Coastal Defence Construction Shen Baozhen trains coastal defence talents for coastal defence construction. Mawei Shipping Bureau established Mawei Pre-school and Post-school, the first naval school in China. Zuo Zongtang and Shen Baozhen regard the cultivation of naval talents as the basis of "learning from foreigners", and their purpose is to train all kinds of talents with specialized knowledge for the modern navy. Ship Administration School is very strict with students, which not only trained many engineers and technicians in modern industry, but also delivered a large number of general talents to China's modern navy [10]. Shen Baozhen established the first modern naval fleet in China, which initially changed the passive situation that China had no defense against the sea. By the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), Fujian Ship Administration had established four warships, and together with three warships bought from abroad, these seven warships of Brigadier General Shen Baozhen were trained into teams, which were called "Ship Administration Ships", and the first modern fleet in China was born [3]. Shen Baozhen adheres to the principle of "sovereignty lies with me" for the ship administration. It is believed that "the purchaser's right is in people's hands, so how can the manufacturer's right be in his own hands?" In order to introduce advanced western science and technology, the Bureau of Shipping has hired many foreign workers, craftsmen and teachers. Treating these foreigners, the Maritime Bureau gave them generous treatment economically, but politically, they refused to give in, and resolutely pursued the policy of "self-control". Shen Baozhen clearly rewards and punishes foreigners, not only on merit, but also on punishment. The disobedient leader shall be dismissed and sent back to China. On June 10th, the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869), with the painstaking efforts of Shen Baozhen and the concerted efforts of all the shipping staff, the first ship "Evergreen" made by Mawei Shipping Bureau was completed and launched. The ship is a wooden-shell steam ship, with a hull length of 238 feet and a width of 27.8 feet, a draft of 14.2 feet, a displacement of 1370 tons, a load of 450 tons, propeller propulsion, sail assistance and a speed of 10 knots. On September 25th, Shen Baozhen boarded the ship and successfully tested the guns, marking the beginning of China's modern coastal defense industry. In a word, at the beginning of the founding of Ship Administration, Shen Baozhen overcame one obstacle after another with a strong sense of national responsibility in the face of new undertakings and various interferences from western powers and die-hard conservatives, and made progress on the bumpy road of modern industrialization [10]. In the 13th year of resisting Japanese Tongzhi (1874), Japan invaded Taiwan Province, and the southeast coast was in crisis, which greatly shocked the Qing court. The Qing government ordered Shen Baozhen to "visit Shengfan area in Taiwan Province in the name of tour reading, and do it quietly and with a camera". [1 1] When the news was confirmed, the Qing government deeply felt that the situation was serious. Emperor Tongzhi formally appointed Shen Baozhen as an imperial envoy to handle coastal defense in Taiwan Province and other places, and to cross to Taiwan Province to deal with the Japanese invasion of Taiwan. Shen Baozhen analyzed the situation between China and Japan, and thought that the Japanese army might expand the scope of aggression, and the Gaoshan clan was an enemy but a well-trained Japanese army with guns and guns. Taiwan Province's first task is to step up its military deployment. He not only opposes "blindly fearing, just trying to stay out of it, not caring for the future," but also opposes "blindly talking, showing righteous indignation and quick heart, might as well put all your eggs in one basket, which is irrelevant to the country's far-reaching plans." [12] Based on this, he made a defense deployment plan for Taiwan very quickly: in terms of land defense, 5,000 foreign gun teams from Beiyang and Nanyang were dispatched to Taiwan for defense; South road troops increased from one battalion to six battalions, which was under the command of Zhang Qiguang; The troops on the North Road were increased from one battalion to two battalions, with Taiwan Road as its sole responsibility. In addition, Zeng Yuanfu, the former director of Taiwan Province Town, was ordered to "advocate the North-South Township League to protect the country with capital, and to recruit the back hills to guide them, so as to make an offer with them". [13] Shen Baozhen inherited his uncle Lin Zexu's progressive thought of "popular support", and saw that fishermen were "eager for the wind and waves" and "recruited this generation to shift soldiers, so that the people can make a living, and the defense is particularly effective", and he was convinced of the role of the people's power. "The platform people's support is available, and the parties can follow it and inspire it, which is enough for the enemy." He believes that the Qing government suppressed the people's spontaneous struggle against aggression during the Second Opium War, although it was a last resort. However, "today's situation is far from what it used to be, and it seems appropriate to clarify the way of the town. If the people are poisoned by it, they must condemn it, and the officials and the people share the same life, and they are all soldiers." As long as the officials and the people share the same life, they can make "the whole Taiwan look like the Great Wall." Shen Baozhen's progressive thought is the political and ideological basis for his "massing troops" in Taiwan. [13] Navy: When Shen Baozhen was on the mainland, he had learned that Japan had bought two armored ships from the west to invade Taiwan. The ship was an advanced ship at that time and was of decisive significance in the navy. Shen has a deep understanding of this, so please try to buy two from the west. In September of the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), Shen Baozhen once again asked Fujian Shipping Bureau to build a warship. "If you build one more boat, you will be more proficient in the work of one boat, and if you get one more boat for coastal defense, you will get one more boat.". He also boldly put forward the plan of building his own armored ship, saying, "The buyer's right is in people's hands, so how can the manufacturer's right be in his own hands?" [13] Building Western-style Fortress: In October of the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), the first Western-style Fortress was built in Haikou, Anping, which "can strike enemy ships from outside, but can be