Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute was founded by Zeng Guofan in Anqing, Anhui Province in 186 1. Used to make bullets, gunpowder and guns. Xu Shou, a scientist, once presided over the manufacture of the first ship in China. /kloc-moved to Nanjing in 0/864 and was transformed into Jinling Machine Manufacturing Bureau. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government founded the earliest military workshop to manufacture modern weapons by hand. 186 1 year (11th year of Xianfeng, Qing dynasty) was established by Zeng Guofan, Governor of Liangjiang, in Anqing, Anhui. On a small scale, fireworks, ammunition and ships were copied by hand to provide some weapons and equipment for the Xiang army. In the institute, "all Han people were employed, but foreign craftsmen were not employed", and a group of famous scientific and technical experts in China at that time, such as Xu Shou, Hua Hengfang, Gong Yuntang, Xu Jianyin, Zhang Sigui, Li Shanlan, Wu Jialian, and hundreds of workers, were gathered. 1862 (the first year of Tongzhi in Qing dynasty) in August, China's first steam engine was manufactured. At the end of the same year, a small steam boat was made, which became the prototype of the later "Huanggu". At the beginning of 1863, we began to produce all kinds of mountain-splitting guns and flowering shells. 1864 After the Xiang army captured Nanjing, it moved to Nanjing and later merged into Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau. The foundation of this institute is the beginning of modern military industry in the late Qing Dynasty and modern industry in China. In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), Anqing Mint set up a machine drum to cast silver dollars, which was later changed to Anhui Manufacturing Plant to manufacture shell casings, repair guns and set up an electric light factory. In the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, there were only a few machine repair shops in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. /kloc-in the 20th century, Li Hongzhang established three foreign artillery bureaus (also known as "Bomb Bureau" or "Artillery Bureau") in Shanghai: one was presided over by Ingmar Geli (1833-1906); The other two institutes were presided over by Ding Richang (1823― 1882) and Han Dianjia respectively. In November of two years (18631February), after Li Hongzhang occupied Suzhou, the artillery bureau presided over by Magli moved to Suzhou, which was called Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau. In four years, the Second Bureau of Ding and Han merged into Qiji Iron Works to establish jiangnan manufacturing bureau. At first, these foreign artillery bureaus were all made by hand, with little effect. By December of two years, Li Hongzhang bought a batch of machines brought by "Aspen Fleet" and installed them in Suzhou Bureau. Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute and Shanghai Foreign Artillery Bureau were hastily established to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement. The scale is very small, and they are in the exploratory stage of making foreign weapons with soil. After the Xiang army captured Tianjing (Nanjing), the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Westernization bureaucrats were able to spare more manpower and material resources to establish modern military industry. By the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), there were about 20 factories manufacturing guns, ammunition and ships. Among them, the largest ones are as follows: jiangnan manufacturing bureau. Formerly known as "Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau" and "Shanghai Machinery Bureau". In the fourth year of Tongzhi reign, Li Hongzhang bought the flag iron factory of British and American businessmen in Hongkou, Shanghai, merged the original two foreign artillery bureaus in Shanghai, and allocated some machines of Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau and machines purchased from the United States by Zeng Guofan (1828-1912) to build the bureau. Later, it was moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Temple in the south of Shanghai, and it continued to expand. The Qing government allocated 20% of Shanghai customs tax revenue as a perennial fund, with an average of about 600,000 yuan per year. With more than 2,000 workers, it became the largest military factory at that time. It mainly manufactures guns, mines, ammunition, gunpowder, machinery and ships. There is also a translation hall and a mechanical school to translate western technical books and cultivate scientific and technological talents. The bureau was jointly organized by the Hunan and Huai armies, but the real power was in the hands of the Huai army. The chief engineer is an Englishman. Jinling machinery manufacturing bureau. Referred to as "Jinling Machinery Bureau" and "Jinling Manufacturing Bureau". In the fourth year of Tongzhi, when Li Hongzhang was promoted from the governor of Jiangsu to the governor of Liangjiang, he moved the former Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau to Nanjing for expansion and was still presided over by Ingmar Geli. In the fifth year of Guangxu, Wulong Mountain Machinery Bureau was merged. Seven years to build a gunpowder bureau. The production of guns and ammunition is the arms supply base of Huai department. Fuzhou shipping bureau. Also known as "Mawei Shipping Bureau" or "Fujian Bureau" for short. Zuo Zongtang, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang in the fifth year of Tongzhi, founded the Lower Luoxing Pagoda in Mawei Mountain, Fuzhou, Fujian. At the initial stage, the Frenchman Riyige (1835-1886) and Dekebei, the leader of the French foreign gun team, were appointed as the deputy supervisors, taking charge of everything. The machines used and raw materials such as iron