"The river bends eastward and flows to Xiangjiang to have a look. Pearl of the Orient, I
Dear lover, is your style still romantic? ..... let the sea breeze blow five thousand.
In, every tear seems to be your dignity. Let the tide accompany me to bless.
You, please don't forget your face that will never change yellow. "
As the territory of China, Hong Kong is a "yellow face that will never change", just as the singer Zhang Mingmin sang, "Although I wear a dress, my heart is still China's heart." Hong Kong is located outside the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, with an area of l07 1 km2 and a population of about 5.6 million. It is a beautiful "Pearl of the Orient" in South China. As early as more than 200 BC, that is, from the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang, Hong Kong has become the territory of our country, and it has been under the jurisdiction of our country until the Qing Dynasty. 1840 After the Opium War, the people of Hong Kong were the first to suffer from the separation of flesh and blood. At that time, the corrupt and incompetent Qing government was forced by the British army to sign the treaty of nanking with the British government in 1842. In order to occupy China more directly and conveniently, the British colonialists urgently needed a springboard and a "resting stone" to enter China, so they forced the Qing government to cede Hong Kong Island with an area of 75.6 square kilometers to Britain in the treaty of nanking. From then on, Hong Kong began "It's a long night. During the colonial rule.
The greedy appetite of British colonialists is endless. In order to gain greater rights and interests, Britain and France colluded with each other to launch the Second Opium War of aggression against China. 18561October, the British and French allied forces shelled Guangzhou, burning and looting. 1860 British and French allied forces invaded the capital and burned the Yuanmingyuan. On October 25th of the same year/kloc-0, the Qing government signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain, in which the Qing government promised to pay 8 million taels of silver to Britain and France. It also ceded the territory of 1 1.l square kilometers to the south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula to "belong to British Hong Kong". In this way, the land occupied by the British colonialists in China expanded again.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, western powers set off a frenzy to carve up China. On June 9, 1998, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Special Article on Expanding the Boundary of Hong Kong under the pretext of forced lease of Guangzhou Bay by France, and "leased" all the Kowloon Peninsula (including more than 200 islands) south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street to Britain, and the whole area was called "Shenzhen Bay". What we usually call "Hong Kong" now includes Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories.
The Hong Kong issue was completely caused by the British colonialists' aggressive and war policies, and it was the historical evidence of British aggression against China. After Hong Kong was "leased" by Britain, the people of mainland China and Hong Kong fought against British colonial rule continuously. 1922 1 month The Hong Kong seamen's strike developed from 30,000 in the initial stage to more than1000000 in the later stage, which made it impossible for more than1000 ships anchored in the port to set sail. Shocked at home and abroad 1925, the "general strike of workers in provinces and Hong Kong" began in June, with the banner of supporting the anti-imperialist struggle of Shanghai workers, and the workers in provinces, Hong Kong and commercial areas supported and encouraged each other, and * * * opposed the aggression and oppression of the people of China by the imperialists and colonialists. The strike, which lasted for 16 months, is rare in the history of world labor movement, and it has played a great role in promoting China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. During the Second World War, Hong Kong was occupied by the Japanese for three years and eight months. The anti-Japanese forces in Hong Kong under the leadership of China's * * * production party fought back against the Japanese aggression in various forms. During World War II, when the Kuomintang government negotiated with the British government to abolish British privileges in China, it proposed to take back Kowloon first, which was met by Britain.
The weak and corrupt Kuomintang government had to make concessions because of the unreasonable refusal of the government.
1August 945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender. While celebrating the victory of the Anti-Japanese War with joy, the people of Hong Kong and mainland China are also looking forward to Hong Kong's return to the embrace of the motherland. When the Kuomintang government prepared to send people to Hong Kong to surrender, it was opposed by the British government. Chiang Kai-shek also hoped that the Americans would intervene, pressure Britain to make concessions, and support the China government to send people to Hong Kong to surrender. Weakness is bullied after all. At that time, the diplomacy of the Kuomintang government was manipulated by foreigners. As a result, Chiang Kai-shek's dream could only be a pillow.
