Lesson 1 The Opium War

1. The root cause of Britain's opium war:1In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open up the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct cause of smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.

2. 1839, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed at Humen Beach, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.

3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the opium war, China began to gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from a feudal society, which was the beginning of China's modern history.

Lesson 2 Crimes of Foreign Powers invading China during the Second Opium War

1.1856-1860, the British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War to further open the market in China. After occupying Beijing, they set fire to Yuanmingyuan.

2. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, which occupied more than 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest territories of China (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).

3.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing and changed it to Tianjing, making it the capital city, establishing a regime that confronted the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the northern expedition and the western expedition.

Lesson 3 Recovering Xinjiang

As an imperial envoy, Zuo Zongtang regained Xinjiang by adopting the strategy of "going north first, then going south slowly, and then fighting in a hurry". In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, in 1884, the Qing government set up provinces in Xinjiang.

Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War in Sino-Japanese War

1894- 1895, after the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.

Lesson 5 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

1.1In the spring of 900, the Boxer Rebellion was directed at imperialist aggression.

2. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the "treaty of shame and humiliation" with eight countries, which increased the burden of new students for the people of China and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization

Lesson 6 Westernization Movement

1.1From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners" took "self-improvement" as the slogan in the early stage, and adopted western advanced production technology to establish a number of modern military industries, such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. Later, some civilian industries, such as Li Hong, were set up under the slogan of "seeking wealth". Hubei textile layout, etc. From 1970s to 1980s, three navies, Nanhai, Beiyang and Fujian, were established. 1862, the Jingshi Tongwen Museum was the first new school founded by the Westernization School.

2. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (content on page 30, focus on it)

Lesson 7 The Reform Movement of 1898

1.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "writing on the bus" opened the prelude to the political reform.

2.1From June to September, 898, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of decrees, the content of which was (P33): it was required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.

Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution

1. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary group, Xing Zhong Hui. 1905, he established a unified revolutionary organization, China League, with Sun Yat-sen as prime minister, and adopted the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing dynasty, abolishing the absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic Republic and reforming the land system. Its establishment greatly promoted the whole country.

2. 19 1 1 The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the fruits of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.

Lesson 9 New Culture Movement

1. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, set off a new cultural movement, and attacked Zun Kong with the main content of "four advocates and four oppositions", thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.

2. 19 18, Li Dazhao published two articles, Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.

3. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the absolute negation or absolute affirmation of eastern and western cultures in the New Culture Movement influenced later.

Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution

Lesson 10 The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of the China * * * Production Party

1. 19 19 On May 4th, students from Peking University and other schools held a demonstration, demanding that "sovereignty should be fought outside and national thieves should be eliminated inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing the "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai. As a result, the government was forced to release students, remove Cao Rulin and other traitors from their posts, and refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th patriotic movement was a thorough patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism and the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

2. 192 1 The Party's program was adopted at the First Congress of the CPC held in Shanghai in July, and the Party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize * * * productism. The central task was to lead the workers' movement.

3. 1922, the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China, determined that the party's democratic revolutionary program was: overthrowing warlords, overthrowing imperialist oppression, and establishing a democratic Republic. This was the first time that a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program was put forward in China.

Lesson 1 1 The Northern Expedition

1.1The Huangpu Military Academy, founded in 1924, was headed by Zhou Enlai, who trained a large number of military and political talents.

2. 1926, Guangdong National Government made a northern expedition, with the purpose of overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang, Zhang Zuolin; Main battlefields: Hunan, Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge and Hesheng Bridge; Destroyed Wu Peifu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River valley to the Yangtze River valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.

3.1In April, 927, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing, which represented the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie. It relied on imperialism abroad and suppressed the people's revolutionary movement at home.

Lesson 12 A single spark can start a prairie fire

1.1August, 9271day, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.

2.1September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, attacked the rural areas where the enemy forces were relatively weak, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. The Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the creation of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.

Lesson 13 The Red Army is not afraid of expedition difficulties.

