1. Pericles Reform
This reform occurred in the 5th century BC, which finally established the Athenian democracy and reached its peak. It is called the "golden age of Athenian democracy" ". The reformer was Pericles who was in power.
All adult male citizens can hold almost any official position. Except for the ten generals, official positions at all levels are open to all citizens and are selected by lottery. They can also participate in the citizens' assembly to discuss major affairs of the city-state.
2. Shang Yang’s Reform
After Duke Xiao of Qin came to the throne during the Warring States Period, he was determined to strengthen reforms and ordered the recruitment of talents. Shang Yang entered the Qin Dynasty to defend his country, and proposed a set of reform and development strategies such as abandoning well fields, focusing on agriculture and mulberry, awarding military merits, implementing unified measurement, and establishing a county system. He won the trust of Qin Xiaogong and appointed him as the chief of Zuo Shu. .
In 356 BC and 350 BC, two campaigns were implemented with the main content of "abolition of well fields, opening of roads, implementing the system of counties and counties, rewarding farming, weaving and fighting, and implementing the method of continuous sitting". political reform.
After Shang Yang’s reforms, the Qin State’s economy developed, its military combat effectiveness continued to increase, and it developed into the most prosperous and powerful centralized state in the late Warring States Period. ?
3. Wang Mang’s restructuring
Wang Mang’s restructuring, also known as Wang Mang’s New Deal, was a series of new measures taken by the new emperor Wang Mang to ease the increasing social conflicts in the late Western Han Dynasty. Tuogu Reform". Including land reform, currency reform, commercial reform and official and county name reform.
In the first year of the first year (8th year), Wang Mang accepted the abdication of Ru Ziying (Liu Ying) and proclaimed himself emperor. He changed the name of the country to "Xin" and changed Chang'an to Chang'an. As the capital of the new dynasty, Wang Mang started the history of China. It was the first time that he became emperor through Fu Ming Zen. Wang Mang initiated comprehensive social reforms.
4. Liu Yu's reforms
Liu Yu's reforms refer to various reforms carried out by Liu Yu from the Yixi period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Yongchu period of the Liu Song Dynasty. There is also the title of Yixi Reform. Starting in 405 AD, Liu Yu carried out a series of reforms in response to various political and social issues since the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Including implementing the local law, restoring the system of scholars, filial piety and honesty, rectifying the tax and servitude system, canceling exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes, prohibiting powerful people from seizing mountains and rivers, suppressing mergers, providing relief to the poor, revitalizing education, and streamlining Qiaozhou counties. County, weakening the power of the gentry, strengthening centralization, etc.
It further attacked the corrupt and dark aristocracy and gentry forces, improved the political and social conditions, and alleviated the suffering of the working people. It laid a solid political foundation for the "Government of Yuanjia" and established the basic political pattern of each generation in the Southern Dynasties. It also played an important role in promoting the economic development of Jiangnan. At the same time, Liu Yu's reform also played a historical role that cannot be ignored in the history of the southward shift of the economic center of gravity in ancient my country.
5. Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty
The reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, commonly known as Xiaowen Sinicization, refer to the political reforms implemented during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its main content is the Sinicization movement, including the implementation of land equalization and household adjustment, reform of the official system and laws, moving the capital to Luoyang, and changing Han customs.