The concept of user lockout

E-commerce usually refers to a wide range of commercial and trade activities around the world, in the open network environment of the Internet, based on browser/server applications, where buyers and sellers conduct various commercial activities without meeting. A new business operation model that realizes consumers' online shopping, online transactions between merchants and online electronic payments, as well as various business activities, trading activities, financial activities and related comprehensive service activities. E-commerce covers a wide range and can generally be divided into two types: Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer. There is also the consumer-to-consumer model, which is growing rapidly. With the increase in the number of people using the Internet in China, the consumption method of using the Internet for online shopping and paying with bank cards has become increasingly popular. The market share is also growing rapidly, and e-commerce websites are also emerging one after another. The two most common security mechanisms in e-commerce are SSL and SET.

Classification

E-commerce on the Internet can be divided into three aspects: information services, transactions and payments. The main contents include: electronic business information advertising; electronic purchase and transaction, exchange of electronic transaction vouchers; electronic payment and settlement, and after-sales online services. The main types of transactions include transactions between enterprises and individuals (B to C method) and transactions between enterprises (B to B method). There are four types of entities participating in e-commerce: customers (individual consumers or corporate groups), merchants (including sellers, manufacturers, storage and transportation providers), banks (including card issuers and acquirers), and certification centers.

From the perspective of trade activities, e-commerce can be realized in multiple links. Therefore, e-commerce can also be divided into two levels. Lower-level e-commerce such as e-commerce, e-commerce, and e-commerce Contracts, etc.; the most complete and advanced e-commerce should be able to use the INTENET network to carry out all trade activities, that is, to completely realize information flow, business flow, capital flow and part of logistics online. In other words, you can Starting from finding customers, all the way to negotiation, ordering, online payment (receipt), issuance of electronic invoices, electronic customs declaration, electronic tax payment, etc. are all completed in one go through the INTERNET.

To achieve complete e-commerce, many aspects will be involved. In addition to buyers and sellers, banks or financial institutions, government agencies, certification agencies, distribution centers and other institutions must also join. Since all parties involved in e-commerce do not physically meet each other, the entire e-commerce process is not a replica of business activities in the physical world. Conditions such as online banking and online electronic payment and technologies such as data encryption and electronic signatures are important in e-commerce. plays an important and indispensable role.

Advantages

E-commerce is a direct product of the explosive development of the Internet and a new development direction for network technology applications. The openness, globality, low cost, and high efficiency of the Internet itself have also become the inherent characteristics of e-commerce, and have greatly exceeded the value of e-commerce as a new form of trade. It will not only change The production, operation and management activities of the enterprise itself will also affect the economic operation and structure of the entire society. The "electronic" technology platform relying on the Internet provides an extremely broad development space for traditional business activities, and its outstanding advantages are simply incomparable to traditional media means.

★1. E-commerce electronicizes and digitizes traditional business processes. On the one hand, electronic flow replaces physical flow, which can greatly reduce manpower and material resources and lower costs. On the other hand, it breaks through the limitations of time and space, allowing transaction activities to be carried out at any time. Any time, any place, thus greatly improving efficiency. The Internet has changed the traditional concept of space, and a virtual space or virtual society has emerged that is different from the actual geographical space. Individuals, companies or institutions in any corner of the world can be closely connected through the Internet to establish virtual communities. Companies, virtual governments, virtual shopping malls, virtual universities or virtual research institutes, etc., to achieve maximum sharing of information, resources, intelligence, etc.

★2. The open and global characteristics of e-commerce create more trade opportunities for enterprises. The Internet crosses national borders and travels through time and space. No matter where you are, no matter day or night, as long as you use your browser to click the mouse, you can log in to the website of any country or region as you like, and communicate face-to-face with the people you want to communicate with. Communication.

★3. E-commerce allows enterprises to enter the global electronic market at a similar cost, making it possible for small and medium-sized enterprises to have the same information resources as large enterprises, and improving the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises.

★4． E-commerce has redefined the traditional circulation model, reduced intermediate links, and made direct transactions between producers and consumers possible, thereby changing the way the entire social economy operates to a certain extent.

