Unit 1 The Political System of Ancient China

I. Political System of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1, the political system of Xia and Shang Dynasties: ① The first dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia Dynasty, was founded by Yu, and the early national political system in China began in the Xia Dynasty. After the accession to the throne, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system in the late primitive society. (2) Shang dynasty inherited the system of Xia dynasty and changed slightly, with a set of administrative management system from central to local. There are Xiang and Qing officials in the central government and Feng Hou and Bo in the local government.

2. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty: ① King Wu of Zhou Dynasty destroyed the merchants and established the Western Zhou Dynasty. The western Zhou dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, also known as the founding of the country. King Wu awarded a certain amount of land and people to the royal family, heroes and nobles of the previous generation, so that they could establish vassal States and defend the royal family. The fundamental purpose is to consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. . Obligation: The vassals of the enfeoffment have the obligation to defend the territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and make a pilgrimage. Influence: The enfeoffment system strengthened the Zhou Emperor's rule over the local area, expanded the ruling area, and formed a strict hierarchy of "Emperor-vassal-QingDafu-scholar" within the aristocratic ruling class.

② In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the kingship declined. As the vassal power grew, the enfeoffment system was destroyed. The landmark event is

Win the championship.

3. Patriarchal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: ① Patriarchal system is a political system with the exterior and interior of enfeoffment system, which evolved from patriarchal system in primitive society. ② The biggest feature and core of the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the system of direct eldest son inheritance. There are big and small clans, the eldest son system is large, the rest are small clans, and the small clans must obey the large ones. The relationship between the major and minor clans is not only a family hierarchy (brothers) relationship, but also a political subordination (superior and subordinate) relationship. ④ The embodiment of patriarchal clan system in political system is the enfeoffment system. From the emperor to the vassal, to Dr. Qing and then to the scholar (the lowest level), it was divided into layers. Patriarchal system ensures the monopoly and privileged position of the nobility in politics, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

Second, the formation of centralization of authority in Qin Dynasty.

1、

Imperial power: ① During the Warring States Period, after Shang Yang's political reform, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, and established the first unified feudal dynasty in Chinese history-Qin Dynasty. (2) Ying Zheng stipulated that the feudal supreme ruler was the "emperor" and claimed to be the "first emperor". 3 Qin Shihuang stipulated that the emperor called me; The emperor's order is called "control" or "imperial edict"; The jade seal used by the emperor is called "seal". All the administrative, economic, military and other powers in the country are in the hands of the emperor, and the main officials of the central and local governments are appointed and removed by the emperor. ④ The emperor system initiated by Qin Shihuang embodies the important features of China's feudal autocracy.

2. A relatively complete central official system: ① Qin Shihuang established a relatively complete central political organization on the basis of the official system in the Warring States period. (2) in the central, set up the prime minister, the suggestion and qiu, as the three highest positions in the central of the qin dynasty. The prime minister helped the emperor to handle the political affairs of the whole country, and the imperial adviser took charge of the ministers' memorials, issued the imperial edicts, and managed the state to supervise things. Qiu is in charge of national military affairs. Military affairs are completely controlled by the emperor.

3. Full implementation of the county system: ① During the Spring and Autumn Period, some vassal states set up counties in newly annexed areas and counties in border areas. (2) During the Shang Yang political reform in the Warring States Period, the enfeoffment was abolished and the county was established. (3) After the reunification of Qin, the enfeoffment system was abolished nationwide and the county system was implemented. (4) the county is the highest level of local administration below the central government, and the chief executive is the county magistrate. County is the lower administrative organ of the county, and the chief is called county magistrate or county magistrate. Below the county level, there are grass-roots administrative institutions such as townships and villages. ⑤ This pyramid-like ruling organization from the central to the local government in the Qin Dynasty has a clear division of official duties, that is, they cooperate with each other and contain each other, marking the establishment of feudal autocratic centralization of authority.

4. The function and influence of centralized system: ① Stabilize the border, safeguard national unity and expand the territory. It formed the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty. (2) Promulgating laws, unified measurement, currency and writing, repairing Chi Dao and opening Lingqu are conducive to the development of feudal economy and culture and the formation of the Chinese nation with Huaxia nationality as the main body. (3) laid the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than two thousand years, which was used by feudal dynasties. (4) The despotism of Qin Shihuang put the people in a bad situation, which intensified class contradictions and led to the first large-scale peasant uprising in China's history, namely the Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising.

