1, modified accrual principle. Cash basis (also known as cash basis) prominently reflects the important principle of tax accounting-cash flow principle. This principle is the basis to ensure that taxpayers have the ability to pay the tax payable and make the government obtain fiscal revenue. However, because the cash system does not conform to the provisions of the financial accounting standards, it is generally only applicable to individuals and small and medium-sized enterprises that are not engaged in the purchase and sale of goods. At present, the tax authorities in most countries accept the accrual principle. When it is used in tax accounting, there are some differences with the accrual system of financial accounting: *9, the principle of ability to pay must be considered, so that taxpayers can pay taxes when they are most able to pay; Second, the need for certainty makes the actual realization of income and expenses certain; Third, protect the government's fiscal tax revenue. For example, in the recognition of income, the accrual-based tax accounting contains a certain cash basis method because it is covered by the principle of ability to pay to a certain extent, while in the deduction of expenses, some estimated and estimated expenses included in the financial accounting based on the principle of conservatism are unacceptable in tax accounting, and the latter emphasizes the restriction of "the economic behavior has occurred", thus protecting the government's tax revenue. In the American tax system, there is a famous law, namely Klanyi's law. Its original meaning is: if the taxpayer's financial accounting method causes the income to be recognized immediately, but the expenses will never be recognized, the tax authorities may allow this accounting method for income tax purposes; If the taxpayer's financial accounting method causes the income to never be recognized, but the expenses are recognized immediately, the tax authorities may not allow this accounting method for income tax purposes. It can be seen that most countries in the world have adopted the revised accrual principle.
2, consistent with the daily accounting methods of financial accounting. Due to the close relationship between tax accounting and financial accounting, tax accounting should generally follow various financial accounting standards. Only when a certain matter is confirmed on the financial accounting report date according to accounting standards and systems can the taxable amount confirmed according to the tax law be confirmed; Matters that have not been confirmed according to accounting standards and systems on the financial accounting report date may affect the final tax payable of other matters that have been confirmed on that day, but these tax effects can only be confirmed after the matters that lead to tax effects are confirmed according to accounting standards and systems, which is the principle of "consistent with daily accounting methods". Specifically includes:
(1) The current or deferred taxes of all the matters that have been confirmed in the financial statements shall be recognized as current or deferred income tax liabilities or assets;
(2) Measure the current or deferred tax payable of a certain matter according to the provisions of the current tax law to determine the amount of income tax payable or refundable in the current or future years;
(3) In order to confirm and measure deferred income tax liabilities or assets, it is not expected that the taxable amount of income earned or expenses incurred in future years or the future implementation of the promulgated tax law or tax rate change will be realized.
3. The principle of dividing operating income and capital income. These two kinds of income have different sources and bear different tax liabilities, so they should be strictly distinguished in tax accounting. Operating income refers to the income obtained by an enterprise through its regular main business activities, which includes two parts: main business income and other business income, and the tax levy standard is generally calculated at the normal tax rate. Capital gains refer to the benefits (such as investment gains, gains from the sale or exchange of securities, etc.) obtained when selling or exchanging capital assets stipulated in the tax law, and generally include taxpayers' assets other than receivables, inventories, real estate and depreciable assets used in business, some government bonds, and copyrights of literary and other artistic works. The taxation standard of capital gains has many special provisions different from operating income. Therefore, in order to correctly calculate income tax liabilities and income tax expenses, there should be principles and specific standards for dividing the two kinds of income. This principle is very detailed in the income tax accounting of the United States, Britain and other countries, and it needs to be clarified in China.
4. Proportioning principle. The matching principle is the general norm of financial accounting. Applying it to income tax accounting has become an important guiding ideology to support "inter-period income tax allocation". The view that income tax is regarded as an expense means that if income tax meets the two standards of recognition and measurement, accrual accounting is appropriate for expenses. The application of accrual accounting and its related matching principle means that income tax expenses should be determined according to the income and expenses reported for accounting purposes during the accounting period, regardless of the timeliness of income and expenses confirmed for tax purposes. That is to say, the income tax expenses are matched with the pre-tax accounting income that leads to the tax obligation (reported in the same period), regardless of the timeliness of tax payment. In this way, because the income tax expenses are recognized together with the relevant accounting income in the same period, from the two characteristics of the matching principle-time consistency and causality, the intertemporal allocation method of income tax also conforms to the matching principle of income and expenses.
5. The principle of certainty. The principle of certainty means that in the process of income tax accounting, according to the provisions of the income tax law, the actual realization of tax income and expenses should have the characteristics of certainty, which is embodied in the deferred method. Under the deferred method, the original income tax rate is verifiable, and deferred income tax is the result of historical transactions that produce temporary differences. Reporting deferred income tax according to the original tax rate conforms to the characteristics that accounting reports most economic matters on the basis of historical cost, and improves the credibility of accounting information. This principle is also used for pre-tax deduction of income tax, and the amount of expenses deducted before tax must be determined.
6. The principle of predictability. The principle of predictability is the principle that supports and regulates the "debt law". The recognition mode of deferred income tax assets or deferred income tax liabilities in the debt law is based on the premise that the reported assets and liabilities will be recovered or paid off separately in the balance sheet prepared according to accounting standards. Therefore, the taxable income in future years is recognized only within the limit of reversing the difference, that is, the taxable income in future years is only affected by the temporary difference in this year, and the income earned or expenses incurred in future years are not expected. The predictability principle is applied to income tax accounting treatment, which improves the predictive value of future cash flow, liquidity and financial flexibility of enterprises. Therefore, under this principle, the supported and standardized debt law is more and more widely adopted.
7, the principle of tax payment ability. The ability to pay taxes is different from the ability to pay taxes. The ability to pay taxes means that taxpayers should determine their tax base according to reasonable standards. Taxpayers with the same tax base should bear the same tax of the same tax. Therefore, the ability to pay taxes reflects the principle of reasonable negative tax. Different from other expenses of an enterprise, tax payment all corresponds to cash outflow. Therefore, while considering the ability to pay taxes, we should also consider the ability to pay taxes. When tax accounting confirms, measures and records income, income, cost and expenses, it should choose the accounting method to ensure the tax payment ability.