1. 1934 10 to 1936 10, after failing to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression", the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and carry out the Long March.

2. 1935 1 month, the CPC central Committee held the Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gu and others, cancelled the military command of Bo Gu and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai were determined to be in charge of the military command. The Zunyi meeting established the correct leadership of the CPC central Committee with Mao Zedong as the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution.

3. On the way to the Long March, we crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the enemy's encirclement. 1936 10. In October, the Red Second Front Army and the Red Fourth Front Army joined forces with the Red Front Army and declared the victory of the Long March over. The victory of the Long March crushed the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone strength of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.

Unit 4 War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation

Lesson 14 Unforgettable September 18th

1. 193 1 When the September 18th Incident broke out, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Zhang Xueliang, who was stationed in the northeast, implement a policy of non-resistance, so that all the land of more than one million square kilometers in the three northeastern provinces fell to the enemy in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army troops organized anti-Japanese volunteers.

2. After the September 18th Incident, China * * * put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the national government stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted the idea of China * * *, and launched the "Xi 'an Incident" on 19361February 12 to force Chiang to resist Japan.

Lesson 15 "Better be a ghost in battle than a conquered people"

1.1In 937, the Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China in Lugouqiao, creating the July 7th Incident, and the national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the China people broke out. In the incident, Tong Linge and Zhao Dengyu died for their country, and Pingjin fell one after another. At this time, the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.

2. 19371February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.

Lesson 16 building the great wall with flesh and blood

1. During the all-round Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by Zhong * * * won the "Pingxing Pass Great Victory", which was the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War; In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under the command of Peng Dehuai in August, which was the largest battle in which the China army took the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the Anti-Japanese War. The Kuomintang army won a great victory in Taierzhuang in the spring of 1938.

2. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,1April, 945, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Yan 'an. The congress mainly discussed the important issue of winning the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and what road China will take after the victory. The party's political line was formulated: mobilize the masses freely, defeat the Japanese aggressors, liberate the people of the whole country, and establish a new-democratic China under the leadership of the China * * * Production Party.

3.1August, 945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.

Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War

Lesson 17 civil war bonfire

1. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek conspired to launch a civil war against the people with the support of the United States. In order to further gain time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. 1945 to 10. In order to strive for domestic peace as much as possible, Mao Zedong was accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei.

2.1June, 946, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the "October 10th Agreement" and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.

3.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led troops into Dabie Mountain to threaten Nanking and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.

Lesson 18 Strategic Armageddon

1.1September 1948 to 19491month, the People's Liberation Army launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin. The victory of Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that Huaihai Campaign was launched by the people in small cars),/ The whole of North China was basically liberated. (P98) The victory of the three major campaigns wiped out and reorganized more than 1.5 million Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, greatly accelerating the victory of the people's liberation war throughout the country.

2.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanking, marking the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.

Unit 6 Economic and Social Life

Lesson 19 The Development of Modern National Industry in China

Zhang Jian, a top-ranked industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry" when the Chinese nation was facing a serious national crisis after the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, and set up a series of enterprises, such as Dasheng Cotton Mill, as well as schools and charitable undertakings. During World War I, enterprises were further developed because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, but they were annexed after the war.

Lesson 20 Changes in Social Life

The most famous Chinese newspaper is Shen Bao, which was founded in Shanghai in 1872. The Commercial Press, which was founded in Shanghai in 1897, is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.

Unit 7 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture

Lesson 2 1 Science, Technology, Ideology and Culture (I)

1. 1909, the Jing-Zhang railway built by Zhan Tianyou was the first railway designed and constructed by China people themselves.

2. Hou Debang, who uncovered the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book Alkali Production, and his alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".

3. Representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to the world in modern times are Wei Yuan and Yan Fu. Wei Yuan compiled a book entitled "A Map of Seas", which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia and European and American countries, and explained that the purpose of compilation was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated "The Theory of Natural Evolution" and expounded that "natural selection is the only way to survive".

Lesson 22 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)

1. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Jingshi University Hall was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.

2. 1905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system which had been used for more than 1,300 years.

3. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan, etc. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is March of the Volunteers, and Xian Xinghai is The Yellow River Cantata.

The first chapter is the vast territory

1, from the eastern and western hemispheres, she is located in the eastern hemisphere, from the northern and southern hemispheres, she is located in the northern hemisphere.

2. Judging from the location of the continents and oceans, she is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

4. China's land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, second only to Russia and Canada.

5. China's land boundary is more than 20,000 kilometers long, and there are 15 neighboring countries.

6. The coastline of China's mainland is18,000 kilometers, and there are six countries facing China across the sea, namely Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.

7. From north to south, China's endangered oceans are the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea.

8. The Bohai Sea has the largest salt field in China, Changlu Salt Field, and the East China Sea has the largest fishing ground in China, Zhoushan Fishing Ground.

9. The administrative regions of the whole country are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township.

10, China has 34 provincial administrative regions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.

1 1, China's total population is1295 million, which is characterized by a large population base and rapid population growth.

12, in order to make the population growth adapt to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, our government regards the implementation of family planning as a basic national policy.

13, China's population distribution is uneven, and the population density in the eastern region is high, especially in the southeast coast; The population density in the western region is small.

14, China's population dividing line is Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province.

15, Henan Province, the most populous province in China, and Xinjiang Province, the largest area.

16. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population, and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

17, the distribution of Han nationality is all over the country, with the most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

18 the distribution of the people's liberation has the characteristics of large mixed residence and small settlement.

20. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, establishes organs of self-government, and establishes autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2 1, the topography of western China is mainly mountainous, plateau and basin, while the eastern part is mainly plain and hilly. The characteristics of the topography are: high in the west and low in the east, showing a three-step distribution.

22. The first step The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, known as the roof of the world.

23. The dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

24. The four plateaus are: Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; Great basin is: Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin; The three plains are: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.

25. The characteristic texture of the Loess Plateau is loose, where there is no vegetation cover, soil erosion is serious, ravines are criss-crossing, the characteristic ground of the Inner Mongolia Plateau is flat and boundless, the characteristic glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are widely distributed, and the characteristic ground of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged.

26. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas are collapses, landslides and mudslides.

27. When exploiting mountainous areas, we should pay special attention to the construction of ecological environment.

28. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about two-thirds of the country's land area.

29. In winter, the temperature between the north and the south of China is very different. In summer, the temperature is generally high in most places.

30. The isotherm of 1 month at 0℃ is roughly distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line.

3 1, the coldest place in winter is Mohe in Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang.

32. Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are the so-called "three furnaces" in China.

33. The main index for dividing the temperature zone is the active accumulated temperature.

34. China is divided into five temperature zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. There is also a plateau climate zone with high ground and cold weather and a vast area.

35. The general trend of annual precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

37. The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there.

38. The division of dry and wet areas is based on the degree of dryness and wetness of the climate. The four dry and humid areas in China are humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas and arid areas.

39. The main reason for the large temperature difference between north and south in China is latitude position and winter wind.

40. The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area is Daxinganling, Yinshan, Helan, bayan har and Gangdise.

42. The biggest advantage of monsoon climate is that rain and heat are in the same period, but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, flood and drought and typhoon.

43. Tarim River, the largest internal river in China, mainly comes from the melting water of ice and snow in Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain. Outflow rivers, such as the Yangtze River, mainly come from natural precipitation.

44. The longest and earliest man-made river in the world is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

45. bayan har, the birthplace of the Yellow River, flows into Bohai Sea.

46. The Ningxia Plain has the reputation of "being on the south of the Yangtze River".

47. The boundary between the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River is the estuary, and the boundary between the middle and lower reaches is Mengjin.

48. The riverbed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually rises and becomes an "overground river".

49. After the Yellow River flows through the middle reaches, it produces the most sediment, because the terrain it flows through is the Loess Plateau.

50. The Yangtze River originates from the Tanggula Mountains and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest water volume and the widest drainage area in China, and is known as the "water treasure house" and the "golden waterway".