Third, the evolution of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty

1, the evolution of the central political system: ① The central political system in the Han Dynasty basically followed the Qin system, which was called "Han inherited the Qin system" in history. However, the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty were abolished, resulting in some gains and losses. (2) the han dynasty emperor system, set up the prime minister in the central, the ancient and qiu, used to say "three fair". (3) In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used cloth as a photograph, attendants and secretaries around him as ministers, etc. to form a "Chinese dynasty", and the institutions with three officials and nine officials were called "foreign dynasties". (4) When Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty expanded the power of Shangshutai and became the central organization of decision-making. ⑤ During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, a system of three provinces, namely Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, was formed. ⑥ In the Sui Dynasty, Shangshu Province, Neishi Province and Menxia Province were the highest ruling institutions in the central government. In the Tang Dynasty, the division of labor among the three provinces was clear, with the decision-making of Zhongshu province, the audit of the next province, and the implementation of Shangshu province, and the power of the three provinces was divided into three. ⑦ During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were six departments of officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers in Shangshu Province, and a six-department system in three provinces was established. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Zhongshumen was the highest administrative organ, and Privy Council was the highest military and political organ, which were collectively called the "Second House". After that, the assistant minister was added, and three secretaries were set up to manage the finances, weakening the power of the ministers. Pet-name ruby Yuan Dynasty integrated the political system of Han and Mongolia, and set up the Secretariat Province and the Privy Council in the central government, with the Secretariat Province as the highest administrative organ and exercising the functions and powers of prime minister; The Privy Council is the highest military organ, and the Xuan Zheng Yuan is also set up to direct religious affairs and manage Tibet.

2. Evolution of local political system: ① The Warring States and the Qin Dynasty implemented the county system, which was inherited in the early Han Dynasty, and at the same time, the vassal kingdom was enfeoffed, and the county system was parallel. The county chief and the prime minister are the chief executives of the county and the kingdom respectively. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the military and political power of the kingdom was relieved, and the whole country was divided into 13 states, with states as the monitoring areas and a secretariat. ② During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the local administrative power and military power were gradually added to the secretariat, and by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state gradually evolved into a local administrative region. The local administrative division has changed from the county-level system to the state, county and county-level system. (3) At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, local administrative agencies overlapped, with more officials and fewer people. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the county level and formed a state-county two-level system. (4) The local administrative organs in the Tang Dynasty were the same as those in the Sui Dynasty, and Emperor Taizong divided the whole country into 10. As a monitoring area, Tang Suzong changed the supervisor of Dao to an observer, and Dao gradually became an administrative entity above the county level. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, a buffer region was set up, which led to a separatist situation. ⑤ In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu cut the power of local time and appointed civil servants as local officials. In Song Dynasty, the local political power was divided into two levels: prefectures and counties, and the "Tao" in Tang Dynasty was changed to "Road", which was above prefectures and counties. ⑥ The Yuan Dynasty practiced the provincial system in local areas. Under the provinces, there are roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties, and propaganda departments in remote ethnic areas. The establishment of the provincial system is a major change in the ancient local administrative system in China and the beginning of the provincial system in China. ⑦ From Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, the central government strictly restricted local administration, and no independent administrative system was allowed to exist. Local officials must obey their superiors, local governments obey the central government and finally the monarch. Form a high degree of centralization.

Central place

With the establishment of the Qin emperor system, the emperor assumed all the political, economic and military powers in the country.

The central government has a prime minister (decision-making), an ancient adviser (supervision) and a military officer (military affairs).

It marks the establishment of feudal autocratic centralization of authority.

Abandon enfeoffment, set up counties, and the county chief was appointed by the emperor.

Han inherited the Qin system and made some changes.

Early Han dynasty: three public officials and nine ministers.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: Establish China and Korea, and weaken the mutual rights.

Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty: Set up a bookshop, and the emperor took the overall power. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the county and state were in parallel, and the vassal power was large, posing a threat to the central government. In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhou was set as the supervision area, and the secretariat was set up to supervise governors and local senior officials on behalf of the central government.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were three levels: state, county and county.

In Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the system of Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province was gradually formed.

Sui Shangshu Province, Civil History Province and Menxia Province are three provinces, states and counties.

