1, driving factor:

(1) The invasion of western powers not only brought great disasters to the Chinese nation, but also constantly impacted China's mode of production and ideas, disintegrated China's self-sufficient feudal economy, and objectively provided certain conditions and possibilities for the rise and development of national industries.

(2) Due to the influence of the trend of the times and the need to consolidate the rule, successive governments from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China encouraged the establishment of industries.

(3) The anti-imperialist and patriotic enthusiasm of the people of China is constantly rising, which has provided an increasingly extensive social foundation for saving the country by industry and effectively promoted the development of national industries.

④ Industrialists' patriotic spirit of self-improvement is the source of strength to support the tortuous development of modern national industries.

2. Obstacles:

① Inadequate preparation of funds, talents, technology, market and ideas.

(2) The semi-colonial and semi-feudal social environment, the oppression and bondage of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism were the main factors that hindered the development of national industry in modern China.

(3) The investment direction and development of modern national industries in China were mainly in light industry, with a weak foundation in heavy industry, mainly distributed in coastal areas and trading ports. This imbalance in industrial structure and regional distribution makes the national industry develop abnormally and fails to form an independent and complete industrial system.

Second, Chinese national capitalism:

China's national capitalism developed under extremely difficult development background. It is adjacent to the bonfire of the Opium War and the smoke of the Sino-Japanese War, and created the national industry of the Chinese nation. Although influenced by various unfavorable factors such as economic shortage, social background and forms, it has accumulated experience for the development of modern enterprises in China, which is unprecedented in China. In addition, China's national capitalism paved the way for China's modernization.

Third, the overall characteristics:

China's national capitalist economy grew up in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, oppressed by foreign capital, excluded by comprador capital and bureaucratic capital, bound by feudal relations of production and oppressed by warlords and bureaucrats, and has the following characteristics:

1, the national capitalist economy accounts for a small proportion in the national economy and has never become the dominant form of China's social economy. 1936, the capitalist modern industrial output value only accounts for 10.8% of the total industrial and agricultural output value, and 1949 accounts for 17% of the total industrial and agricultural output value. -Its weakness is obvious.

2. In national industries, the proportion of industrial capital is very small, while the proportion of commercial capital and financial capital is very large. Before War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, 80% of state capital was commercial capital and financial capital, which was out of proportion to industrial capital. -National capital does not have its own independent production base.

3. National capitalist industries are mainly light industries with textile and food industries, lacking the foundation of heavy industry, unable to form a complete industrial system and national economic system, and have to rely on foreign monopoly capital and domestic bureaucratic capital in technology, equipment and even raw materials. -China's national capital lacks independence.

4. The enterprises run by national capital are small in scale, decentralized in operation, backward in technology and equipment, and low in labor productivity. This situation makes the products of national industries have high cost and lack of market competitiveness. The way of development is to increase the exploitation of workers and strive to obtain the maximum surplus value. -They are afraid of workers' awakening and revolution.

5. The national capitalist economy is inextricably linked with feudal forces. A considerable number of national capitalists used to be bureaucratic landlords, and their capital was converted from land rent. Some national capitalists also use the profits of enterprises to buy land in rural areas, which has the dual identity of capitalists and landlords. -they dare not put forward a revolutionary program that completely denies feudal land ownership.