In the process of research and development, Gosling deeply realized the difference between the development concepts of consumer electronic products and workstation products: consumer electronic products require high reliability, low cost, standardization and simple use, while workstation users require strong computing power, not because of the complexity of price and operation. Users of consumer electronics products don't care about the model of CPU, and they don't appreciate the special and expensive RISC processor. They need to establish a standard and have a series of options, from 8086 to 80586.
Starting with C++ In order to make the whole system platform independent, Gosling started with rewriting the C++ compiler. However, in the process of rewriting, Gosling felt that C++ alone could not meet the demand, so he began to prepare to develop a new language in June of 199 1. What should he name it? Gosling looked back out of the window and saw an old Oak tree, so he built a directory called oak, which is the predecessor of Java language. (Later, it was discovered that Oak was a registered trademark of Sun Company in another language, and it was renamed Java, that is, the name of Java, an island rich in coffee in the Pacific Ocean).
When Gosling started writing Java, he was not limited to extending the language mechanism itself, but paid more attention to the software and hardware environment in which the language runs. He wants to build a system that runs in a huge, distributed and heterogeneous network environment to complete communication and cooperation between electronic devices. Gosling adopted the way of virtual machine code in his design. That is, the compiled Java language generates virtual machine code and runs on the interpreter, and each operating system has an interpreter. In this way, Java becomes a platform-independent language. This has the same technical taste as the Sun News Window system designed by Gosling. The user interface in news is described by Postscript, and different monitors have different Postscript interpreters, which ensures the good portability of the user interface.
When Patrick Naughton joined the team, the whole work progressed rapidly. Norton is also the technical backbone of Sun Company, and was once the project leader of Open Windows. After 17 months of fighting, the whole system was successfully completed. It consists of an operating system, a language (Java), a user interface, a new hardware platform and three special chips. Usually, such a project requires 75 people to work for Sun for three years. After the project was completed, it was demonstrated and appraised inside Sun Company, and the audience's response was that they adopted brand-new and very bold technologies in all aspects. Many visitors were deeply impressed by Java, especially Scott McNealy and Bill Joy, two leaders of Sun, but the future of Java is uncertain.
Defeat in the first battle
Then, the staff of Java project began to make application planning and set up a company to develop consumer electronic products. This company is FirstPerson Inc The first project is the bidding project in time warner Inc., set-top box operating system and VOD technology. Although FirstPerson Inc is not inferior to any other company in technology, it still lost to SGI due to mistakes in business strategy. Until the beginning of 1994, FirstPerson still insisted on developing a dedicated set-top box operating system, but practice proved that this market was not mature. For example, several experiments of interactive cable TV network ended in failure.
Norton immediately realized that he should shift his research direction. With Norton's efforts, research began to turn to online services, CDs and web-based desktops. Finally, FirstPerson was dissolved. Some people went to Sun Interactive to develop a digital video data server, while others began to use Java as a web-based desktop system.
The turning point of Java language
By 1994, WWW was in full swing. Gosling realized that WWW needs a neutral browser, which does not depend on any hardware platform or software platform. It should be a real-time, reliable and safe browser with interactive function. So Gosling decided to develop a new web browser with Java.
Second, the history of Java development Java is an object-oriented programming language that can write cross-platform application software. It is the general name of Java programming language and Java platform (namely, JavaSE, JavaEE, JavaME) launched by Sun Microsystems in May 1995.
Java technology has excellent universality, high efficiency, platform portability and security, and is widely used in personal computers, data centers, game consoles, scientific supercomputers, mobile phones and the Internet, and has the largest group of professional developers in the world. In the industrial environment of global cloud computing and mobile Internet, Java has obvious advantages and broad prospects.
Third, the development history of Java language James, who works for Sun Microsystems? Gosling et al. developed the prototype of Java language in the early 1968+0990' s, originally named Oak, which is a programming language for small systems such as household appliances, and is applied to the control and communication of household appliances such as televisions, telephones, alarm clocks and toasters.
Because the market demand of these smart home appliances is not as high as expected, Sun Company gave up this plan. With the development of Internet in11990s, Sun Company saw the application prospect of Oak on the Internet, so it reformed Oak and officially released it in the name of Java in May of 1995.