★5． On the one hand, e-commerce breaks down the barriers of time and space, and on the other hand, it provides abundant information resources, providing more possibilities for the recombination of various social and economic elements, which will affect the economic layout and structure of society.

The 21st century is an information society, information is wealth, and the speed of information transmission can be said to be a matter of life and death for businesses. The Internet is favored by businesses for its speed of transmitting information. It can be said that what just happened in the northern hemisphere will be different in the southern hemisphere. People can get information through the Internet in a dozen minutes, a few minutes or even a short time. The Internet has truly turned the entire earth into a global village.

★6. Interactivity: Through the Internet, businesses can directly communicate with each other.

Based on the above advantages, e-commerce appeared in front of people as a new business model in the last decade of the 20th century. Compared with traditional transaction methods, e-commerce has many advantages, such as its ability to break through Regional and time restrictions allow people in different regions to freely transfer information, exchange what they need, and conduct trade. People are happy about its speed, speed, freedom, and low cost of exchange. Why not? < /p>

The international development of e-commerce

Taking European and American countries as an example, it can be said that the development of e-commerce business is in full swing. In France, Germany and other European countries, the turnover generated by e-commerce It accounts for 1/4 of the total business volume, and in the United States it has reached more than 1/3. The development of e-commerce in European and American countries has only been more than ten years old. In the United States, well-known companies such as America Online (AOL), Yahoo, and Electronic Harbor E-commerce companies began to make money around 1995 and created US$780 million by 2000. E-commerce companies such as IBM, Amazon Bookstore, Dell Computer, and Wal-Mart Supermarket have achieved incredibly huge profits in their respective fields. Europe and the United States The following factors contribute to the rapid development of national e-commerce:

★1. In European and American countries, there are many households with computers, many companies, and the number of Internet users accounts for more than 2/3 of the total population, especially teenagers. Internet users, favorable economic conditions and a large group of Internet users have created a good environment for the development of e-commerce.

★2. European and American countries generally implement a credit card consumption system and have established a complete set of credit guarantee systems, which provides a way out for online payment problems in e-commerce. To be specific, the credit guarantee business in European and American countries has been in operation for 80 years. In European and American countries, people can move freely and are not subject to household registration restrictions like in China. In order to facilitate daily life, everyone has a unique credit code that cannot be forged and stays with them for life. Use this credit card to make purchases, and the issuing bank allows it. The cardholder has a large overdraft, but the cardholder must repay the borrowed money within the specified time. If a company or individual fails to repay the loan after maliciously overdrafting, it will mean that no matter where he goes in the future, his credit record will be Everyone will have this stain. No matter if he wants a loan to buy a house, a car or a company, the bank will not lend him a loan. This is extremely scary in the Western world where loans are common! Therefore, Westerners generally regard credit as their second life, and no one is willing to be greedy for small gains at the expense of greater justice. When shopping online, they will directly enter the password when clicking on the item and transfer the electronic money in the credit card to the website. The business website will immediately organize door-to-door delivery after confirming the payment.

★3. The logistics distribution system in European and American countries is quite complete and formal. In particular, the emergence of large third-party logistics companies in recent years has enabled many Internet users in different regions to make purchases on the same day or transfer. You can receive the products you need within days. This is due to the nearly century-old development history of warehousing and transportation systems in European and American countries. Taking the United States as an example, after the Second World War, many companies effectively transformed and applied the operating model of the military logistics support system to the field of material circulation, and gradually established dotted and pervasive logistics distribution networks throughout the country. Even more than ten years ago, when e-commerce business was not widely developed, almost all customers could enjoy free delivery and housekeeping services as long as they called to request goods. FedEx and UPS (Federal Parcel Express) are examples of large logistics companies, which are responsible for delivering products to customers for various merchants. With such a large and complete logistics and distribution system, when the e-commerce era arrives, the United States will only It is necessary to connect various distribution points with computers, which is a logical completion of the transition from traditional distribution to distribution in the e-commerce era. The most important and complex link in e-commerce activities-the logistics distribution problem is easily solved in this way.

