general situation

Westernization schools and institutions engaged in translation and publishing were the earliest institutions to train translators in the Qing Dynasty. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Qing government set up the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister as the central organ for the overall management of Westernization. At the same time, Prince Gong and others suggested setting up the Wentong Museum under the Office of State Affairs of the Prime Minister.

① Shi Jing Wentong Museum

Known as wentongguan. On July 29th, the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Prince Gong and others were allowed to set up the Wentong Museum in Beijing, which belonged to the Prime Minister's yamen. Set up management minister, competent minister, transfer, transfer assistance, general teaching and assistant teaching. Hurd, an Englishman from the State Administration of Taxation, is in charge and actually manipulates library affairs. Previous foreign teachers include Bao Teng, john fryer and Ou He. China teaches Li and Xu Shou. Ding Weiliang, an American missionary, has been a head teacher for 25 years since 1869. The library is a "Westernization School" to train translators. At first, there were only three classes of English, French and Russian, and then German, Japanese, astronomy and mathematics were added one after another. At first, the enrollment targets were limited to1children of the Eight Banners under 4 years old, and 1862 only enrolled 10 students in June. Later, the scope of enrollment was expanded to the older children of the Eight Banners and Han students, as well as Jinshi, Juren, Jinshi and Manchu, Han and Beijing officials who were born in the right direction of the imperial examination. The number of students enrolled increased year by year. The study period was initially set at three years, and changed to two types after Guangxu two years (1876): from foreign languages to astronomy, chemistry and geodesy scholars, graduated in eight years; I am a little older, I only asked scholars through translators, and graduated in five years. At first, the courses were only English, French, Russian and Chinese. After six years of Tongzhi, mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics and foreign historical geography were added. All the courses except Chinese are taught by foreigners. Its capital, personnel and other rights are basically controlled by Hurd, the State Administration of Taxation. In the eighth year of Tongzhi, Hurd nominated Ding Weiliang, an American missionary, as the head teacher of Wentong Museum, who was in charge of school affairs for nearly 30 years. In the 27th year of Guangxu (1902), it was merged into Shi Jing University Hall. The first Westernization School in Beijing in Qing Dynasty adopted the class teaching system. Since the Opium War, the Qing government has negotiated with the imperialist powers many times, deeply feeling that the language and writing are also one of the reasons for the failure of deception. Zuo and Li Hongzhang insisted on learning from the West, so in the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Wentong Museum was established, with children of the Eight Banners 10, aged thirteen or fourteen. The following year, a French pavilion and a Russian pavilion were added. Later, German and Japanese were added. Foreigners are employed to teach in libraries. At the end of 1866, all the people who improve the library are on the right track, such as juren, excellent students, and officials outside Beijing who are under 30 years old. 1867 Add Astronomical Arithmetic Museum. 1869, American missionary Ding Weiliang was hired as the head teacher. 1872 drew up an eight-year curriculum plan, including: the first year of literacy, writing shallow books and explaining shallow books; Practice syntax and translate notes in the second year; In the third year, look at the geographical history of various countries, translate and edit; The fourth year emphasizes mathematical enlightenment and algebra, and translates official documents; In the fifth year, I emphasized the style of things, geometric elements, flat triangle and arc triangle, and practiced translating books; In the sixth year, I emphasized machine, differential integral, navigation calculation and practiced translating books. In the seventh year, I taught chemistry, astronomy, checking and the law of nations, and practiced translating books; In the eighth year, I emphasized national policies such as astronomy, calculation, geography, epigraphy and wealth, and practiced translating books. There are three kinds of exams: monthly, quarterly and annual. A big exam is held every three years, and those who are included in the top class are promoted to the official rank, while those who are inferior remain in the library and those who are inferior are eliminated from the list. The treatment in the museum is good, except that meals, books, paper and pens are provided by the government, and the monthly salary is 10. Shi Jing Wentong Museum has a unified curriculum and management regulations, and basically does not learn traditional subjects such as "Four Books and Five Classics". It is regarded as the originator of modern schools in China. After graduation, most students work as government translators, diplomats, officials of westernization agencies and school teachers. The library has a book printing office and a translation office, and has compiled and published more than 20 books on natural science, international law and economics. In addition, there are chemical laboratories, museums and observatories. 1902, 65438+ 10 (December of the 27th year of Guangxu), merged into Shi Jing University Hall, the first modern university in China founded by 1898.

② Guangzhou Wentong Museum

It is the third foreign language school in China after Shi Jing Wentong Museum and Shanghai Wentong Museum. It is the first large-scale westernization enterprise run by Guangzhou Westernization School. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Li Hongzhang invited the establishment of Wentong Museum in Guangzhou. Tongzhi was founded in the third year (1864), located in Chaotian Street, Beimen, Guangzhou (now Chaotian Primary School, Chaotian Road, Guangzhou). The first curator was Wang Zhenxiong, the first curators were Tan Guangnan and Thomson, the first Chinese teacher was Wu Jiashan, and the first English teacher was American Tan Xun. The first phase enrolled 20 students, aged 65,438+04 ~ 20 (with 5 people attached), including 65,438+06 children of the Eight Banners of Man and Han, and 4 children of Han aristocratic families. The academic system lasts for three years, and the main subjects studied are English, Chinese and mathematics. In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), two libraries of Hande and Germany were added, each with 10 students, of which 10 came from the former English library, and the rest were selected from the children of the Eight Banners. The academic system is increased to eight years, and the first year is learning to read, write and spell; In the second year, I studied reading, grammar, conversation and sentence translation; In the third year, I studied world history and practiced translating telegrams. In the fourth year, I studied arithmetic and algebra and practiced translating official documents. In the fifth year, besides continuing to study translation, I also studied physics, geometry and trigonometry. In the sixth year, I studied mechanics, calculus and navigation calculation; In the seventh year, he studied book translation, chemistry, calculation and the law of nations; In the eighth year, besides translating books, I also studied astronomy and geography. In addition, elective courses such as physiology and anatomy are also offered. Later, an East Language (Japanese) Pavilion and a Russian Pavilion were added to train Japanese and Russian translators. Zuo Binglong, the first consul general of the Qing government in British Singapore, was the first student of the museum. Fu Baishan was the director of diplomatic deployment when he was a student. Students Yang Shu and Chang Xiu jointly translated A Brief History of the Country. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), it was renamed the Translation Institute. Later it changed its name several times. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the school was renamed the No.1 Primary School. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was renamed Huifu District Central Primary School, North District No.1 Central Primary School, Jiefang Middle Street No.1 Primary School, Chaotian Road Primary School and Chaoyang Road Primary School. To 1993, named Chaotian Primary School.