There are various forms of unequal treaties, but there is only one content-infringing China's sovereignty and plundering China's territory and wealth, which reflects China's international status as a colony and semi-colony at that time. According to statistics, from 1689 to 1949, China * * signed about 1 182 written diplomatic documents with foreign countries, including formal treaties, peace treaties, border agreements and agreements, and so-called: ① "special clauses": such as the issue of Taiwan Province Province between China and Japan. (2) "contracts" are mostly used to solve economic affairs such as railway loan and joint-venture railway, such as 1898, the Guangdong-China railway loan contract concluded between China and the United States; (3) "Articles of Association", such as the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter signed in 1843; (4) Appendix (Appendix): For example, the Sino-Japanese Conference Treaty signed in 1905 and the appendix on the three northeastern provinces; ⑤ certificate. Such as China and Peru's abolition of harsh cases certificate; ⑥ "Lease", such as Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty and Sino-German Jiaoao Lease Treaty of 1898. These different forms of treaties and diplomatic documents are basically unequal.
Through these unequal treaties, the imperialist powers seized various privileges and interests in China. These privileges and benefits include:
1. Garrison right: According to Article 9 of the Treaty of Xin Chou (190 1), imperialist countries enjoy the privilege of stationing troops in China. The article wrote: "The China family has promised to host the event alone and join other countries to station troops in several places to ensure that there will be no danger that the capital will be cut off from sea routes. This country is located in Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin, Junliangcheng, Tanggu, Lutai, Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli, Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan. "
2. Inland navigation rights: Ships of imperialist countries can sail freely not only in China's territorial waters, but also in China's inland waters. For example, Article 10 of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty10 stipulates that "British merchant ships can trade in ports along the Yangtze River". And "Brigadier General chooses no more than three places from the upper reaches of Hankou to the seaside, which must be the area where British ships trade."
3. Consular jurisdiction: Consular jurisdiction refers to the system that a country's consul exercises jurisdiction over its citizens living in the territory of the host country according to its own laws. This system is an important means for western powers to infringe on the sovereignty and plunder the interests of weak countries. China has been influenced by the consular adjudication system for the longest time. 1843 "China-Britain Five Ports Trade Charter" stipulates that Britain enjoys consular jurisdiction in China. "If there is a negotiation lawsuit, ... how the British people commit a crime should be sent to the housekeeper by the articles of association and laws agreed by Britain." In other words, the British committed a crime on the land of China, and the China authorities could not punish him according to the laws of China, but only handed him over to the British consul to be governed by British laws. Since then, about 20 western countries have obtained this privilege in China. It was not until World War II that western countries were forced to give up this right.
4. Freedom to preach: 1844, China and France signed the Huangpu Treaty, which stipulated that France was granted the right to build churches, hospitals and schools at five trading ports. At the same time, it is stipulated that "local officials will severely detain and punish Franciscan churches and cemeteries if China people invade and destroy them". In fact, the Qing government was required to protect the freedom of legal persons to preach in China. 1846 under the threat of France, the Qing government officially lifted the restrictions on Catholicism and returned the confiscated Catholic church. Subsequently, other western countries also gained the freedom to preach in China. They built churches all over China. Many missionaries acted as advisers and spies of imperialism in China.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Customs administrative power: 1853, Britain, the United States and France used the Shanghai Knife Society uprising as an excuse to force Shanghai Daotai to conclude the Shanghai Customs Taxation Rules in June of the following year, and in the same year, the British, American and French consular notices were published, thus seizing the administrative power of Shanghai Customs. Since then, imperialism has taken control of the Shanghai Customs and controlled all the customs in China by appointing foreigners as the tax departments of local customs. Under the control of the imperialists, China lost all its tariff autonomy and tariff revenue and expenditure rights. Customs has long been a tool for western powers to invade China, and China's national economy has been seriously damaged.
6. Concession: 1843. According to the Humen Treaty between China and Britain, British people can rent land and houses at trading ports and live permanently. This provision later became the basis for western powers to establish "concessions" in China ports. 1853, Britain established a concession in Shanghai. Soon, the United States and France also established concessions in Shanghai. 1849, the Anglo-American Concession in Shanghai was merged into the public concession, with the largest area exceeding 80,000 mu. 1854, set up a "Ministry Bureau" in the public concession. At most, there were dozens of foreign concessions in China, which were distributed in Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Hankou, Jiujiang, Changsha, Shashi and Yantai. In the "Concession", imperialism invaded China's sovereignty, formed a country within a country, and gradually developed the Concession into a bridgehead for expanding its invasion of China.
Seven. Unilateral MFN treatment: 1843. The Humen Treaty between China and Britain specifically stipulates that Britain enjoys one-sided MFN treatment for China. The treaty said: "If the great emperor has a new country such as Enshi in the future, it will also be absorbed by the British to show tolerance." Later, other powers followed suit and brought endless harm to China.