In the Tang Dynasty, the provinces of Zhongshu (decision-making), Menxia (deliberation) and Shangshu (implementation, consisting of six departments) were divided into three parts, and the three provinces contained and supervised each other to ensure the exclusive respect of monarchical power. Since then, it has been used in dynasties. At the state and county levels, Emperor Taizong established Daoism as a supervision area, and Tang Suzong Shidao became an administrative entity above the state and county. Form (Dao), state and county.

In the middle and late Tang dynasty, our power was expanded and developed into a separatist situation.

the Song Dynasty; a surname

The highest administrative institution, Zhongshumen Xiaerfu.

Privy Council, the highest military and political body

Three envoys to split the financial power of the prime minister

Divide the executive power of the prime minister and participate in political affairs

Weaken the relative power and further strengthen the imperial power.

The local administrative system is road, state and county.

Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)

Comprehensive political system of Han and Mongolia, Zhongshu Province (administrative, commanding six departments), Privy Council (military), Xuanzhengyuan (religious and Tibetan affairs). In the provincial system, except for Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, which are directly under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu province, the local government has Zhongshu province, with Pingzhang politics as the highest official and the provincial government has great power. Remote areas are managed by Xuanwei Department. The provincial system strengthens centralization and consolidates the unity of multi-ethnic countries. Its establishment is a major change in the local administrative system and the beginning of China's provincial system.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Prime Minister and Zhongshu Province were abolished, and the national government affairs were managed in six parts, and the autocratic monarchy reached its peak.

Ming Taizu set up Diange college students as attendants and consultants. The cabinet system was established when the ancestors became ancestors. Xuanzong gave the cabinet minister the right to draft the ticket.

There are three local departments: Chief Secretary (Administration), Military Command Department (Military and Political Affairs) and Inspection Department (Supervision).

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the power of the meeting of Wang Dachen was higher than that of the cabinet and the six ministries, and the imperial power was greatly restricted.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the South Study Room, the Cabinet, the Meeting of Wang Dachen, and the South Study Room were established.

, centralized in the emperor.

In Yongzheng, military department was set up, and the minister of military affairs recorded and conveyed the emperor's will, and the autocratic monarchy reached its peak.

Fourth, the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ming dynasty: 1, the abolition of the prime minister system: ① At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, following the Yuan dynasty system, the left and right prime ministers ruled over six ministries and managed the national administrative affairs. (2) Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, abolished the book province in the bank and set up the Chief Secretary, the Capital Command Department and the Inspection Department, which were in charge of local administration, military and political affairs and supervision, and were collectively called the "three departments". Later, he ordered the abolition of Zhongshu Province and the Prime Minister, and managed the national government affairs in six parts. Since then, the Prime Minister system has been abolished. The absolute monarchy has reached a new height.

2. The establishment of the cabinet: ① After Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister, he set up a palace.

, as a squire consultant. (2) When the Ming Dynasty became the ancestor, officials of the Imperial Academy were selected to join Wenyuan Pavilion to participate in the decision-making of confidential affairs, which was called "Cabinet" in history. The cabinet system was formally established. (3) Ming Xuanzong, and awarded to the cabinet.

The right to draft a ticket. (4) The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was never a statutory administrative or decision-making body at the central level, but a chamberlain institution that provided advice to the emperor. ⑤ Cabinet is the product of the strengthening of autocratic monarchy, and it can't restrict the imperial power.

Qing Dynasty: 3. The peak of the autocratic monarchy system: ① After Nurhachi established the post-Jin regime, he implemented the tradition of tribal nobles discussing politics with each other. (2) Huang taiji set up a discussion meeting with Wang Dachen. There is also a cabinet with six departments. The power of the meeting of Wang Dachen is above the six ministries. Imperial power was greatly restricted. (3) After Emperor Kangxi took office, he set up the south study room, and the central organization was divided into three parts, namely, the cabinet, the discussion meeting of Wang Dachen and the south study room.

, mutual restraint, and finally centralized in the emperor. (4) Yong Zhengdi, and military department, selected by the emperor trusted minister of Manchu served as minister of military aircraft. The meeting of Wang Dachen and the south study room existed in name only, and then they were cancelled one after another. The cabinet also existed in name only, and the autocratic monarchy reached its peak. ⑤ The rulers of the Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming system and pushed the autocratic monarchy to its peak. The emperor was not only the highest legislator, but also the highest chief executive and the highest judicial officer, and was free from restraint and supervision. This absolute monarchy greatly hinders the progress of society and the growth of capitalism.

What impact did the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties have on China society?