The development status of e-commerce in China

China’s e-commerce began in 1997. If American e-commerce is "business-driven," then Chinese e-commerce is more "technology-driven." This is the biggest difference between Chinese e-commerce and American e-commerce in terms of development models. In the United States, the practice of e-commerce precedes the concept of e-commerce. The business needs of enterprises "promote" the advancement of network and e-commerce technology, and contributed to the formation of the concept of e-commerce. When the Internet era arrived, the United States already had a relatively advanced and developed e-commerce foundation. In China, the concept of e-commerce precedes the application and development of e-commerce. The "enlighteners" are IT manufacturers such as IBM. Network and e-commerce technologies need to continuously "pull" the business needs of enterprises, which in turn leads to the application and development of e-commerce in China.

It is important to understand this difference. This is a major feature of China's e-commerce development and a key to understanding the application and development of China's e-commerce.

In 1997 and 1998, the main body of China's e-commerce was some IT manufacturers and media, which carried out "enlightenment education" on e-commerce in various ways to inspire and guide people's understanding of e-commerce. , interests and needs. After this stage, in 1999 and 2000, e-commerce service providers with websites as their main characteristics became the earliest adopters of e-commerce in China with the intervention of venture capital, and became the main body of e-commerce in China at this stage. With the deepening of the application and development of e-commerce and the bursting of the capital market bubble, website e-commerce began to fall into the trough, while enterprises, especially traditional ones, began to enter the field of e-commerce on a large scale. China's e-commerce entered the third stage in 2001. At this stage, enterprise e-commerce has become the new main body of China’s e-commerce.

This change is profound, but it has also led to some incorrect views on China’s e-commerce situation. People have become accustomed to website e-commerce, especially some "hot" website e-commerce, as an important or even the only basis for understanding and judging the e-commerce situation. Therefore, the decline of e-commerce on some "hot" websites has led many media and professionals to judge that China's e-commerce is at a low point, declining, or will simply never recover. As a result, many people have great doubts about the development prospects of e-commerce. , more and more negative and negative opinions began to appear on the superiority of e-commerce.

This is an understandable but incorrect view. In fact, contrary to the superficial situation, China's e-commerce is developing in depth and breadth, and the overall trend is healthy. The main body of e-commerce is changing from IT manufacturers, media and e-commerce service providers to enterprises. Traditional enterprises are entering the field of e-commerce on a large scale, which is characterized by being firm and effective but not very attractive to "attention". Enterprise e-commerce is the main perspective from which to observe and judge the e-commerce situation in the future.

In the process of China's e-commerce application and development, there are many basic issues that need to be rethought, such as, what is e-commerce, is e-commerce E-Commerce or E-Business, e-commerce How wide is the scope? Government procurement is considered e-commerce or e-government, whether online advertising is e-commerce, e-commerce packages do not include ERP, how e-commerce transaction volume is calculated, etc.

The main application systems of e-commerce include

★ (1) Enterprise - enterprise application system (B to B)

Electronic communication between enterprises Commerce will be the main body of e-commerce business, accounting for approximately 90% of the total e-commerce transaction volume. At present, e-commerce has greatly improved the efficiency of enterprises in terms of supply, inventory, transportation, information circulation, etc. The most enthusiastic promoters of e-commerce are also merchants. Business-to-business transactions are where a lot of benefits can be generated through the introduction of e-commerce. For a trading enterprise in the circulation field, since it has no production links, e-commerce activities almost cover the entire business management activities, and it is the enterprise that utilizes e-commerce the most. Through e-commerce, trading companies can obtain consumer information in a more timely and accurate manner, thereby accurately ordering goods, reducing inventory, and promoting sales through the Internet to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and obtain greater benefits.