5 1, Yichang, the boundary between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and Hukou, the boundary between the middle and lower reaches.

52. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. Yibin city can be navigable in the following four seasons.

53. Jingjiang River, known as the "nine-bend ileum", is the control measure of this river section, which is to cut the bend and get straight.

54. The three main sources of the plain area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main tributaries above Yichang, the two major water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

55. For renewable resources, if we use them reasonably and pay attention to their protection and cultivation, we can achieve sustainable utilization. For non-renewable resources, we should cherish and economize on their use.

56. China's natural resources are characterized by abundant total amount and insufficient per capita.

57. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to the use of land and the status of land use.

58. China's per capita land resources are small, and the proportion of all kinds of land resources is not reasonable. Mainly, there are less cultivated land, more forest land and insufficient land that is difficult to use, especially the contradiction between reserve land resources and people and cultivated land is particularly prominent.

59. China's cultivated land and woodland are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region with humid climate, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland area with annual average precipitation less than 400 mm.

60. Man-made destruction of land resources includes soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

6 1, a basic national policy of land resources is to cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.

62. Of the water on the earth, 97% is ocean water and 2.5% is fresh water.

63. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are glaciers at poles and mountains, and most of the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

64. China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russia, Canada, the United States and Indonesia, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 1/4 of the world average.

65. In terms of time allocation, precipitation is concentrated in summer and less in winter and spring. Measures to effectively regulate the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity to build reservoirs;

66. From the spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and deficient in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China, which further aggravates the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is to transfer water across basins.

67. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China where water shortage is serious.

In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, saving water is particularly important.

Chapter IV Economic Development of China

69. The "vanguard" of economic development is transportation.

70. The four famous "rice markets" in China in history are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

7 1 Among all kinds of transportation lines, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The railway that passes through Tibet Province is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

72. Valuable or urgently needed goods are mostly transported by air in small quantities.

73. Goods liable to death or deterioration are mostly transported by road.

74, bulk heavy goods, long-distance transportation, generally choose water transport, rail transport.

75. Agricultural production departments include planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

76. Agriculture is the basic industry that supports the national economic construction and the development of the people.

77. Natural grasslands are widely distributed in the western region, and there are four major pastoral areas in China: Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.

78. Forestry is concentrated in the northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most accessible areas for freshwater fisheries in China.

79. The announcement of rice and wheat in food crops showed a pattern of "rice in the south and wheat in the north".

80. Oil production has formed two major production areas: the Yangtze River Rapeseed Belt and the Huanghuai Peanut Area.

8 1 and sugar crops show obvious distribution characteristics of "southern Gansu and northern Gansu".

82. Cotton production is mainly in the north, forming three major cotton areas: southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin.

83. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy.

84. Zhongguancun in Beijing is the earliest high-tech pilot zone established in China.

85. Main features of high-tech industries 1. Among the employees, scientific and technological personnel account for a large proportion. 2。 In the sales revenue, the expenses for research and development account for a large proportion, 3. Products are updated quickly.

86, high-tech production is the electronic and information industry as the "leading" industry.

87. China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

88. To develop agriculture according to local conditions, on the one hand, we should consider the differences of natural environment, on the other hand, we should consider the constraints of social and economic conditions.

1, the advantages of China's geographical location? P3

2. What do you know about the living customs of ethnic minorities? P 17

3. What is the influence of topography on China's climate, river flow direction and east-west traffic? P23

4. What measures should be taken in the upper, middle and lower reaches to control the Yellow River flood?

5. What are the characteristics of China's climate?

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mountainous areas? P30

7. What are the effects of different temperature zones on our production and life? P34

8. What are the effects of different dry and wet areas on our production and life? P37

9. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of China's land resources? P67

10. What are the problems and countermeasures for China's agricultural development? P 105

1 1, and the geographical conditions of "the eastern coastal developed areas should actively develop export-oriented agriculture"? P 107

12, the characteristics of high-tech industries? P 1 13

13, summarize the important maps and knowledge points of this issue by yourself! !

