In particular, it refers to the official department, the household department, the ritual department, the military department, the criminal department and the industrial department that are directly responsible to the emperor in the central administrative institutions of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty set up six books on Shangshutai, including Sangong, Guancao, Kecao, 2000 Stone Cao and Zhongdu Guancao, which were the predecessors of the six books. In the Western Jin Dynasty, there were official departments, temples, five soldiers, Cao Tian, Du Zhi and Cao Liu, Zuo Min, which belonged to Shangshu Province. There were six in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but different dynasties had different names. At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, the six departments were named official department, ritual department, military department, official department, official department and industrial department. In the Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the Ministry of Housing, and the Beijing official was changed to the Ministry of Punishment, so it became the six departments of officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers, unified in Shangshu Province. Because it was in the Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was unified in Zhongshu Province. The Six Departments of Ming Dynasty were directly responsible to the emperor and became the highest institution in charge of state administrative affairs. Each Ministry has a minister who is in charge of the government affairs of the department, and a left assistant minister and a right assistant minister as deputy ministers. Qing Tiancong five years (163 1), copied six pieces. At the beginning, Baylor (prince, county king) was the prime minister's ministries and departments respectively; Set up Manchu, Mongolian and Han officials, take charge of politics, participate in politics, arouse people's hearts and serve as the next official. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Prime Minister Baylor was suspended and changed to Shangshu, where he became an assistant minister politically, a director as a doctor, and a deputy director as a foreign minister. The groom did not change until the fifteenth year of Shunzhi. After the first year of Yongzheng (1723), college students often took charge of various ministries, and officials below Shangshu sometimes increased or decreased. According to the records in the Code of the Qing Dynasty and the list of official positions in the Guangxu period, the official positions of various ministries in the Qing Dynasty were as follows: Shangshu (from the first class), Left and Right Assistant Ministers (from the second class), Langzhong (from the fifth class), Yuanwailang (from the fifth class), Chief Officer (from the sixth class), Hall Chief Officer, Secretary, Pen Officer and Seven-grade Xiaojingguan. These six positions were similar in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but they were different in the departments and offices under the ministries.

The official department is the organ that manages civil servants. It is responsible for the grade selection system, the examination method, the code for awarding awards and the final registration method. The official department consists of four departments: the official department for selecting literary works in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the official department for checking seals, the official department for rewarding and the official department for examination. The official selection department is responsible for reviewing the ranks of civil servants, and listing, rewarding, selecting, promoting and handling monthly elections. The seal inspection department is in charge of titles, official positions, favors, difficulties, invitations and donations. Ji Xun is responsible for the civil servants to observe the system, finally support them, and handle the inheritance, naturalization and renaming of officials. The examination department is responsible for the division and discussion of civil servants, handling inspections and major plans in Beijing.

The Ministry of Housing is in charge of the territory, fields, household registration, taxes, salaries and all financial affairs of the country. Its internal government affairs are divided into 13 divisions according to the regional division of labor: Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Yunnan and Guizhou. Jiangnan division increased to fourteen divisions. In addition to being in charge of money and grain in this province, all departments are also in charge of some common affairs of other yamen, and their responsibilities overlap. In addition to the above departments, there are also the Eight Banners Salary Office and the current Audit Office in Qing Dynasty, which are in charge of the Eight Banners affairs. The institutions placed under the Ministry of Finance are: Qianfatang, which is in charge of casting money, Baoquan Bureau, which is in charge of the third treasury of the Ministry of Finance, and the warehouse yamen, which is in charge of warehousing and water affairs.

The Ministry of Rites is in charge of ceremonial affairs, schools and imperial examinations. The purpose of the Five Rites of Grade Examination, Jiazi, Jun, Bin and Fierce is to manage the school affairs of the country, the imperial examination and the contacts between governors and foreign countries. There are four departments under the Ministry of Rites. Ming and Qing dynasties were: the official departments in charge of ceremony, military ceremony and management affairs, imperial examination affairs; The official department in charge of memorial ceremony, the official department in charge of auspicious ceremony and fierce ceremony; The official department responsible for the guest ceremony and reception of foreign guests; And the official department in charge of the banquet. In addition to the fourth division, there was also a casting and printing bureau in the Qing Dynasty, which was responsible for casting the emperor's treasures and printing letters from domestic and foreign officials. Together with four translation companies, he is responsible for receiving governors, foreign envoys and translators.