The general transaction process of inter-enterprise e-commerce can be divided into the following four stages. The first is preparation before trading. This stage mainly refers to the preparatory activities between the buyer and seller and all parties participating in the transaction before signing the contract. The second is transaction negotiation and contract signing. This stage mainly refers to the negotiation between the buyer and the seller on all transaction details, and the results of the negotiation between the two parties are determined in the form of documents, that is, the trade contract is signed in the form of written documents and electronic documents. The third is to handle the procedures before the transaction is carried out. This stage mainly refers to the process of completing various procedures after the buyer and seller sign the contract and before the contract begins to be performed. The fourth is the performance of transaction contracts and claims.

★(2) Business-consumer application system (B t0 C)

In the long run, business-to-consumer e-commerce will eventually occupy an important role in the field of e-commerce status. However, due to the constraints of various factors, this level of business can only account for a relatively small proportion at present and for a relatively long period of time. It uses the Internet as the main means of service provision to realize public consumption and provision of services, and ensures the electronicization of related payment methods. It developed rapidly with the emergence of the World Wide Web (WWW) and can be regarded as a kind of electronic retail. Currently, there are various types of commercial centers all over the Internet, providing various consumer goods and services from flowers and books to computers, cars, etc.

This shopping process has completely changed the traditional face-to-face transactions, hand-paying, hand-delivery and face-to-face shopping methods. This is a new and very effective electronic shopping method. Of course, if you want to carry out electronic shopping activities with confidence and boldness, you also need a very effective e-commerce confidentiality system.

3) Enterprise-Government application system (B to G)

Including government procurement, taxation, commodity inspection, management rule issuance, etc., between the government and enterprises All matters can be covered.

For example, government procurement lists can be published over the Internet, and companies respond electronically. With the development of e-commerce, such applications will grow rapidly. The government has two roles here: it is a user of e-commerce, conducts purchasing activities, and is a commercial actor. It is also the macro manager of e-commerce, playing a supporting and regulating role in e-commerce. In developed countries, the development of e-commerce often relies mainly on the participation and investment of private enterprises, with the government only playing a guiding role. Compared with developed countries, developing countries have smaller enterprises, backward information technology, and low debt repayment capabilities. Government participation can help introduce technology, expand enterprise scale, and improve enterprises' ability to repay debts.

Supporting environment for e-commerce

E-commerce affects not only the transaction process of the parties to the transaction, but also changes the market structure and rules to a certain extent. Traditionally, market transaction chains are formed during the exchange of goods, services and currencies, and e-commerce has strengthened the importance of information factors. So there are information goods, information services and electronic money. The essence of trade has not changed, but some links in the trade process have changed their forms because the carriers they are attached to have changed. In this way, from the perspective of individual enterprises, some changes have occurred in the way of trade. From the perspective of the entire trade environment, some business opportunities have disappeared while new business opportunities have emerged. Some industries have declined while other industries have emerged, thus giving the entire trade pattern a new look.

In addition to traditional business factors, the supporting environment for e-commerce also includes:

★(1) The information highway actually refers to the construction of network infrastructure: mainly composed of backbone It is composed of a network, a metropolitan area network, a local area network, etc. It enables any networked computer to be connected to the world through the network at any time. Information may be transmitted via telephone lines or via radio waves.

★(2) Formulation of e-commerce policies, regulations and technical standards: E-commerce is a trade method based on cross-border information networks. Relevant policies and regulations must be consistent with this, but the national conditions of each country are different. In fact, conflicts often arise between the common requirements of e-commerce and the specific conditions of each country, which require coordination and resolution by the international community. For example, in 1996, the United Nations Trade and Development Bureau passed the "Model Law on Electronic Commerce." The United States, Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom and other countries have promulgated a number of regulations to promote e-commerce. For the entire network environment, standards are very important to ensure compatibility and versatility. Technical standards define technical details such as user interfaces, transmission protocols, and information release standards. At present, many manufacturers and institutions are aware of the importance of standards and are working together to develop unified standards. Issuers such as Visa and MasterCard have cooperated with the industry to develop standards to ensure e-commerce. SET protocol for secure payment.

★(3) Implementation of online publishing, query, and retrieval of information: Online bookstores like Amazon publish product catalogs and inventory lists on their websites, attracting a huge number of customers on the website. Furthermore, a sophisticated web server that can provide a directory tailored to a specific queryer's personal preferences can function better and more permanently than any user registration card can.