With the rapid development of Internet, Java has gradually become an important network programming language. The development history of Java language is divided into the following stages: 199 1 year. Sun Company and others began to develop a language named Oak.
It is hoped that the microprocessor 1994, which is used to control the embedded cable TV switch box and PDA, will rename the Oak language to Java 1998 JDK 1.2 and divide it into standard J2SE, enterprise J2EE and micro J2MEJava, which is safe, portable and cross-platform. Moreover, it is found that it can solve the large-scale application problems on Inter, making Java the most popular programming language on the Internet, and has a far-reaching impact on Inter. The decline of c/s.
What is the development history of JAVA? 1.JDK prequel
In this world, there are many people who are familiar with Java history. If you ask a person when Java was born, most people will probably answer 1995 (this is easy to remember, because Microsoft's Windows95 was also released in this year). But in fact, Java began to brew as early as the early 1990s.
199 1 April, the green project led by Sun Company began to develop a distributed system structure, which can run on various consumer electronic products. Members of the green project team originally used C++ language to complete this project. Because all members of the green project team have a C++ background, they first set their eyes on the C++ compiler. Gosling first rewrote the C++ compiler, but soon he felt that C++ had many shortcomings and needed to develop a new language Java to replace it. A cup of fragrant coffee became its symbol.
17 months later, the whole system was completed, and more attention was paid to the set-top box operating system. However, their project was not successful when the market was immature at that time, but the Java language was appreciated by Sun President McNealy.
Until the second half of 1994, due to the rapid development of Inter and the rapid growth of WWW, the first global information network browser Mosaic was born. At this time, the industry has a very urgent demand for languages suitable for use in heterogeneous network environments; Games Gosling decided to change the direction of the green plan, and they made a small-scale transformation of Oak. In this way, Java was born in1March 23, 995! The birth of Java marks the beginning of the Internet era. It can be used to write interactive small programs on the platform of the World Wide Web, and the 1995 small program can undoubtedly give people endless visual and spiritual shock. Let's call this history a prequel to Java.
The birth of Java actually has a taste of "intentional flowering, unintentional flowering". Just like Unix and its predecessor MULTICS system.
Second, the JDK's infancy (1995~ 1998)
After several years of research on the green plan, Sun finally released Java and HotJava browsers on1Sun world'95 on May 23rd, 995. In the same year, several companies successively obtained Java licenses, such as Netscape in August 1995 and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in June 1995+00. After Sun released the first Java version in 1995, it announced the establishment of a new business department-JavaSoft department in 1996+0. This department is mainly responsible for developing, selling and supporting products based on Java technology, and Mr. AlanBaratz is the president.
Although Sun introduced Java in 1995, it is only a language. If you want to develop complex applications, you must have a powerful development library to support it. So Sun released JDK 1.0 on October 23rd. This version includes two parts: the runtime environment (JRE) and the development environment (JDK). The running environment includes five parts: core API, integration API, user interface API, publishing technology and Java virtual machine (JVM). The development environment also includes a compiler (namely javac) that compiles Java programs. In the era of JDK 1.0, except AWT (an API for developing graphical user interface), other libraries of JDK are incomplete.
After Sun released JDK 1.0, Sun released JDK 1. 1 on February 8, 1997. Compared with JDK 1. 1, the biggest improvement of JDK 1.0 is to add JIT (just-in-time compilation) compiler to JVM. JIT is different from the traditional compiler. Traditional compilers compile a project and then discard it after running. JIT will save the commonly used instructions in the content, so there is no need to compile them the next time. In this way, JDK greatly improves the efficiency.
Sun released JDK 1. 1, and then released several versions of JDK1.x. Since Sun introduced Java, the number of downloads has soared. 1997 JDK downloads exceeded 220,000, and 1998 JDK downloads exceeded 2 million.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) the development history of Java language
Sun's Java language development team was established in 199 1 to explore the market of consumer electronic products, such as interactive TV and toast box. Sun insiders called this project a green project, when the World Wide Web was still planned. The leader of this group is james gosling, aged 4 1. 1984 joined the solar microsystem and worked in an IBM research institute before. He is the chief designer of the Sun News Window system. Although NeWs was very successful in technology at that time, it was a complete failure in business, without the good luck of Java. Gosling is a very good programmer, and GOSMACS was also written by Gosling. This is the first EMACS text editor implemented in C.