The Ministry of War is responsible for selecting and appointing military guards and military attaché s all over the country. Responsible for organizing the national green camp soldiers and Wu Zhi officials. In addition to conferring titles on Wu Zhi's internal and external posts, posting system, checking and approving concise methods and the number of soldiers. There are four divisions under the Ministry of War: selecting the army to clear the lawsuit, examining the rank of Wu Zhi officials and their selection, promotion, inheritance and gifts, managing the Tusi, clearing the lawsuit of the national horse administration and postal service, and clearing the lawsuit of Wu Zhi officials' narration, verification, pension, reading the army's brochures and patrolling. In addition, a salary collection office was set up to inspect the official salary hall of Wu Zhi, manage the Shi Jing Post Office and deliver official documents.

The Criminal Department of the Ministry of Justice is the institution in charge of the national criminal laws and regulations and the examination of criminals' names. Together with the Supervision Department and Dali Temple, it is responsible for the final examination and examination of major cases. * * * is the "three legal systems". The specific duties of the Ministry of Punishment are: examining various laws, examining criminal cases sent to it from all over the country, trying death penalty and "pending trial" cases with Jiuqing, and directly trying pending criminal cases in Gyeonggi area. The internal organization of the punishment department is divided into 13 departments by province, with the same names as the departments of the housing department. In the Qing Dynasty, there were four divisions in Zhili, Fengtian, Jiangsu and Anhui, making it seventeen divisions. In addition to checking the criminal names of the province, various departments in the Qing Dynasty were also responsible for receiving and sending some documents from other provinces and yamen and some daily government affairs. In addition, the Department of Arrest Supervision has been set up, which is responsible for the escape of flag-snatchers (autumn trial), autumn trial, court trial (reduction of sentence) and other matters, reviewing the provinces and reducing or exempting cases currently under trial (prison hall), jailers, criminals in prisons in the north and south, and distributing prison clothes, prison food and medicines.

The Ministry of Industry is the authority in charge of national engineering affairs. Responsible for the system of civil construction, the use of instruments, the methods of dredging canals and weirs, and providing the code of hundreds of millions of tombs. All civil engineering, water conservancy engineering, machinery manufacturing engineering (including weapons, munitions, military equipment, etc.). ), mining, metallurgy, textile and other government-run industries, but also some financial currencies and unified measurement. There are four divisions under the Ministry of Industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties: business maintenance litigation, royal balance litigation, making and receiving all kinds of official property litigation, weighing and casting money litigation, supervising tax litigation, estimating and selling project cost litigation, reclamation litigation, and tomb repair cancellation fee litigation. In addition to the Fourth Division, there is also a manufacturing warehouse in the Qing Dynasty, which is responsible for manufacturing the emperor's chariots, book boxes, treasure boxes, rituals and sacrificial vessels. Send and receive funds, estimate the quantity of materials, review and supply them to temples, palaces, city walls and government offices in Beijing.

In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), the Qing government changed the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister into the Foreign Affairs Department, which was the beginning of adding a new department besides the six departments. In 29 years, the Ministry of Commerce was added. Thirty-one years later, the school department and the inspection department will be added. The six-part system has gradually changed.

In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the Qing government announced "imitation of constitutionalism", renamed the Ministry of Housing as the Department, the Ministry of War as the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Industry and Commerce merged with the newly established Ministry of Commerce to form the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. The former Ministry of National Defense was renamed the Ministry of Management, the Ministry of Punishment was renamed the Ministry of Law, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications were added. Incorporate the original Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple and Honglin Temple into the Ministry of Rites, and add two political consultation halls, three ritual departments, Taichang Temple and Guanglu Temple, as well as the library and school of Rites. In April of the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the Qing government established a responsible cabinet. In May, the responsible cabinet promulgated the official system, set up the Patent Office and the Civil Service Bureau, and the official department was abolished. In June, the Rite Department was changed to the Rite Department Hall, which became the organ of the Qing government specialized in the ceremonies and ceremonies of royal temples and tombs, and was responsible for the cultivation of rites and music and the formulation of rules. The six-part system has been changed.