Under the pressure of the United States, the China army, which had marched into Kowloon to recover Hong Kong at that time, had to retreat to Xinjiehe, and China people's desire to recover Hong Kong for nearly a hundred years was dashed again. 1September, 945 16, the Japanese army in Hong Kong surrendered to the British army, and the British ruled Hong Kong again.
After the founding of New China, the China government has repeatedly stated its basic position on the Hong Kong issue: Hong Kong is the territory of China, and the China government does not recognize the three unequal treaties imposed on China by British imperialists. According to the objective conditions and the international situation at that time, the China government decided to take the Hong Kong issue as a historical issue, and to settle it through peaceful negotiation when the time was ripe, and to maintain the status quo for the time being until it was resolved. With the changes of domestic and international situation and the social and economic development of Hong Kong and mainland China, by the end of 1970s, the time was ripe to solve the Hong Kong problem left over from history. At this time, the British side was anxious to know the attitude and relevant policies of the China government on the Hong Kong issue, and Chinese and foreign investors in Hong Kong also expressed concern about the future of Hong Kong. Considering the history and present situation of Hong Kong, the China government has formulated the basic policy for the final settlement of the Hong Kong issue. The prelude to a historic contest between China and Britain around the "Pearl of the Orient"-the fate and future of Hong Kong has thus begun.
Question of Macau Now, when you stand in yanjiang road, Zhuhai, China and look south, you can see a city with crowded buildings and narrow roads, which is known as the "gambling city" in the world-Macau. It is located on the west side of the Pearl River Estuary, backed by the Pearl River Delta, across the sea from Hong Kong and connected with Zhuhai No.1 Bridge. It is a port city with a history of more than 500 years.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Macao belonged to Xiangshan, Guangdong, and had close ties with the mainland. At present, Macao people still keep the habit of coming to Zhuhai to buy daily necessities every day.
With the opening of the sea passage between China and the West, Portugal, a veteran colonial country in the West, began its aggression against China. In order to find a springboard for invading China, 1535, the Portuguese asked to borrow a tribute of exposure to water stains in Macao on the pretext of "sailing against the wind". At that time, the commander of the Ming Dynasty in Guangdong made Huang Qing accept bribes and agreed to take Macao as the port of suspension for Portuguese merchant ships. Taking this opportunity, the Portuguese began to bribe the government by various means, and brought bricks, tiles, wood and stones from the mainland. They adopted the means of seizing and forcibly building houses and connecting streets into villages, and gradually illegally settled in the central and southern parts of the Macao Peninsula, making it gradually become the concentrated residence of Portuguese in China. Macao gradually developed from a fishing village to a small town. By the Qing Dynasty, the population here had increased from more than 10,000 in the past to100,000.
In order to strengthen the management of Portuguese people and show China's sovereignty over Macao, the Ming and Qing governments have successively formulated some policies and regulations for the management of Portuguese people in Australia, such as "Ten Rules for the Control of Macao" and "Ban on the Straits" formulated around 16 10 in the Ming Dynasty, stipulating that Portuguese people are not allowed to introduce "Japanese slaves", engage in human trafficking and build houses without authorization in this area. In order to spread the prestige of France, the Ming government also carved the "Pirate Ban Treaty" into a stone tablet and set it up in Macao's pavilion. During this period, the Ming and Qing governments collected Portuguese business tax, land rent and Ding Yin according to laws and regulations, and this alone collected more than 20,000 taels of silver every year, which had increased to more than 40,000 taels by 1620.