Extortion of huge reparations: In modern China, imperialism launched a war of aggression against China, forcing China to sign numerous unequal treaties and extorting huge reparations. According to statistics, the total compensation is about 65.438+95.3 million silver dollars, which is equivalent to 654.38+06 times of the Qing government's fiscal revenue in 654.38+090654.38+0 and 82 times of the total national industrial and mining capital in 654.38+090654.38+0.
9. Occupation and occupation of China's territory: 1843 The third paragraph of Sino-British treaty of nanking stipulates that the Qing government "Hong Kong Island is under the permanent control of the Brigadier General of the British Empire and those who later succeeded to the throne, so they can govern by legislation." The signing of treaty of nanking and the cession of Hong Kong to Britain began to undermine the territorial integrity of China. Since then, other western powers have poured in, and a large area of land in China has fallen into the hands of imperialism. Russia alone occupied about 6,543,800+5,000 square kilometers of territory in China.
Under the unequal treaty system, the privileges and interests enjoyed by foreign powers are exactly the sovereignty and interests lost by China. Imperialism controlled China's politics, economy, military affairs and culture through unequal treaties, which led to a comprehensive geopolitical crisis in China and made China gradually lose its independence and become a western colony and semi-colony.
The unequal treaties explicitly mentioned in the first and second volumes of China Modern History, a full-time textbook (compulsory) for ordinary high schools (first edition, 65438, February 2003) compiled by the History Department of People's Education Publishing House, which was examined and approved by the National Primary and Secondary School Textbooks Examination Committee in 2002, mainly include:
1. The Sino-British treaty of nanking (1August 20th, 842): the first unequal treaty in China's modern history. (1) Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain; (2) Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; (3) Opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; (4) The tariff rate paid by British businessmen for import and export goods shall be determined by both sides.
The ingenious formula is: 500 million Hong Kong dollars-five trading ports, negotiated tariffs, cut Hong Kong Island, and pay 2 1 10,000 yuan. Recovering Ningxia (Xiamen)-The fool recovered to Ningxia, an inland province, and went to Shanghai.
Symbol: China society began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the history of China has since entered the period of the old democratic revolution.
2. The Charter of Sino-British Trade with Five Ports and the Humen Treaty (1843): Britain obtained consular jurisdiction, one-sided MFN treatment and the privilege of leasing land, houses and permanent residency at trading ports (concession).
Three. Wang Xia Treaty between China and the United States (1844): The United States enjoys all the privileges obtained by the Sino-British treaty of nanking and its annexes, except for ceding land and paying reparations. American warships can "inspect trade" at China's trading ports at will, and Americans have the right to open hospitals and build churches at trading ports.
Four. Sino-French Huangpu Treaty (1winter of 844): France enjoyed all the privileges obtained by the Wang Xia Treaty between China and the United States, allowing French Catholics to freely preach and build cemeteries at trading ports, and the local government of the Qing Dynasty was responsible for protecting churches and cemeteries.
5. Shanghai Customs Tax Rules (1854): Shanghai Road, China and Britain, France and the United States each sent a representative to form a "tax management committee", and Shanghai Customs became the first semi-colonial customs in China.
6. Tianjin Treaty between China, Russia, China, Britain and China (1858):① Foreign Minister stationed in Beijing; ② Niuzhuang, Danshui, Hankou, Nanjing and other places 10 were added as trading ports; Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail freely in the Yangtze River port; (4) Foreigners can travel, do business and preach in China Mainland; (5) Compensation for British and French military expenditures of 2 million taels each, and compensation for British business losses of 2 million taels.
Cleverly remember the formula: public bribe (bribe refers to money)-the minister is stationed in Beijing, and the 10 trading port is opened. Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail freely in the Yangtze River port, and the compensation is * * * 6 million taels of silver.
Seven, ★ Sino-British and Sino-French Beijing Treaty (1860): The Qing government recognized the effectiveness of the Tianjin Treaty, opened Tianjin as a commercial port, cut part of the Kowloon Division to Britain, allowed Chinese workers to go abroad, and raised the compensation to Britain and France to 8 million taels each.
Cleverly remember the formula: you are allowed to accompany (compensate) the wine every day (9)-Tianjin Treaty continues to be valid, Tianjin is opened as a commercial port, Chinese workers are allowed to go abroad, compensation is paid * * */Kloc-0.80 million taels of silver, and Kowloon is cut to Britain.
Harm: The Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty extended foreign aggression to the interior of China, further deepening the semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree of China society.
8. The Annex of Tianjin Treaty stipulates the principle of "100-50", that is, according to the value of the goods imported and exported by the great powers from China Customs, China can only levy a tariff of 5% at most.
Harm: It is good for western capitalist countries to dump goods and plunder raw materials in China.
