According to the records in Qujing, Yunnan Province, in 1834, Ye Henala Huizheng was appointed as a Taoist priest in Yidong Road, Yunnan Province, and was stationed in Qujing. In the following year, Mrs. Hui was appointed as the daughter of Cixi. And hired a footman, Li Wuting (who lives in Dayou Lane, Qujing City). After Cixi listened to politics, Li Wuting was called to work in the storage department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and later he wore four products and was the head of the Lugouqiao tax department. [2]
Father Huizheng, a former member of Guangtai Road in Huining, Anhui Province, and his mother Fucha. After the age of sixteen, she went north with her sister as a maid of honor and lived in Yuanmingyuan. Because he could sing southern songs, he was noticed by the emperor, so he began to advance. Because he gave birth to a son for the emperor and would please the emperor, he was soon promoted to the imperial concubine, and everyone called him Yi Guifei. Emperor Tongzhi was established, and he was honored as the Empress Dowager and the title was Empress Dowager Cixi. Cixi also existed in the Tai 'an generation in Shandong Province. After Wenzong died in the summer resort in the Qing Dynasty, she was also called the Western Empress Dowager because she lived with Empress Ci 'an in the cool hall. (It is said that Empress Dowager Ci 'an lives in Zhongcui Palace, one of the Eastern Sixth Houses, and Empress Dowager Cixi lives in Palace of Gathered Elegance, the Western Sixth House, so it is called the Western Empress Dowager. )
Ye Hena Lashi was drafted into the palace in the second year of Xianfeng (1852), and was given the title of Yi Guiren, and was later conferred the title of Yi Jin. /kloc-in March of 0/856, Zai Chun, the only prince of Xianfeng Emperor (later Emperor Tongzhi), was born, and he was appointed as an imperial concubine. A few days later, I was promoted to the imperial concubine Yi. Because Emperor Xianfeng was frail and sickly, and his internal troubles and foreign troubles made him haggard, he gradually became lazy, and Yi Guifei worked in calligraphy, so Emperor Xianfeng often dictated to Yi Guifei to write and read the throne, which gave Cixi the opportunity to get in touch with politics.
1860, before the British and French troops invaded Beijing, she fled to Jehol with Emperor Xianfeng and Prince Zai Chun. 186 1 year Emperor Xianfeng died in Jehol in August. As Prince Zai Chun was only 6 years old, before his death, Emperor Xianfeng appointed Prince Yi Zai Yuan, Zheng Qinwang Duanhua, Jing Shou, co-organizers, grand scholars Su Shun, Mu Yin, Kuangyuan, Du Han and Jiao Youying as King Chen of Zanxiang government affairs to assist Emperor Tongzhi in handling state affairs. These people are all close friends of Xianfeng, and Su Shun is especially resourceful. He also gave the Queen and Yi Guifei two seals representing imperial power, hoping that they would contain each other.
After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, Prince Zai Chun acceded to the throne, and the title was "Qi Xiang". She is honored as the Empress Dowager with the Empress Niuzhilu (Empress Dowager Ci 'an). Empress Dowager Cixi, who was very dissatisfied with the eight ministers' attempt to monopolize power, joined forces with Prince Gong Yixin, the younger brother of Xianfeng Emperor who presided over the peace talks in Beijing, to launch a Xinyou coup by taking advantage of the opportunity of the Empress and Emperor Xianfeng's Zigong returning to Beijing, designed and arrested the eight ministers, and sentenced Prince Yi Zai Yuan, Zheng Qinwang Duanhua to commit suicide, and Su Shun to make a decision. Others were dismissed and smashed the power of the eight ministers. Hey? He was appointed as the king of deliberation, 186 1 year1February 2, when the Empress Dowager of the two palaces ruled hall of mental cultivation and listened to the government; And changed the year number to "Tongzhi". In the early days of her administration, with the assistance of Wang Yixin, she was an official in put in order; Reuse Han Chen; Relying on the armed forces of the Han landlords such as Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and with the support of the great powers, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army, the Miao people and the Hui people's uprisings were suppressed successively, which eased the ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty and made the Qing Dynasty temporarily stable. In order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, she also attached great importance to the Westernization School, developed some military and civilian industries and trained the navy and army to strengthen the political power with the principle of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". Objectively, it has played a positive role in the modernization of China. However, because Cixi knew little about advanced science and technology in the West, she also made many stupid decisions, which hindered the progress of the Westernization Movement. Moreover, when the reform might damage her rule, she supported the die-hards to contain the Westernization School in order to strengthen centralization. During this period, the domestic uprising was put down; The two opium wars temporarily satisfied the greed of the great powers, and did not suffer a big loss in diplomacy; After the Westernization Movement, the military strength of the Qing Dynasty was improved. The industry and commerce had a preliminary development, which was called "Tongzhi Zhongxing" by the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty.
