuan to 2 million yuan. There are no bad debts or overdue payments. Objectively speaking, at the initial stage of launching intellectual property pledge financing in Pudong New Area, these innovative attempts and bold measures led by the government not only promoted the construction of intellectual property pledge financing platform in Pudong New Area, but also promoted the virtuous circle of Pudong New Area's science and technology development fund.
As a mixed mode, Wuhan mode has also made some innovations in practice. Among them, the biggest highlight is the introduction of a professional guarantee institution-Wuhan Science and Technology Guarantee Company, which decomposes the risks of banks to a certain extent and promotes the development of patent pledge financing in Wuhan. Up to now, Wuhan Branch of Bank of Communications and Wuhan Science and Technology Guarantee Company have provided loans totaling 60 million yuan to 1 1 enterprises in the mode of "bank+guarantee company+patent counter-guarantee". It can be seen that Wuhan has made some progress in patent pledge financing, but direct pledge loans have not yet been launched.
Personality and gender of Beijing, Shanghai Pudong and Wuhan.
Although all three modes have many characteristics and advantages, there are still some personality and * * * problems in the operation process. As far as personality is concerned, the Beijing model: the threshold is high, and it is difficult for small enterprises to benefit. The specific performance is as follows: First, the loan threshold is high and the risk is high. The loan amount is generally1000000 yuan, with a maximum of 30 million yuan. In the event of bad debts, intermediary service institutions such as banks will bear huge losses; Second, the loan target has certain limitations. The loan customer base is mainly concentrated in medium-sized enterprises with a certain scale and repayment ability, and small and micro enterprises are basically excluded. Shanghai Pudong model: the government bears important risks. In the process of implementation, we have noticed that the use efficiency of special funds for science and technology is low. From 2006 to 20 10, Pudong New Area Science and Technology Development Fund arranged 20 million yuan to set up special funds to support intellectual property pledge loans. Up to now, the special funds for intellectual property pledge loans have reached 6,543.8 billion yuan, which can incite commercial banks to lend 200 million yuan. However, due to the introduction of this business for more than four years, the loan amount only accounts for about half of the total loanable amount. On the other hand, once bad debts are generated, the government will mainly pay the bill, and the government will bear greater risks. Therefore, in the long run, this practice is not desirable and has no promotion value. Therefore, Shanghai Financial Services Office and Shanghai Intellectual Property Office are working together to try to launch a brand-new intellectual property pledge loan model that promotes scientific and technological innovation with financial innovation and intellectual property innovation, conforms to the positioning of Shanghai as an international financial center and has local characteristics in Shanghai. Wuhan mode: the operation process is restricted by the actual situation. There may be many reasons why Wuhan's direct pledge loan has not been carried out: first, local banks think that direct pledge loan is too risky to control and operate, and they are unwilling to try; Second, there is still a certain gap between the service level of Wuhan asset appraisal institutions and the requirements of Wuhan patent pledge financing; Third, Wuhan's urban economic development level is limited, which objectively makes it difficult to support the large-scale development of SMEs' patent pledge financing.
At the same time, the three modes also encountered some * * * risk problems in operation, specifically:
First, legal risks, lack of corresponding protection. At present, the legal system of intellectual property rights in China is not perfect. Due to the characteristics of intellectual property rights, trademark exclusive right and patent right are unstable, and the ownership and rights of the obligee are uncertain, which is easy to cause ownership disputes. The core risk of legal risk is confirmation risk, which determines whether the evaluation of intellectual property value is meaningful, whether the pledge can be established and whether it can be successfully realized when there is risk.
Second, valuation risk, lack of reliable assessment. Determined by the characteristics of intellectual property rights, trademark exclusive right and patent right have strong professionalism and complexity, which leads to the uncertainty of their property rights in the process of marketization and further affects their market evaluation value; Because its valuation is very different from the traditional tangible assets valuation, the selection of evaluation location, technology, method, model and parameters directly affects its market valuation value. Valuation risk is mainly the uncertainty risk of value evaluation, which determines the basic credit elements such as loan amount, and also determines the repayment source and willingness of enterprises.
The third is operational risk, which lacks definite value. As the obligee, the enterprise's own management and resource allocation determine whether the trademark right or patent right can create due market value and bring stable cash flow to the enterprise, thus determining the first repayment source of the borrowing enterprise.
The fourth is to deal with risks and lack circulation channels. Determined by the characteristics of property rights, there are special requirements for the trading methods, means and places of trademark exclusive rights and patent rights, and the process of realization is complex and uncertain. Furthermore, when there are risks in the loan, the channels for the disposal of the pledge are not smooth, and it is impossible to control, transfer, disperse or dissolve the risks quickly and effectively, and the quality of the credit assets of the lending bank will deteriorate. Solving the problem of pledge disposal is one of the key issues for commercial banks to carry out intellectual property pledge loan business healthily, and it will also really test the ability of loan banks to operate risks.