9. Sino-Russian Treaty of Love (1858): China ceded more than 600,000 square kilometers of territory in the northeast and south of Xing 'an Mountains except the north of Heilongjiang.
X. Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860): China ceded about 400,000 square kilometers east of Wusuli River, including Sakhalin Island.
Xi。 Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860) and Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty (1864): China ceded more than 440,000 square kilometers of territory east and south of Balkhash Lake.
12. The Revised Treaty between China and Russia (188 1) and the five subsequent demarcation protocols: The Revised Treaty between China and Russia, also known as the Ili Treaty or the St. Petersburg Treaty, China recovered Ili and China ceded more than 70,000 square kilometers of territory in the northwest.
Harm: Russia embezzled the northern territory of China 1.5 million square kilometers through the unequal treaties mentioned above.
Thirteen. Sino-French New Testament (1885): ① The Qing government recognized French colonial rule over Vietnam; (2) Opening commercial ports on the Sino-Vietnamese border; (3) China should do business with France when building railways in Guangxi and Yunnan in the future; (4) France withdrew its troops from Keelung and Penghu.
Danger: France was the first country to gain the privilege of building a railway in China, and the invading army extended to China, Yunnan and Guangxi.
Fourteen Treaty of shimonoseki, China and Japan (1April, 895): ① Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan; (2) Compensation for the Japanese military expenditure of 200 million taels; Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail into these ports along inland rivers; (4) The Japanese are allowed to set up factories at trading ports in China, and the products sold in Chinese mainland are exempt from domestic tax.
Cleverly remember the formula: brother (cutting) has to pay 200 million taels to start a factory-cutting Liaoning, Taiwan Province and Pengzhou, opening up Shazhong and Suzhou and Hangzhou, and setting up a factory in the port, and paying 200 million taels tax-free for domestic sales.
Harm: Since the treaty of nanking, the most serious unequal treaty, Taiwan Province Province has been a Japanese colony for 50 years. Imperialism has set off a frenzy to carve up China, reflecting the imperialist demand for capital export and world division, and the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
15. Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (1898): Germany forcibly leased Jiaozhou Bay and divided Shandong into its sphere of influence.
Sixteen. Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (1898): Russia forcibly leased Lushun and Dalian, and then the north of the Great Wall and Xinjiang became the sphere of Russian influence.
17. Sino-French Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (1898): Guangzhou Bay was forcibly leased by France, and then Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan became French spheres of influence.
18. Sino-British feature: Expanding Hong Kong's border and booking Ahava (1898): Britain forcibly leased the New Territories and Ahava, and then the Yangtze River valley, Yunnan and Guangdong became British spheres of influence.
Nineteen. ★ Treaty between China and Britain, Russia, Germany, France, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain (1 1 September): ① Compensation of 450 million taels of silver, which will be paid off in 39 years. ② Beijing Dongjiaominxiang is designated as the "embassy boundary", and China people are not allowed to live in the boundary, so countries send troops to protect it; ③ Dismantle the fortress from Beijing to Dagu and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; (4) Punish officials who participated in the anti-imperialist struggle of the Boxer Rebellion, and forever prohibit China people from organizing or participating in anti-imperialist organizations. "Officials who failed to immediately suppress the anti-imperialist movement will be dismissed and never used"; (5) change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above six departments; ⑥ Modify the agreement.
Signs: The Qing government became a tool for imperialism to rule China, the ruling order of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was completely established, and China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Twenty. Article 21 between China and Japan (1965438+May 9, 2005): Also known as the Fourth Treaty of People's Republic of China (PRC), it consists of the Treaty of South Manchuria and East Inner Mongolia, the Treaty of Shandong and Thirteen Additional Exchange Notes. (1) China acknowledged that Japan had taken over all the rights enjoyed by Germany in Shandong and expanded them; (2) China extended Japan's lease term for Lushun, Dalian, Nanman Railway and Anfeng Railway for 99 years, and recognized Japan's special rights in the south of the three northeastern provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia; ③ Hanyeping Company was changed into a Sino-Japanese joint venture; China coastal ports and islands shall not be leased or ceded to other countries; ⑤ The China government must employ Japanese as political, military and financial advisers; China Garrison Arsenal is a joint venture between China and Japan.
Harm: Japan tried to turn China into a Japanese-dominated colony.
2 1. Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1946): At that time, people called it "New Twenty-one Articles". (1) American nationals enjoy the freedom of "living, traveling and doing business" in China; (2) American goods in China enjoy the same tariffs and local taxes as goods from China and third countries; American ships, including warships, can sail freely in China.
Harm: On the surface, both parties to the treaty enjoy equal rights, but in fact, due to the underdeveloped marine transportation and backward production at that time, China could not enjoy the rights stipulated in it equally with the United States. According to the treaty, all the territories of China are open to the United States. American enterprises enjoy various concessions in China, which makes China partially lose its tariff autonomy and coastal and inland navigation rights.