In the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872), Zai Chun was 17 years old, and Cixi had to choose for him. The following year, the two palaces retreated to the government. However, it is still difficult to get rid of Cixi's intervention after Tongzhi Emperor took office. In order to have fun, Cixi instructed Tongzhi Emperor to repair Yuanmingyuan for her residence, and Tongzhi Emperor also wanted to take the opportunity to let the Empress Dowager leave the palace to get rid of her mother's intervention. However, at that time, the financial resources were in short supply, the Yuanmingyuan was badly damaged, and the restoration cost was huge. Emperor Tongzhi insisted on starting construction, which caused a game. When many princes and ministers objected, Emperor Tongzhi dismissed them all. Cixi stepped forward to stop the absurd decision of Tongzhi Emperor.
1875 1 month, Tongzhi Emperor died of illness. Cixi made her nephew and nephew Zai Tian, 4 years old, emperor, and changed the title to Guangxu, and the two Empresses once again listened to politics.
1865-1870 Akuba, an invader of the khanate of Central Asia, invaded and stole most of Xinjiang; 187 1 year, Russia sent troops to occupy Yili area. 1875, cixi adopted the suggestion of Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi but Gansu, and sent troops to Xinjiang. The Qing army recovered Xinjiang on 1878 1 month. 188 1 year, China recovered most of Yili through negotiations between China and Russia.
188 1 On April 8, 2008, Ci 'an died suddenly, at the age of 45. Some people thought it was the victim of Cixi. Since then, Cixi has realized a palace dictatorship.
1883-1885 The Sino-French War broke out, and both sides won and lost militarily. However, the Qing government headed by Cixi advocated "winning by winning" and signed the Sino-French New Testament with France, which made France gain many aggressive benefits. At the beginning of the war, Cixi took advantage of the unfavorable war and pushed the responsibility to Yi? Military department, headed by the minister, dismissed them all, which was called "Jiashen Yishu" in history. Since then, Cixi has completely taken control of the state affairs.
1February, 889, Guangxu got married, nominally ruled by Emperor Guangxu, and Cixi lectured for several years. After the end of the political training, all the personnel and administration in the DPRK were still in their hands. "The Empress Dowager (Emperor Guangxu) is sincere, and the imperial government will do what it asks." Emperor Guangxu is still in a puppet position.
1894, on the 60th birthday of Cixi, it is planned to "celebrate in the Summer Palace, following the example of Kangxi and Qianlong years, and go to the garden from the inside, set up a colorful shed and hold a celebration". Move naval funds, repair and repair the Summer Palace, decorate the scenery and collect contributions. That year coincided with Japan's launching of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Guangxu main battle, Cixi also main battle, "no weakness". However, when someone proposed to stop the Summer Palace project, stop the scenic spots, and transfer them to military expenses, Cixi was furious and said, "If I am unhappy today, I will also make him unhappy for life." Later, the Qing army suffered successive defeats in the Korean battlefield, and the Beiyang Navy suffered serious setbacks in the battle of the Yellow Sea. In order not to affect her 60th anniversary celebration, Cixi hoped that foreign countries would intervene and end the war as soon as possible. She supported Li Hongzhang's policy of avoiding war and seeking peace, and attacked the hawk faction headed by Guangxu under various pretexts. Due to the increasingly tense situation and the heavy pressure from the ruling and opposition parties, she could no longer go her own way and put on a big show. She had to change her original plan and reduce the scale of the birthday celebration. Under the circumstances that Jinzhou and Dalian fell one after another and Lushun was extremely critical, Cixi spent her 60th birthday in Ningshou Palace in the Forbidden City. On February 7th, the following year, ahava Japanese warship and battery attacked Liu Gongdao, and Beiyang Navy was wiped out. China's land and sea battlefields were both defeated, and the main peace faction headed by Cixi made up its mind to make peace with Japan. In March, Cixi sent Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary and went to Japan to beg for peace. On April 17, an unprecedented humiliating treaty "treaty of shimonoseki" was signed in China's history, and China gave up its status as the suzerain of North Korea. Compensation of 200 million taels of silver; Ceding Liaodong Peninsula (later redeemed with 30 million taels of silver), Taiwan Province and Penghu Islands; Open four trading ports; Allow Japan to open mines and set up factories at trading ports. The Treaty greatly deepened the process of China's colonization.