★(4) Development of tools for multimedia information dissemination: The content spread on the Internet includes text, pictures, sounds, images, etc. It is also necessary to ensure that the message it delivers is reliable, cannot be tampered with, and cannot be tampered with. Deny it, and be able to provide appropriate evidence when there is a dispute. Network communication tools have provided two communication methods in the past: one is unformatted data communication, such as the messages we send by fax and email, which is mainly for people; the other is formatted data communication, electronic data Exchange trade (EDI) is a typical representative. Its transmission and processing process can be automated without human intervention, that is, it is machine-oriented. Orders, invoices, and shipping orders are more suitable for formatted data exchange.

Problems encountered in e-commerce

★1. The network itself has limitations

A consumer ordered a new style of women’s backpack online. The quality is good, but the style is not what I like online. Many consumers reported that the products they actually received were not the ones they had fancied online. What's going on? In fact, in the process of shrinking a three-dimensional object into a flat picture, some basic information of the product itself will be lost; only part of the information of the manually selected product is input into the computer, and people cannot get all the information about the product from the Internet, especially It is impossible to get the most vivid intuitive impression of the product.

★2. The search function is not perfect

When shopping online, a big problem faced by users is how to find the items they want on many websites and use them to Get it at the lowest price. The search engine seems very simple: the user enters a query keyword, and the search engine searches the database according to the keyword and returns the most appropriate Web page link. However, according to recent research results from NEC Research Institute and Inktomi Corporation, at least 1 billion web pages currently need to be indexed on the Internet. Existing search engines can only index 500 million web pages. Still half can't be indexed.

This is not primarily due to technical reasons, but rather due to the desire of online merchants to protect the privacy of product prices. Therefore, when users are shopping online, they have to search from website to website until they find items at a satisfactory price.

★3. User consumption concepts cannot keep up

A big difference between e-commerce and traditional business methods is that the parties to the transaction do not meet each other, and the transaction is highly virtual, which requires The credit environment of the entire society must be good, and the concept of credit consumption must be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The development momentum of e-commerce in Western countries is relatively good. An important reason is that the market order in the West is relatively good, the credit system is relatively sound, and the concept of credit consumption has been generally accepted by people. However, in our country, on the one hand, people's awareness of credit consumption is very weak, and the use of credit cards is far from popular; on the other hand, people are still afraid of buying fake and shoddy products when they go to shopping malls, let alone online where they don't know how far away they are.

★4. The security of transactions cannot be guaranteed

The security issues of e-commerce are still the main factors affecting the development of e-commerce. Due to the rapid popularity of the Internet, e-commerce has attracted widespread attention and is recognized as the most potential new growth point in the future IT industry. However, when processing transactions on an open network, how to ensure the security of transmitted data has become one of the most important factors in the popularity of e-commerce. A survey company has conducted an online survey on the application prospects of e-commerce. When asked why they are unwilling to shop online, the vast majority of people are worried about being attacked by hackers and losing their credit card information. Therefore, some people or companies are reluctant to use e-commerce because they are worried about security issues, and security has become the biggest obstacle to the development of e-commerce.

★5. The management of e-commerce is not standardized enough

The colorfulness of e-commerce has brought new business rules and methods to the world, which requires more management. Standardization, this management concept should cover many aspects such as business management, technical management, service management, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve a relatively satisfactory level of standardization in these aspects at the same time, which cannot be achieved in a short time. In addition, it is also very important that the front and back ends of the e-commerce platform are consistent. The front-end Web platform is directly facing consumers and is the face of e-commerce. The internal management system of the backend is a necessary condition for completing e-commerce, and it is related to whether the business undertaken by the frontend can ultimately be well realized. A complete backend system can better reflect the comprehensive strength of an e-commerce company, because it will ultimately determine what kind of services are provided to users, determine whether the e-commerce management is effective, and determine whether the e-commerce company can ultimately achieve profitability.