Positive role: it is conducive to the unification and consolidation of multi-ethnic countries, social stability, economic development and cultural prosperity, and provides political guarantee for the emergence of the prosperous era of Kanggan.

Negative effects: the imperial power expanded extremely and became an important factor hindering social progress. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, bourgeois revolution or reform occurred successively in Britain and other western countries (British

American War of Independence, etc.), established bourgeois rule and promoted the development of capitalism. The unprecedented strengthening of autocratic monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties greatly hindered the social progress. Since then, the development of China society has lagged far behind the West.

Unit 2 The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome

The cradle of Greek civilization

Characteristics-the influence of geographical environment factors

Economy: Surrounded by water on three sides, there are many harbors, especially islands on the route to West Asia, which is conducive to navigation and cultural exchanges. Therefore, Greece's commodity production and overseas trade are more developed.

② Foreign relations: Because navigation and navy were of great significance to ancient Greece, ancient Greeks with small land and large population often colonized and expanded overseas by virtue of this advantage.

③ Politics: The characteristics of Greek city-states are as follows

Long-term independence and autonomy of each state; The citizen politics carried out by the Greek city-state enabled the citizens of the city-state to enjoy more full political rights; In particular, the democracy in Athens provided valuable experience for future generations.

athens democracy

Solon: According to the amount of property, citizens are divided into four grades. The citizens' assembly is the highest authority, and citizens at all levels can participate. The reform has shaken the hereditary privileges of the old clan nobles, guaranteed citizens' democratic rights, and laid the foundation for Athenian democratic politics.

Clerides: There will be a 500-member Council, which will take turns to govern.

Pericles: (the development of democratic politics reached its peak): It was Athens that paid the theater allowance.

Brilliant achievements have been made in the field

The basic characteristics of democracy in Athens are people's sovereignty and taking turns to govern.

Significance: ① Innovation: It provides a new form of collective management for mankind, creates a democratic operation mode, and accumulates valuable experience for the development of democratic politics in later generations.

Advantages: most people make decisions, which makes the problem more comprehensive; Most public officials are elected and are under the supervision of the masses, which reduces the possibility of abusing power for personal gain.

3 civilization and progress: promoted

The development of Greek civilization made it an important center of civilization in the ancient west and even the whole world.

Limitations: ① it is only for citizens, not citizens, such as foreign immigrants, slaves and citizens of other countries, who have no right to democracy;

② Democracy of male citizens;

(3) All public offices are produced by election and lottery, which may lead to extreme democratization and the decline of democracy.

The origin and development of Roman law

Twelve Copper Tables Law: It includes civil law, criminal law and litigation procedure, and is basically a compilation of unwritten customary laws in the past. He clearly defended private property rights and aristocratic

Significance: ① It is the victory of civilians; (Reason: Because there is a written law, you have to judge and sentence according to the law, and the nobles can't interpret the customary law as they used to.

② This law is the origin of Roman law and the basic law of Rome;

③ Limitation: The fundamental purpose is to safeguard the interests of slave owners.

The Complete Book of Civil Law marks the final completion of the Roman Law Department.

Unit 3 the establishment and development of modern western capitalist political system

The establishment of British constitutional monarchy

The root cause: feudal autocratic rule hindered the development of capitalism

1640, Britain became a * * * republic, 1688.

Significance: It realized the bourgeoisie's desire to master political power, overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy, established the constitutional monarchy, and opened the way for the development of British capitalist economy and the establishment of capitalist political economy.

Bill of Rights: 1689

Contents: ① Restrict the kingship from legislative, judicial, financial and military aspects;

(2) affirm the free power of parliament in the form of law;

Meaning:

① the relationship between the king and parliament: the sovereignty of parliament was established, and the power of the king was restricted by parliament;

(2) the relationship between kingship and law: the king can only exercise his power within the scope stipulated by the constitution, and Britain has established a constitutional monarchy;

(3) Changes in the ruling mode: Britain implemented the collective rule of parliament and king, and the ruling mode changed from rule by man to rule by law. Since then, the British society has entered a period of long-term and stable development.

Features: parliamentary power

, the monarch unified and died.

Responsible Cabinet: The Prime Minister holds the state power.

(1) after the "glorious revolution", the king gradually withdrew from the cabinet and became the head of state of "unification without death". The power and importance of the cabinet will also increase as it undertakes the actual administrative duties;

② 172 1 year, Robert? Walpole became the first Prime Minister in British history, presiding over cabinet meetings and coordinating the work of various departments. The formation of the responsibility cabinet system;

③ Development:/kloc-In the mid-9th century, with the gradual expansion of the electoral system and the development of the two-party system, parliamentary elections became a power struggle between two political parties, and the majority party who won the general election came to power to form a cabinet.

