The apparent reason why the growth rate of fiscal revenue is higher than that of GDP.
The difference between fiscal revenue and GDP in statistical caliber and accounting method is the apparent reason why the growth rate of fiscal revenue is higher than that of GDP. Generally speaking, the tax base of value-added tax, business tax, urban construction tax and education fee is basically the same as the proportion of the added value of secondary and tertiary industries in GDP, and there is a stable elastic relationship between them; The tax bases of enterprise income tax, personal income tax, consumption tax, resource tax and vehicle purchase tax only partially correspond to GDP, and the correlation between them is weak; The tax base of property tax, urban land use tax, land value-added tax and vehicle and vessel use tax is mainly the stock property that has nothing to do with the current GDP; The import tax levied by customs is negatively related to GDP. Therefore, these differences between fiscal revenue and GDP lead to differences in their growth rates.
First, taxes whose tax base has nothing to do with the current GDP have gradually become an important source of fiscal revenue. Taxes unrelated to the base GDP, such as property tax, urban land use tax, and land value-added tax, have greatly increased with the rapid development of real estate and the rapid rise of housing prices in the past 10 years. The tax base of real estate tax is the total original value of self-occupied property owned by enterprises and the total rental income of rented houses, and its growth rate is determined by the total property ownership of taxpayers and the growth rate of rental prices of houses. According to the data released by the Ministry of Finance, the deed tax revenue of 20 1 1 year is 27636 1 billion yuan, up by 12. 1% year-on-year, and the deed tax revenue accounts for 3. 1% of the total tax revenue. Land value-added tax revenue was 2062.5 1 100 million yuan, up 665.438+0.3% year-on-year, accounting for 2.3% of the total tax revenue. Real estate tax revenue 1 10236 billion yuan, up 23.3% year-on-year, accounting for 1.2% of the total tax revenue. Urban land use tax revenue122.226 billion yuan, up 2 1.7% year-on-year, accounting for 1.4% of the total tax revenue. Taxes related to real estate account for 8% of the total tax revenue. While the land and real estate taxes have increased substantially, the land transfer fees in various places have also increased dramatically, which has an important impact on the growth rate of fiscal revenue higher than GDP.
Second, the tax base is negatively correlated with GDP, and the import tax revenue is increasing. According to the expenditure method, GDP accounts for net import and export, and foreign trade import is a deduction in GDP accounting. There is a negative correlation between imports and GDP. The more imports, the smaller the contribution to GDP. From the tax point of view, import tax is an important source of tax revenue. The more imports, the more import tax increases. This factor has a double important influence on the growth rate of fiscal revenue higher than GDP. Judging from the situation of 20 10, the value-added tax, consumption tax and customs duty of imported goods increased rapidly, with the growth rates of 35.7% and 36.6% respectively. Import tax accounts for 17% of the total tax revenue.
The third is fiscal revenue calculated at current prices and GDP calculated at constant prices. China's current GDP indicators are calculated at market prices, and the growth rate is calculated at comparable prices, while the growth rate of fiscal revenue does not consider the impact of price changes. If calculated at current prices, China's GDP growth rate will be as high as11year, which will greatly narrow the gap with the growth rate of fiscal revenue.
In addition, the fiscal revenue calculated at current prices has a progressive tax effect caused by prices in the context of inflation. The positive correlation between turnover tax and property tax and price increase is obvious. China has implemented a tax system with turnover tax as the main body, and the stock of property with land and houses as the core has increased sharply. The driving effect of rising prices on tax revenue growth is very obvious.
Fourth, under the background of continuous strengthening of budget management, extra-budgetary income is gradually incorporated into budget management. Since 2000, the state has implemented the reform of the management of extra-budgetary funds with the management of "two lines of revenue and expenditure" as the core, and incorporated administrative fees and confiscation income, which belong to the nature of general budget income, into the budget management of public budget and used them as a whole with tax revenue. 20 1 1 year, the reform of China's budget management system achieved great results: all extra-budgetary funds were cancelled, and all government revenues were included in budget management. According to preliminary statistics, in 20 1 1 year, the central finance was about 6 billion yuan, and the local finance was about 250 billion yuan, which was originally the management of extra-budgetary funds, and now it has all been included in the budget management. The cancellation of all extra-budgetary funds has also played an important role in the growth rate of fiscal revenue higher than GDP.
Fifth, the tax system framework designed under the background of low collection and management ability and continuous improvement of collection and management ability. Undeniably, the framework system of tax sharing introduced by 1994 has some traces of "playing wide and using narrow". The main reason is that 1994 has a relatively low level of management and informatization. Since 2000, the level of tax collection and management has been greatly improved. In addition, the interlocking system design of value-added tax has become increasingly obvious, and the tax system has gradually changed from "narrow use" at the beginning of design to "exhaustion", especially the vigorous implementation of the monitoring system of key tax sources, which has obvious practical significance for realizing the substantial increase of tax revenue. Generally speaking, the improvement of tax collection and management plays a very important role in ensuring that the growth rate of fiscal revenue is higher than that of GDP.
The underlying reason why the growth rate of fiscal revenue is higher than that of GDP.
Industrialization is the fundamental reason for China's rapid economic development. With the continuous growth of China's manufacturing industry and China's high dependence on exports, the corresponding tax system with turnover tax as the main body ensures that the growth rate of fiscal revenue is higher than that of GDP.
First, the tax structure with turnover tax as the main body and China's status as a manufacturing power. Domestic value-added tax, domestic consumption tax, domestic business tax, import goods turnover tax, consumption tax and customs duties constitute the main body of China tax system. Turnover tax has always accounted for about 70% of the total tax revenue. The growth rate of turnover tax is faster than GDP, which is the key to the growth rate of fiscal revenue higher than GDP.
