1, inductive method and deductive method
Induction is to generalize the general conclusion principle from individual facts; Deduction is to draw individual conclusions from general principles and concepts. Induction is a method from individual to general; Deduction is a method from the general to the individual.
Mendeleev used induction to generalize the periodic law of chemical elements on the basis of people's understanding of a large number of individual elements. Later, he predicted the chemical properties of some elements that had not been discovered at that time from the periodic law of elements, using deduction.
2. Analytical method and comprehensive method
Analysis is to divide the whole objective object into various parts, aspects, characteristics and factors. It is a way of thinking that divides the whole into parts and decomposes complex things into simple elements to be studied separately.
Analysis is a necessary step and means to realize the essence of things. The task of analysis is not only to decompose the whole into its components, but more importantly, to grasp the essence through phenomena and the inevitability through contingency.
3. Comparative analysis method
Comparative analysis is also called analogy or analogy. It is a dialectical logical method to distinguish things or problems in order to understand their differences, characteristics and essence. The comparative analysis method is more valuable when the data is not enough for inductive and deductive reasoning. Kant said: "whenever reason lacks reliable reasoning ideas, analogy can often guide us forward."
4. Observation method
Observation method refers to a method that researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the object of study according to certain research purposes, research outlines or observation tables, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable.
5. Literature research method
Literature research method is a method to obtain information by investigating literature according to certain research purposes or topics, so as to comprehensively and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research method is widely used in various disciplines.