The establishment of the federal government of the United States

Serious political problems: ① Confederacy has limited rights, no right to tax, and no military power.

(2) States have great rights, and have the right to recruit, levy taxes and issue currency.

Riots and social unrest often occur in various places.

(4) the United States is often at a disadvantage in its trade with European countries, and its economic development is seriously affected.

1787, promulgating the federal constitution,

Contents: ① It is stipulated that the United States is a federal country with higher rights than other states.

The federal government has political, economic, military and diplomatic powers.

Federalism principle: it stipulates a strong federal government, including the president, a national parliament and a federal judicial system; At the same time, the constitution allows States to retain greater autonomy;

President: the highest executive power, military command power, partial constitutional veto power, and the power to appoint senior government officials;

Parliament: financial power and legislative power;

Supreme Court: the highest judicial power and the power to interpret the Constitution.

Principle of separation of powers and checks and balances: the legislative, administrative and judicial powers are separated and mutually restricted.

The formation and development of the two-party system

1The 1920s and 1930s were an important period for the formation of the two parties in the United States.1In the mid-1950s, the confrontation between the Democratic Party and the Party finally took shape.

The expansion of capitalist political system in continental Europe

The Difficult Road to Peace in France

1789 the great revolution broke out

1791~ ~1792 constitutional monarchy

1793~~ 1804 First * * * Republic of China

1804 ~ ~1814 First Empire

1815 ~1830 restoration dynasty

1848~~ 1852 Second * * * Republic of China

1852~~ 1870 the second empire

France * * * and the Establishment of Political System

1875 the national assembly adopted the constitution of the third French Republic.

Influence: The system was finally established, which promoted the development of French capitalism.

Constitutional monarchy in the German Empire

The head of the empire is the "German Emperor". The emperor has the right to appoint the prime minister and officials of the empire; Have the right to convene and dissolve the federal parliament and the imperial parliament; Have the right to sign and publish imperial laws and supervise their implementation; Imperial troops are commanded by the emperor, and officers are appointed by the emperor. In short, the emperor is the master of supreme power.

⊙ The Prime Minister presides over the imperial government and is only responsible to the emperor and not to the parliament;

The Federal Parliament and the Imperial Parliament are legislative bodies and exercise legislative power. The Imperial Congress is elected, but it cannot form a representative government, can't pass any bills that are unfavorable to the government, has no administrative supervision power over the government, and the only thing that exerts pressure on the government is to approve the budget.

The German Empire practiced constitutional monarchy, but it had a strong color of absolutism.

The differences between the political systems of Britain, America, France and Germany

Form of government, head of state and power, way of government formation, parliamentary power

And status power

centre

The British constitutional monarchy is hereditary;

The king only plays a ceremonial role and is a symbol of the country. The cabinet is elected by the parliament and is responsible to the parliament. The prime minister of the cabinet is the highest executive head and has the highest executive power and creative legislative power. Parliament is the highest authority, and the parliament is the center of state power.

German emperor is the head of the empire, hereditary; Appoint the prime minister and officials of the empire, convene and dissolve parliament, sign and promulgate laws and supervise their implementation, command the army and appoint officers; The emperor appoints the prime minister and officials, and the prime minister presides over the imperial government and is only responsible to the emperor. Directly elected, a representative government cannot be formed, and there is no supervision over the government, only the right to approve the budget. emperor

The president of the United States is both the head of state and the head of government; Elected by the people; Master the highest administrative power, military command power, partial legislative veto power, the power to appoint senior government officials and organize the government; The president appoints senior government officials, and the government is responsible to the president, with legislative and financial powers, and checks and balances the president with the president and the federal court.

The French democratic president is both the head of state and the head of government and the supreme commander of the army; Elected by the National Assembly; Have the power to initiate laws and dissolve the House of Representatives; The President and Cabinet Ministers are both accountable to the Parliament; Cabinet ministers are appointed by the president, and presidential orders must be countersigned by ministers, and the cabinet is responsible to the parliament. Have the right to elect the president, legislative power and initiate laws; The president and ministers are responsible to the parliament, which exercises supervision over the government. parliament

Core features: representative democracy;

Parliament has the same powers: legislative power, financial power and administrative supervision power;

Unit 4 The Trend of Anti-aggression and Democracy in Modern China

Ten opium wars

1 Background: (1) In the foreign trade between China and Britain, China is in a superior position. (2) Britain's efforts to reverse its trade with China

Smuggling opium to China. (3) After the Industrial Revolution, Britain urgently needed to open the China market, making China its raw material producing area and commodity dumping market.