wood were also purchased from France. The initial fund is 472,000 yuan, which will be allocated from 40% of the customs duties in Fujian. It has more than 10 production units, with more than 3,000 workers at most. It mainly manufactures warships and equips Fujian Navy. It was the largest and well-equipped new ship repair plant at that time. From the official start of Tongzhi seven years to the Sino-Japanese War in Guangxu twenty years, 34 large and small ships were built. There is also a ship administration school (also known as Qiushitang Art Bureau) which mainly trains talents for manufacturing and driving ships, and an "art garden" which specializes in training technicians, bringing up a large number of drawing, design, manufacturing, driving, naval talents and various skilled workers. Fuzhou Ship Administration School is the earliest naval school in modern China. Tianjin machine building bureau. Referred to as "Tianjin Machinery Bureau" and "Tianjin Bureau". In the sixth year of Tongzhi, Chonghou, the minister of Beiyang three-port trade, was founded in Tianjin. Originally named "General Bureau of Arms Machinery". The British business manager (18 17― 1875) who is also the Danish consul in Tianjin is in charge. After Li Hongzhang was appointed as the governor of Zhili, he took over the bureau and began to call it this name. And vigorously expanded, the establishment of the East and West Bureau, the scale is second only to Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration. In the 21st year of Guangxu, it was renamed "Beiyang Machinery Manufacturing Bureau". It mainly manufactures guns, ammunition and mines. The arms made are not only used for training armies and ships in Huai, a province in Zhili, but also allocated to Jilin, Fengtian, Chahar, Jehol and Jiangnan Waterproof Luhuai armies on time, which has become the largest arms supply base in northern China. There are also telegraph schools, mine schools and navy schools to train specialized technical personnel. Hubei gun factory. In the 16th year of Guangxu, Governor Zhang Zhidong of Huguang (1837-1909) moved the gun factory originally organized in Guangzhou to Hankou, Hubei Province, bought more machines and built a factory building, which was completed in the 20th year of Guangxu and started the next year. The steel-making plant and smokeless powder plant, which were added in 24 years, were soon merged into the gun factory. It mainly manufactures guns, bullets and gunpowder. The factory is large in scale and advanced in machinery, with five gun factories, gun factories, gun racks, shells and bullets, and employs about 1200 people. It is the largest and most effective military enterprise founded in the late Westernization Movement. In 34 years, it was renamed Hanyang Arsenal. 1In the winter of 895, Hanyang Arsenal began to copy the German-made 1888 Mao Se rifle (imitation is MauserM88CommissionRifle. The 1888 Mao Se rifle designated by the best German armories [such as Loewe,Schilling and Steyr] is called MauserM88CommissionRifle. Because it is a German M 1888 rifle, it is designated as Type 88, and its full name is 7.92cm 88 Mao Se rifle. Use round warheads. At the same time, bullets can be produced, and 130,000 bullets can be produced every month. From 187 1 year to 1873, the Qing dynasty purchased four-pound steel guns with German Krupp breech 14 1 door, and by 1884, the Huai army had more than 370 breech steel guns. Since 1886. Guangdong has successively allocated more than 0/00 guns of Beiyang Steel, including 48 guns in the 12th year of Guangxu (1886), 120 guns in the 17th year and 30 guns in the 18th year. During this period, Beiyang self-buyers were not included. In addition, by 1904, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau * * * produced breech cannons 145, most of which were used to equip the Huai army. Among the Huai Army artillery, some Amstrom and Grusen-style steel guns were quick guns (rapid-fire guns) invented in the west in the late 1980s. It can be seen that the equipment of Huai Army is world-class in both quality and quantity. Compared with the Japanese equipment in neighboring countries, in 1867, Japan's first gunboat with a tonnage of more than 600 tons was launched, while in the same period, China was more capable of manufacturing warships with a tonnage of more than 2,600 tons. However, the Great Qing Dynasty felt that it was time-consuming and labor-intensive to manufacture warships, so it was better to buy British and German warships, while Japan chose to foster national industries. After 70 years, Japan could manufacture tens of thousands of tons of battleships, but China could not. From Meiji Restoration to 1904, the Japanese army mainly used domestic bronze guns and Murata single-shot guns (only a small number of troops were equipped with Murata single-shot guns), which were far inferior in performance to the western new-style guns and breech guns imported from China, and the number of wild guns owned by the whole army was only 300, much less than that of our army. During the Beiyang period, when the six towns in Beiyang were established, each town was equipped with 54 75mm Shan Ye guns, which was the same as the number of Japanese divisions, while the armorer in 1937 was only 16 guns. In the early years of the Republic of China, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau manufactured many kinds of afterloading guns. It is recorded that there are: A-type 40-pound breech fast gun, 100-pound breech fast gun, 6-pound breech fast gun, 12-pound land breech fast gun, 3-pound land breech fast gun, 3-pound mountain breech fast gun, 12-pound mountain breech fast gun and 250-pound mountain breech fast gun. Zhang Zhidong cares about the layout of Hanyang Iron Works and Hubei Weaving in the car; And planning coastal defense (especially Beiyang navy), creating new schools and so on.