After the failure of Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the great powers set off a frenzy to carve up China. In order to save the nation and survive, the bourgeois reformists launched the reform and political reform movement. Cixi hoped for a strong country but was worried that Guangxu would break away from her control through political reform. Cixi initially expressed support for the reform, but she later took military power and human rights into her own hands.1In June 898, Guangxu issued the emperor "Ming Ding Guo is an imperial edict" (that is, "Ming Ding Guo is a imperial edict") and implemented the reform. Emperor Guangxu's political reform touched the interests of Manchu nobles and many feudal bureaucrats. They gathered together and tried their best to oppose the political reform. When they heard that Emperor Guangxu tried to let Yuan Shikai send troops to surround the Summer Palace and kill Rong Lu; After detaining herself, Cixi finally staged a coup to imprison Emperor Guangxu, killing six people, including Tan Sitong, and stifled the "Hundred Days Reform" movement.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, the Boxer Rebellion rose in northern China. Cixi initially suppressed it, but the suppression failed repeatedly. The Boxer Rebellion developed rapidly and entered Beijing. Cixi hoped to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and treat it differently, but the powers demanded that the Qing government completely annihilate the Boxer Rebellion, and despite the opposition of the Qing government, insisted on transferring troops to Beijing. Cixi has always been dissatisfied with foreigners, so she came up with the idea of using the Boxer Rebellion against the powers. When she saw a so-called "foreigner's note" and ordered her to return to politics, she was even more unbearable and declared war on the powers. However, Cixi's decision was opposed by local governors such as Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong. They jointly played the Qing court by telegram, urging the suppression group to beg for peace. And signed a treaty with the great powers to implement "mutual protection in the southeast." Cixi's determination began to waver. On the one hand, she asked the provincial governors to carefully arrange the matters of war and defense, and continued to use the Boxer Rebellion to besiege the embassy and fight against Eight-Nation Alliance. On the other hand, she made Rong Lu go to the embassy to express condolences to the envoys of various countries; He also sent letters of credentials to the heads of state of Russia, Britain, Japan, Germany, the United States, France and other countries, asking them to come forward to "solve difficulties" and "save the current situation." Li Hongzhang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was transferred to Zhili Governor and Minister of Beiyang, ready to negotiate with the great powers. However, Eight-Nation Alliance did not stop attacking. 1August 90014th, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. The next morning, Cixi fled to Beijing with Emperor Guangxu. Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang were appointed as plenipotentiaries to negotiate with the great powers. Put the responsibility for the war on the Boxer Rebellion and ordered the Boxer Rebellion to be "painstakingly exterminated". On February 14 of the following year, the Outline of Peace Negotiation was approved and an imperial edict was issued, stating that it was necessary to "measure the material resources of China and win the favor of the country." 190 1 on September 7th, 2000, it signed an unprecedented humiliating "Xin Chou Treaty" with 1 1 imperialist countries, which stipulated that the compensation should be 450 million taels, the main battle officials should be punished, and all the forts along Dagu to Beijing should be demolished. At this point, the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China was completely established. At the beginning of 1902, Cixi and Emperor Guangxu returned to Beijing.
In order to maintain the rule and change her image of being old-fashioned and incompetent, Empress Dowager Cixi announced the implementation of the "New Deal" during the "Western Hunting" and carried out economic, military, educational and official reforms. However, the purpose of the reform determined that the reform was not thorough, and the corruption of the Qing government made many reform measures fail to receive good results when they were implemented.
1904, Japan and Russia broke out the Russo-Japanese War in order to occupy the northeast of China and North Korea. The battlefield was in the northeast of China, and the Qing government headed by Cixi actually declared "neutrality", which once again severely trampled on China's sovereignty; People in Northeast China have suffered greatly. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan defeated Russia. People in China generally realized that constitutional monarchy was superior to absolute monarchy, and demanded the Qing government to carry out constitutional reform. At the same time, the domestic revolutionary movement became more and more popular. In order to maintain the rule, Cixi had to make a gesture of constitutionalism. 1905 sent five ministers to study abroad, 1906 announced the preparation for constitutionalism, and 1908 promulgated the Outline of the King James Constitution, which was modeled after the constitutions of Germany and Japan to safeguard the emperor's "monarch."
1908 1 1 month14th, Emperor Guangxu died. She named Zai Feng, the prince of alcohol, and Puyi, who was only 3 years old, as emperor, with the title Xuantong.
1908 1 1 month15th The day after Emperor Guangxu's death, Cixi died at the age of 74 and was buried in Dingdong Mausoleum, Zunhua, Hebei.