2 China's Anti-smoking Campaign: (1) Reason: The opium import seriously endangered the Qing Dynasty. (2) Evaluation of Destruction of Opium at Humen: It is a great victory of China's anti-smoking movement, which shows the strong determination of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression.

The root cause of the Opium War: in order to open the China market, we plundered the commodity sales market and the origin of raw materials.

Smoke in Humen: Facing the harm of opium, Emperor Daoguang sent Lin Zexu to Guangdong to ban opium. Lin Zexu arrested cigarette dealers in Guangdong, confiscated opium and destroyed it in public at Humen Beach, that is, Destruction of Opium at Humen. Britain used this as an excuse to launch a war of aggression against China.

The signing of treaty of nanking: 1842, the Qing government was forced to sign with Britain.

The first unequal treaty in the world

Main contents:

(1) cut Hong Kong Island to Britain; (Destroying China's territorial sovereignty)

(2) compensation of 2100000 silver dollars;

(3) Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai should be opened as trading ports; (Destroying China's trade sovereignty)

(4) The taxes paid by British businessmen on import and export goods shall be agreed by China and Britain. (Destroying China's tariff autonomy)

① Changes in social nature: from feudal society to semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Politically, before the war, it was an independent feudal country. After the war, through a series of unequal treaties, the sovereignty of territory, territorial sea, justice, tariffs and trade was seriously damaged, and China began to become a semi-colony. Economically, before the war, it was a self-sufficient feudal economy, and after the war, China's feudal natural economy began to disintegrate.

② Changes in social contradictions: The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class began to change into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people, and the contradiction between Chinese and foreign capitalism and the China nation became the most important contradiction among various social contradictions.

(3) changes in revolutionary tasks: before the war, we opposed feudal rule in our country, and after the war, we should oppose feudalism and aggression.

④ The change of revolutionary nature: China entered the period of old democratic revolution;

⑤ Changes in ideological field: The new thinking of "learning from the West" began to sprout.

Therefore, the Opium War was a turning point in the history of China, and it was

Start.

After the Opium War, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Charter of Five Ports Trade and the Humen Treaty, from which Britain obtained the privileges of "consular jurisdiction", "one-sided MFN treatment", leasing land, houses and permanent residence at trading ports. The United States and France also coerced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Wangxia and the Treaty of Huangpu respectively, and seized more aggressive rights and interests.

Opium War Renewed: (Second Opium War)

The root cause: Britain and France are not satisfied with the Opium War.

, to further open the China market, expand the rights and interests of aggression.

Nature of war: the unjust predatory war of aggression;

(1)1856, Britain and France jointly launched the Second Opium War, taking the opportunity that the blackmail of "amending the treaty" was rejected. (2)1858, the British and French allied forces went north to capture Dagu and advanced on Tianjin. The Qing government successively signed the Tianjin Treaty with Russia, the United States, Britain and France. (3)1859, the British and French allied forces captured Dagu and Tianjin again. 1860, invaded Beijing and looted Yuanmingyuan. (4)1860, the Qing government signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain, France and Russia respectively. Content: (1) Opening Tianjin as a commercial port; (2) Divide the local area of Kowloon Division to Britain. ⑤ The Second Opium War and the signing of the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty made China lose a lot of territory and sovereignty, and there was open collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. The degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China has deepened.

Influence: Politically, China lost a large area of territory and sovereignty: the rulers of the Qing Dynasty voted for foreign invaders and began to become their vassals and tools, and the reactionary forces at home and abroad openly colluded with each other to suppress the resistance of the people of China.

Economically, the forces of foreign aggression spread to the coastal provinces and extended to the inland, which facilitated their dumping of goods and plundered cheap raw materials and labor, making it difficult for China to resist the impact of capitalist economic aggression.

eleven

sports

The root cause of the rise of the movement: corrupt feudal rule and heavy exploitation, which led to the intensification of class contradictions.

① Rise: jintian uprising 185 1 year.