As a factory in the world, China ranks first among the world's 500 major industrial products, with 80 products in 2002 and 220 products in 20 10. The data shows that the manufacturing output value of China in 20 10 reached 1.955 trillion US dollars, accounting for 19.8% of the global manufacturing output value, while that of the United States in 20 10 was 19.4%, which is the first time that China surpassed the United States. From 2008 to 20 10, the average annual growth rate of manufacturing output value in China was as high as 20.2%, while that in the United States was 1.8% and that in Japan was 4.25%. China's basic industrial products and main industrial products occupy an important position in the world, accounting for at least 20% of the world's total, accounting for more than 80%, and a considerable number of varieties account for more than 50%. Such a powerful and amazing production capacity is reflected in the turnover days on the tax base.
China has deeply participated in the international division of labor, established its position as a processing trade power in the international division of labor system, and determined the huge turnover of goods and services in China. "Big imports and big exports, two ends out" has become the normal state of China's economy. In this case, China also has a wide range of tax sources based on commodity turnover. In the process of China's transformation from a manufacturing power to a manufacturing power, the added value of China's manufactured goods has been continuously improved, and the tax sources have been broadened accordingly. In terms of exports, in 20 10, the proportion of manufactured goods exports to total exports increased from 93.6% at the end of the tenth five-year plan to 94.8%; The proportion of electromechanical products and high-tech products in total exports increased from 56.0% and 28.6% at the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan to 59.2% and 365,438 0.2% respectively, and new breakthroughs were made in the export of large electromechanical products and complete sets of equipment such as automobiles, ships, airplanes, railway equipment and communication products.
Generally speaking, turnover tax is based on the production, exchange and lending of commercial services, with a wide range of taxation and sufficient tax sources, which is not affected by changes in production and operation costs and expenses, and can ensure that the country can obtain fiscal revenue in a timely, stable and reliable manner. This feature of turnover tax is consistent with China's status as a processing trade power of "big import and big export, two ends are outside", with China's economic structure with industry as the basic form of real economy, and with China's tax-sharing system and basic economic laws with turnover tax as the main body. This is not only the fundamental reason for the success of the tax-sharing system, but also the fundamental reason why the growth rate of fiscal revenue is higher than that of GDP.
Second, the eastern region, which accounts for a relatively large proportion of GDP, has a higher macro tax burden. The level of tax burden in a region is closely related to economic growth and economic aggregate. That is, the more developed the economy, the faster the development speed, the stronger the ability to bear the tax burden, and the greater the proportion of tax revenue in GDP; On the other hand, the less developed the economy, the weaker the tax burden, and the smaller the proportion of tax revenue in GDP. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the tax revenue of the eastern, central and western regions accounted for 70.8%, 15.5% and 13.7% of the national tax revenue respectively, and the tax revenue of the eastern region accounted for more than 10 percentage points of its GDP. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, although this situation has changed, the proportion of tax revenue in the eastern region still exceeds the proportion of GDP.
Third, the macro tax burden of industrial enterprises, which account for a relatively large proportion, is higher. The industrial structure determines the tax source structure, thus determining the tax burden level. A certain industrial structure stipulates the material content of the total social products, and the tax source structure and tax scale are bound to be subject to the scope of activities provided by the industrial structure. Therefore, the tax source structure and tax scale must be based on the industrial structure and cannot exceed the material basis provided by the industrial structure. From the reality of our country, our country has been exempted from agricultural tax, and the tax burden of the primary industry is very low, which can be basically ignored. The secondary industry is less constrained by nature, with large turnover and strong tax growth flexibility, so the tax burden is heavier. Although the tertiary industry has a wide tax base and tax sources, for a long time, China has adopted a policy of encouraging the development of the tertiary industry, so the tax burden is low. This determines the higher level of industrial tax burden, and also explains the higher macro tax burden in the industrially developed eastern region to some extent. That is, regional differences are closely related to industrial differences. The higher the degree of industrialization in the eastern region, the higher the macro tax burden, while the lower the degree of industrialization in the central and western regions, the lower the macro tax burden.
Fourth, the macro tax burden of state-owned enterprises with relatively large GDP is higher. China implements a socialist market economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, from 1998 to 20 10, the proportion of state-owned enterprises in China dropped from 39% to 4.47%, the total assets dropped from 68.8% to 4 1.78%, the main business income dropped from 52% to 27.8%, and the total profits dropped from 36%. Since 2006, the total amount of non-state-owned assets in China has exceeded half. However, the state-owned economy plays a leading role in industries involving national security and the lifeline of the national economy, important mineral resources and industries providing important public products and services. In 20 10, the main business income of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises in oil and gas exploration, electricity production and supply, and water production and supply accounted for 92.7%, 9 1.8% and 64.2% respectively. In petroleum processing and coal mining and dressing industries, the main business income of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises accounts for 7 1.6% and 60.2% respectively. Among the transportation equipment, gold and nonferrous metals industries in Taiwan Province, the proportion of state-owned and state-controlled industries is between 365,438+0% and 48.3%.
Judging from the regional structure, industrial structure and ownership structure in the above-mentioned tax source structure, the macro tax burden of economically developed eastern regions, industrial enterprises with relatively large GDP and state-owned enterprises is relatively high. The essence of "three highs" is China's economic structure with industry as the basic form of real economy and its international division of labor status as a processing trade power with "big imports and big exports".
(Author: Institute of Finance, Ministry of Finance)