In the process of research and development, Gosling deeply realized the difference between the development concepts of consumer electronic products and workstation products: consumer electronic products require high reliability, low cost, standardization and simple use, while workstation users require strong computing power, not because of the complexity of price and operation. Users of consumer electronics products don't care about the model of CPU, and they don't appreciate the special and expensive RISC processor. They need to establish a standard and have a series of options, from 8086 to 80586.
Starting with C++ In order to make the whole system platform independent, Gosling started with rewriting the C++ compiler. However, in the process of rewriting, Gosling felt that C++ alone could not meet the demand, so he began to prepare to develop a new language in June of 199 1. What should he name it? Gosling looked back out of the window and saw an old Oak tree, so he built a directory called oak, which is the predecessor of Java language. (Later, it was discovered that Oak was a registered trademark of Sun Company in another language, and it was renamed Java, that is, the name of Java, an island rich in coffee in the Pacific Ocean).
When Gosling started writing Java, he was not limited to extending the language mechanism itself, but paid more attention to the software and hardware environment in which the language runs. He wants to build a system that runs in a huge, distributed and heterogeneous network environment to complete communication and cooperation between electronic devices. Gosling adopted the way of virtual machine code in his design. That is, the compiled Java language generates virtual machine code and runs on the interpreter, and each operating system has an interpreter. In this way, Java becomes a platform-independent language. This has the same technical taste as the Sun News Window system designed by Gosling. The user interface in news is described by Postscript, and different monitors have different Postscript interpreters, which ensures the good portability of the user interface.
When Patrick Naughton joined the team, the whole work progressed rapidly. Norton is also the technical backbone of Sun Company, and was once the project leader of Open Windows. After 17 months of fighting, the whole system was successfully completed. It consists of an operating system, a language (Java), a user interface, a new hardware platform and three special chips. Usually, such a project requires 75 people to work for Sun for three years. After the project was completed, it was demonstrated and appraised inside Sun Company, and the audience's response was that they adopted brand-new and very bold technologies in all aspects. Many visitors were deeply impressed by Java, especially Scott McNealy and Bill Joy, two leaders of Sun, but the future of Java is uncertain.
Defeat in the first battle
Then, the staff of Java project began to make application planning and set up a company to develop consumer electronic products. This company is FirstPerson Inc The first project is the bidding project in time warner Inc., set-top box operating system and VOD technology. Although FirstPerson Inc is not inferior to any other company in technology, it still lost to SGI due to mistakes in business strategy. Until the beginning of 1994, FirstPerson still insisted on developing a dedicated set-top box operating system, but practice proved that this market was not mature. For example, several experiments of interactive cable TV network ended in failure.
Norton immediately realized that he should shift his research direction. With Norton's efforts, research began to turn to online services, CDs and web-based desktops. Finally, FirstPerson was dissolved. Some people went to Sun Interactive to develop a digital video data server, while others began to use Java as a web-based desktop system.
The turning point of Java language
By 1994, WWW was in full swing. Gosling realized that WWW needs a neutral browser, which does not depend on any hardware platform or software platform. It should be a real-time, reliable and safe browser with interactive function. So Gosling decided to develop a new web browser with Java.
The development history of intransitive verb Java is an object-oriented programming language, which can write cross-platform application software. It is the general name of Java programming language and Java platform (namely, JavaSE, JavaEE, JavaME) launched by Sun Microsystems in May 1995.
Java technology has excellent universality, high efficiency, platform portability and security, and is widely used in personal computers, data centers, game consoles, scientific supercomputers, mobile phones and the Internet, and has the largest group of professional developers in the world. In the industrial environment of global cloud computing and mobile Internet, Java has obvious advantages and broad prospects.
Seven. The development trend of java and its future application prospect. Historically, since the advent of 1995 Java technology, its application and development in China have also been rapidly popularized. Generally speaking, these applications mainly focus on enterprise application development.
According to the survey of relevant units, from the distribution of development fields, Web development accounts for more than half, accounting for 57.9%, JavaME mobile or embedded applications account for 15%, C/S applications account for1.7%, and system programming accounts for 15.4%. Nearly 30% of developers use Java to develop C/S applications or system-level applications.