② Development: Yong 'an organizational system, initially establishing political power; Tianjing 1853, its capital, formally established a regime confronting the Qing government;

③ heyday: 1853- 1856 carried out the northern expedition, the western expedition and the eastern expedition.

Northern Expedition: Purpose: To overthrow the rule of the Qing government.

Leaders: Lin Fengxiang, Li Kaifang.

Results: I failed because I went deep alone.

Significance: It contained the enemy forces and created favorable conditions for the victory of the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition.

Western Expedition: Purpose: To consolidate Tianjing Revolutionary Base Camp

Leader: Lai Hanying

Results: Shi Dakai defeated Xiang army and consolidated Tianjing.

Crusade: Purpose: To cut off the financial resources of the Qing government and enrich its own economic strength.

Leader: Qin Rigang

Results: The capture of Yangzhou and the invasion of Jiangnan camp in the north of the Yangtze River reached its heyday militarily.

Main contents:

The basic content is about land distribution, which fundamentally denies feudal land ownership.

(2) Regarding the distribution of products, it is stipulated that "the world is not private, and things belong to the Lord".

(2) evaluation: "China's farmland system" is

The revolutionary program promulgated after the capital was Tianjing.

Revolutionary: First of all, it explicitly advocated the abolition of feudal private ownership of land, which became the highest peak of China farmers' struggle for thousands of years;

Utopian: the average distribution of land and products could not be realized at that time. This absolute average distribution of the sacred library system violated the nature of small producers and could not mobilize the revolutionary enthusiasm of farmers.

Backwardness: this program regards the small-scale peasant economy as an idealized goal, but actually does not go beyond the economic category of feudalism.

Reasons: unable to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers; Due to the war environment, it cannot be implemented;

Reasons for failure: ① objective reasons: the collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces was too strong, and they jointly strangled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

② Subjective reasons: First, the limitations of the peasant class. The second is a strategic mistake.

(3) Lessons: The tragedy of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom shows that due to the limitations of class and times, the peasant class cannot lead the China revolution to victory.

(4) Historical significance: ① Yes

The last great anti-feudal and anti-aggression peasant movement (nature) was the highest peak of China peasant war for thousands of years. ② It persisted for 14 years, and its influence reached 18 province, severely punishing the reactionary forces at home and abroad; ③ It took on the dual tasks of anti-feudalism and anti-aggression. Opposing feudalism accelerated the decline and collapse of the Qing dynasty and the whole feudal system; Anti-aggression broke the western invaders' attempt to colonize China quickly. (4) Some leaders began to seek truth from the West and explore ways for China to become independent and prosperous.

Senior minister's new chapter

Content: Political aspect: advocating democracy

Economically: learn from the west and develop capitalist industry and commerce.

Culture and education: setting up new schools.

Diplomacy: Free communication with foreign countries, but foreign countries are not allowed to interfere in China's internal affairs.

Evaluation: "Senior Minister New Chapter" is a plan for reforming internal affairs and building the country put forward by Hong Rengan 1859 to revitalize the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It has a distinctive color of capitalism, and it is the first plan put forward by advanced China people to develop capitalism in China. It is not the product of the peasant revolutionary practice, does not reflect the wishes of the peasants, and has not been implemented.

12 Sino-Japanese War and

aggression against China

The root cause of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan vigorously developed capitalism, but the domestic market was narrow, hoping to find a way out from the war. (2) European and American powers are conniving. (3) The East Korean Learning Party uprising became the fuse.

The course of the war

(1) outbreak: 1894

The army raided China's troop carrier off Toyoshima Island, and the war broke out.

(2) Pyongyang Campaign: Zuo Baogui, a Hui general, died; Pyongyang fell.

(3) Battle of the Yellow Sea: Deng Shichang and Lin Yongsheng sank with the ship; Beiyang fleet's main force still exists, and Japan has the right to control the sea.

(4) Battle of Liaodong: Nie Shicheng led the resistance; The Japanese army made the Lushun massacre.

(5) Battle of Weihai: Ding Ruchang committed suicide; Beiyang fleet was wiped out (indicating the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement).

Treaty of shimonoseki.

Contents: 1. Divide Penghu Islands, Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province and its affiliated islands to Japan. Second, open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports. Three, allow Japanese to set up factories in China trading port.

Hazards: ① Land-cutting: it destroyed China's territorial sovereignty, stimulated the ambitions of the great powers to carve up China, and set off a frenzy to carve up China;

② Indemnity: Aggravation