Final review of biology in the first volume of the eighth grade

1 At present, there are about1500,000 known species of animals. These animals can be divided into two categories: one is vertebrates, which have spines in their bodies; The other is invertebrates, which have no spine in their bodies.

2. Biological diversity: 1, species diversity; 2. Diversity of living environment; 3, 00 the diversity of sports modes.

3. The reason why fish can live in water is that two characteristics are crucial: (1) they can get food by swimming and defend against enemies; (2) can breathe in water.

4. The structure that fish can overcome resistance in water: streamlined (shuttle-shaped) body; The body surface secretes mucus.

5. When a fish swims, it relies on the left and right swinging of the tail on the trunk to generate the power to move forward. It relies on the dorsal fin, pectoral fin, ventral fin and gluteal fin to keep balance and the caudal fin to keep the direction of progress.

6. When it is difficult to experiment directly with the research object, sometimes the model is used to do the experiment, that is, the model is made by imitating the experimental object, or some conditions of the experiment are imitated to do the experiment. Such an experiment is called a simulation experiment.

7. Various fins play an auxiliary and coordinating role in the movement.

8. Gills are the respiratory organs of fish.

9. The gills are rich in capillaries, so the gills are bright red.

10, gill filaments are many and thin, in order to expand the contact area with water, which is conducive to full gas exchange. Gills are not easy to absorb oxygen in the air. After fish leave water, gill filaments cover each other, reducing the contact area with air, and they can't get enough oxygen from the air, so they die of lack of oxygen.

1 1, fish gills are very important for breathing in water: the gills are bright red and rich in capillaries; Branchial filaments are many and thin.

12. Water flows in from the fish mouth and out from the back edge of gill cover.

13. In the water flowing out of fish gills, oxygen is reduced and carbon dioxide is increased.

14, O2—— in gas exchange water-in the capillaries of gill filaments.

Co2— in gill filament-water

15, the main characteristics of fish: there are often scales on the body surface, breathing through gills, swimming through the swing of tail and the coordination of fins.

16, there is a mouth without anus, food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residue is still discharged from the body through the mouth. These animals are called coelenterates.

17. Animals whose bodies are soft and rely on shells to protect their bodies are called mollusks.

18. Animals with hard armor are called crustaceans. Crustaceans breathe through gills.

19, coelenterates, mollusks and crustaceans are invertebrates.

20. All kinds of creatures in the water are important parts of the aquatic ecosystem. They form close and complicated connections through food chains and food webs, and at the same time, they are all affected by the aquatic environment. The change of their species and the increase and decrease of their numbers will affect human life.

2 1, compared with the water environment, the land environment is much more complicated. (1) is relatively dry; (2) The temperature difference between day and night is large; (3) Lack of buoyancy in water; (4) There is gaseous oxygen; (5) The land environment is complex and changeable.

22. Adaptation of animals living on land to the environment: 1. Generally, there are structures to prevent water loss; 2. It is not affected by the buoyancy of water, and generally has organs that support the body and movement. It is used for crawling, walking, jumping, running, climbing and other sports modes to feed and avoid enemies; 2. Generally, there are various respiratory organs located inside the body that can breathe in the air, such as trachea and lungs; 4, generally have developed sensory organs and nervous system, can respond to the changing environment in a timely manner.

23, annelids are not mollusks, annelids are invertebrates.

24. Animals whose bodies are composed of many similar annular segments are called annelids.

25. Earthworms live in moist soil rich in humus, because earthworms are cold-blooded animals with little temperature change and are suitable for earthworms to live.

26, body segmentation can make the earthworm's body movement flexible.

27. Earthworms rely on the contraction and relaxation of muscles, the support and fixed movement of bristles.

28. Earthworms don't have a special respiratory system. The breathing of earthworms depends on the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. The body wall of earthworm is densely covered with capillaries, and the oxygen in the air first dissolves in the mucus on the body surface, then seeps into the body wall and then enters the capillaries on the body wall. Carbon dioxide in the body is also excreted from the body surface through capillaries in the body wall.

29. Earthworms can't keep a constant body temperature and can only live in the deep soil with little temperature change.