On the desktop application, although Java still has some unsatisfactory places on the desktop GUI, many developers still use it to develop desktop applications running on various operating system platforms. Specific applications in the following fields: 1. Industry and Enterprise Informatization As international manufacturers such as Sun, IBM, Oracle and BEA have successively launched various application servers and software based on Java technology, Java has been more and more widely used in the fields of finance, telecommunications and manufacturing.
For example, Tsinghua University Computer Department has developed several software platforms by using Java, XML and Web technologies, and J2EE application servers such as TongWeb of Dongfang Technology, Apusic of Kingdee, Inforweb of Zhongchuang, and ERP products such as Hejia ERP and Baoxin ERP have been applied in many enterprises. 2. The J2EE application server for e-government and office automation developed by Orient Science and Technology, Golden Disc and Zhongchuang also has applications in e-government and office automation: for example, Apusic of Golden Disc has applications in the Ministry of Civil Affairs and Guangdong Provincial Administration for Industry and Commerce; Neusoft e-government architecture EAP platform has been applied in social security, public security law and tax system; Inforweb and other Infor series middleware products created by Zhongchuang are applied to financial systems such as National Maritime Safety Administration, Shandong Province, China Construction Bank and Minsheng Bank. The localized integrated office software "Yongzhong Office" developed by Wuxi Yongzhong Technology based on Java platform has also been applied in some provinces and cities.
3. Embedded devices and consumer electronic wireless handheld devices, communication terminals, medical equipment, information appliances (such as digital TV, set-top boxes, refrigerators) and automotive electronic devices are hot Java application fields this year. The application in this field is ——UniJa, the wireless data value-added service based on Java technology in CDMA 1X network of China Unicom.
4. Assisted teaching In terms of assisted teaching, Southeast University and ZTE have jointly developed a distance teaching system for local online teaching, after-school learning and distance education. Tsinghua University carried out the teaching reform of "Computer Software Basic Course" with Java, and analyzed and studied the localization scheme of Java teaching software BlueJ. The University of Electronic Science and Technology of China applied JavaRMI technology to distance education, and Xi 'an Electric Power Institute developed an interactive power station simulation system using Java technology to realize the simulation of power station boiler and boiler furnace flame. As far as the development prospect of Java programming language itself is concerned, it will be bound up with the development needs of the Internet, which is embodied in the following aspects: 1) full object-oriented application development.
2) Requirements analysis, system design, development, implementation and maintenance in software engineering. 3) Design and implementation of small and medium-sized multimedia system.
4) Information transmission media. 5) Application of distributed computing transaction management platform.
6) design 6) interested system management function modules, including dynamic design of web pages, website information provision management and interactive operation design. 7) Application development based on Java and Web technology.
8) 8) The back end of the Web server is connected with various database managers (queues and buffer pools). 9) Security scanning system (including network security scanning, database security scanning, user security scanning, etc. ).
10) network/application management system. 1 1) Programs of other application types.
The application of Java language promotes the development of network application in a more efficient, convenient and practical direction, and finally becomes a technology promoted by IT industry. In China, the application of Java language mostly focuses on the role of enterprise Internet, and pays more attention to the Java/J2EE technology that is not available in the network application process, and regards this technology as the first choice in the application development process.
Whether in mobile devices, consumer goods or embedded devices, Java language has been widely used, even extended to the IC field. In the future, Java language will be further expanded in embedded and mobile devices, and Java will be applied to various electronic information products.
Especially in the field of mobile devices, the application effect of Java language will be more significant, and the positioning will change from the communication terminal of the system to the personal information terminal. At present, Sun Company has made the Java core source code public, which will provide powerful conditions for developers to further develop and apply the Java language, and lay a solid foundation for promoting the further development of Java and maintaining its technical compatibility.
Java open source will attract more programmers to join, and will further improve the Java language, and finally * * * the development of the entire IT industry. In a word, Java language, as a rapidly developing language program, profoundly reveals the essence of the programming process, and with its rigorous structure and indirect programming process, it provides an important guarantee for the future development of Java language.
Nowadays, the research on Java language is extending to the advanced application system on the server side. I believe that Java language will be widely used in the future, and IT will also play a more powerful role in promoting the development of IT industry.