★6. Tax issues

Taxation (including tariffs and taxes) is an important source of finance for a country. Since e-commerce transaction activities are conducted in an international information network environment without a fixed location, it is difficult for the country to control and collect taxes on e-commerce.

★7. Standard Issues

The national conditions of each country are different. Of course, there are also some differences in the transaction methods and means of e-commerce, and we have to face borderless and global trade. activities, therefore it is necessary to establish relevant and unified international standards in e-commerce transaction activities to solve the interoperability issues of e-commerce activities. The current problem of China's e-commerce is that the concept is unclear. Those who engage in electronics engage in business, and those engaged in business engage in electronics. It presents a discrete, disorderly and partial state.

★8. Payment problem

Due to backward financial means and imperfect credit system, Chinese people prefer cash transactions and do not have the habit of using credit cards. In the United States, there are fewer cash transactions, and citizens basically use credit cards to pay for purchases. The state also encourages the use of credit cards to reduce the circulation of cash for financial, tax, and public security reasons. A sound financial system and convenient, reliable and safe payment methods are the basic conditions for the development of B to C e-commerce. It is not difficult to see that what affects the development of my country's e-commerce is not only the narrow network bandwidth, high Internet access fees, lack of talents, and lagging distribution. The more important reasons come from the imperfect credit system and people's living habits.

★9. Delivery problem

Distribution is a troublesome issue for both merchants and consumers. Online shoppers often experience delivery delays and delivery costs are high. Industry insiders pointed out that my country lacks systematic, professional, and nationwide cargo distribution companies, and the distribution and sales organization has not formed an efficient and complete distribution management system, which undoubtedly affects people's enthusiasm for shopping.

★10. Intellectual property rights issues

Among the legal issues caused by e-commerce, the issue of protecting intellectual property rights bears the brunt. Since computer networks carry information in digital form, the issue of copyright protection is particularly prominent in the field of intellectual property (patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, etc.).

★11. Legal issues of electronic contracts

In e-commerce, the written contracts used in traditional business transactions are no longer applicable. On the one hand, electronic contracts are easy to fabricate and difficult to prove their authenticity and validity; on the other hand, existing laws have not yet regulated the legal validity of digital seals and signatures in electronic contracts.

★12. Identification of electronic evidence

The information in the information network is unstable or volatile, which causes the infringement evidence to be locked or obtained when an infringement occurs on the information network. It is extremely difficult to prove infringement, which brings great obstacles to the resolution of infringement disputes. How to ensure the stability, authenticity and validity of information in the network environment is an important factor in effectively resolving infringement disputes in e-commerce.

★13. Other detailed issues

Finally, there are some non-standard details. For example, the current prices of online products are uneven, with a maximum price difference of 40% for major transaction categories; online stores There are large regional differences in services; online shopping invoices are a big problem; online stores respond to orders at varying speeds; e-commerce laws have not clearly and carefully stipulated the rights and obligations of all parties involved in transactions.

E-commerce designer

Commercial e-commerce designers refer to e-commerce transaction models, e-commerce payment and security, online marketing, and e-commerce laws in various enterprises and institutions. and other business management knowledge, engaged in business process system analysis, e-commerce system planning and design, network information collection and sorting, online marketing management, e-commerce software and tool application, e-commerce operation system maintenance, and related data management professionalism and comprehensiveness Professionally qualified personnel. According to different conditions, the professional qualifications of commercial e-commerce division can be divided into three levels: assistant commercial e-commerce division, commercial e-commerce division and senior commercial e-commerce division.

When learning e-commerce, the important thing is not what you know, but what you don’t know yet, so that you can learn further when needed in the future. Learning e-commerce is far more exciting than other subjects, because there are new things and changes every day. Developing a new way of thinking and habits is also much more important than the introduction to e-commerce course itself.

The main course system of e-commerce major

Web design

UI design

Web standards and website reconstruction

< p>Data Warehouse and Mining

Web Development Technology Course Design

Server Management

Database Application

E-Commerce and International Trade

Internet Marketing Fundamentals and Practice

E-Commerce Marketing Planning and Writing Practice

Exhibition Marketing