Until the Opium War, officials of Ming and Qing dynasties routinely visited Macao every year. 1729 In yongzheng emperor, a special "wind watcher" Jiao Qi-nian visited Macau. 1784 Guangzhou magistrate Zhang Daoyuan entered Macao to supervise official business; 18091February, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Bailing Chi, went to Macao to meet with Australian and Portuguese officials and the British taipan, and to find out the whole story of the British occupation of Macao that year. 1839 On September 3, an imperial envoy, Lin Zexu, visited Macao, and summoned Australian and Portuguese officials at the Xialianfeng Temple, in order to strengthen the inspection of Macao's main batteries and streets.
1840 After the Opium War, western powers invaded China, and Portuguese colonialists thought it was time to seize Macao. 1843, the Australian and Portuguese authorities sent representatives to negotiate with the then imperial envoy, Senior Citizen, claiming that the Portuguese in China were treated unfairly, and asked the Qing government to exempt Portugal from the annual rent, and the Portuguese sent troops to garrison the entire Macao Peninsula. This serious violation of China's sovereignty has naturally been rejected by China. The Portuguese colonialists still won't give up. 18451kloc-0/On October 20th, the Portuguese government ignored China's territorial sovereignty, declared Macao a free port, and allowed all foreign merchant ships to enter and leave the port freely for trade. 1848, regardless of the China decree, Portugal built a road across the north and south on Macau Island without authorization to drive away the China people living along the way. And announced that all the land south of Guanlan was managed and taxed by the Australian and Portuguese authorities. 1849, when the municipal government took advantage of the invasion of Guangzhou City by four British troops from China and Britain, it closed the China Customs in Macau, destroyed the monument of the Treaty on the Rehabilitation of Macao and Yi in the pavilion, and attempted to steal Macao for its own. "What the Portuguese colonialists did in Macao aroused the opposition of China people, including Macao people." Macao people opposed Portuguese aggression in various forms of struggle. At this time, although the Qing government did not recognize the Portuguese illegal occupation of Macao, it was unable to take into account the development of Macao because of many troubles caused by western powers. "
1August 885 10. Hurd, an Englishman who stole the post of the General Tax Department of China Customs, ignored the opposition of people from all walks of life in China and reached documents such as the Proposed Treaty and the Renewal of Special Articles on Foreign Medicines with Rosa, the representative of the Portuguese government. The most important four items are: 1. China allows Portugal to permanently station and manage Macao and the land it belongs to; Two, the Portuguese authorities in accordance with the "renewal of foreign medicine" agent China foreign medicine tax; 3. China withdrew its checkpoints in Australia and stopped patrolling ships; Four, Portugal in the implementation of the "renewal of foreign medicine articles" can be stationed in the opposite mountain and other three islands. In the same year 1 1 month, James Duncan Campbell, an Englishman, started negotiations with the Portuguese Foreign Minister Barogome on March 26th, 887. On behalf of the Qing government, James Duncan Campbell signed the Lisbon Draft Treaty between China and Portugal, which stipulated that Portugal had the right to administer Macao and the areas belonging to Macao forever. 18871February Portugal's plenipotentiary Rosa signed the Treaty of Reconciliation and Trade between China and Portugal with the representatives of the Qing Dynasty's Meifu in Beijing. Since then, the Portuguese colonialists have been occupying Macao in China and cutting off the ties between Macao and the mainland of China. This is the result of the corrupt and weak Qing government's knees and traitorous behavior under the threat of western powers.
After the founding of New China, our government's basic attitude towards the Macao issue is that it does not recognize the unequal treaties signed by successive reactionary governments, and the Macao issue, as a legacy of history, remains the status quo temporarily when conditions are not ripe, and is left to be resolved by political means when conditions are ripe. For decades, our government and people have made many efforts to maintain social stability and economic development in Macao. With the development of the international situation, 1974 the Portuguese government announced that it would abandon all its overseas colonies. 1976 The Portuguese government amended the Constitution, recognized Macao as the territory of China under Portuguese jurisdiction, and granted Macao corresponding administrative, financial and legislative autonomy; These measures by China and Portugal have laid a good foundation for the settlement of the Macao issue.