controlled by Weijun from inside", making Anping a solid barrier against Japanese invasion. [13] The Japanese army that invaded Taiwan Province was mired in the fierce resistance of the people of Taiwan Province. Shen Baozhen's elite troops transferred from the mainland surrounded them again. The Japanese army didn't adapt to the epidemic in southern Taiwan Province. "The dead died on Thursday and Friday, and there were countless patients.". Seeing that Shen Baozhen was well-prepared, it was difficult to win militarily, and its morale fluctuated, the Japanese invaders had to negotiate with the Qing government. The corrupt and incompetent Qing government lacked confidence in the defense of Fujian and Taiwan, and was deeply afraid that the situation would develop, which would lead the war to all parts of the mainland and make concessions step by step in the negotiations. Under the mediation of Britain, the war was ended on the condition that China paid 502,000 silver dollars and Japan withdrew its troops. What the Japanese couldn't get on the battlefield in Taiwan Province was easily obtained at the negotiating table. In the 13th year of Tongzhi development in Taiwan Province (1874), because the Japanese invaded Taiwan Province and sent troops to occupy Langlang and Peony in Shen Baozhen, Tainan, the Qing court appointed Shen Baozhen as an imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs of Taiwan Province and also manage the trade affairs of various countries. When Shen Baozhen arrived in Taiwan Province, he actively strengthened his combat readiness and held fast to the city. Soon, he forced the Japanese aggressors to retreat and "withdraw their troops according to the contract" [14]. After Shen Baozhen held the Taiwan Province, it immediately embarked on further development, and implemented four major measures: opening a ban, opening a government, opening a road and mining [14]. In January of the first year of Guangxu (1875), the Shen Baozhen memorial proposed three reforms: abolishing the old rule that mainland people were forbidden to cross Taiwan; Abolish the old practice of prohibiting Taiwanese people from entering the "fan boundary" privately; Abolish the old rules that strictly restrict "casting households", prohibit privately opening and selling iron bars and prohibit the export of bamboo poles [10]. These reforms proposed by Shen Baozhen are mainly to promote the land development in Taiwan Province, especially the cultivation of the back hills. It is conducive to consolidating coastal defense, and it is also of great significance to promote the development of the eastern region and the communication between the Han nationality and the aborigines [10]. At the same time, Shen Baozhen also proposed and implemented some reforms to Taiwan Province's administrative system, mainly including: the establishment of Taibei House in Anchoujia; Add two counties of Hengchun and Danshui; Change the original freshwater hall to Hsinchu County, and the original Karmalan Hall to Yilan County. As for the specific measures to strengthen coastal defense, such as building new batteries, buying foreign guns and arms machinery, buying armored ships, practicing water and thunder troops, etc., under the auspices of Shen Baozhen, they are all stepping up one by one. The implementation of the above reform measures was approved by the Qing government, which strengthened and improved the governance of Taiwan Province by the Qing government and promoted the further development of Taiwan Province [10]. During his tenure in Jiangxi, Shen Baozhen once handled the famous Nanchang religious plan. After the Beijing Treaty was signed in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), missionaries had "missionary tolerance clauses" in China. The treaty stipulates: "The Catholic Church, schools, tombs, fields, corridors, etc., which were confiscated when they murdered Fengtian believers before, shall be compensated." In foreign texts, French missionary Meng Zhensheng privately added "letting French missionaries rent and buy land in various provinces and build their own houses" to the Chinese treaty. According to the principle of sharing interests, other countries have also obtained this stolen power accordingly. Generally speaking, the occurrence of religious plans is a conflict between Chinese and Western cultures, and specifically, the church plundered China's property and sheltered its parishioners. China's real estate right is the most important right of China people. If the church wants to support itself and autobiography, it will inevitably compete with China farmers for land, which will lead to direct conflicts. However, the church took a shielding attitude towards some parishioners who committed crimes, which also interfered with the judicial integrity of China. The above two reasons will lead the people and the gentry to unite against the church. 186 1 At the end of the year, Luo Andang of the Lazarus Society of France was appointed Bishop of Jiangxi. According to the unequal treaty, he was prepared to recover the Catholic property that had been confiscated in Nanchang. At the same time, he also wants to expand the size of the church and build a nursery. When Fang Anzhi, his assistant in China, went to Nanchang and bought a house in Chopsticks Lane as a nursery, the gentry in Nanchang and Hunan rushed headlong into action and published the widely circulated "Fighting Heresy and Cult". He said: "There are traitors Luo Andang and Fang Anzhi who advocate cults, incite ignorant people, and even commit adultery with women and cover up children." Call on the people: "hoe the pole and do your best to help the soldiers;" Bai Yan Huang Tong, learned to be a strong force. " For China Christians, once discovered, they called for "no need to report to the official, put them to death in public, thinking that they are disrespectful to their ancestors, and willingly obey those who disobey them ..." This lesson plan is huge. In Nanchang, thousands of students took part in the imperial examination and vowed to defend China's traditional Confucian orthodoxy. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Shen Baozhen took office on March 15th, but he refused to meet Luo Andang. On March 17th, angry people destroyed the nursery and smashed shops and houses belonging to Christians. When Shen Baozhen learned of this, he said, "The foreigners have been aiming at me for a long time, so I don't care if my people repay them by their hands." And Luo Andang and Fang Anzhi fled in panic. Luo Andang ran all the way to Beijing and told the French envoy, Costello, about the situation in Nanchang, who filed a claim for compensation with the Prime Minister's yamen. Eager to seek French support to help suppress the imperial court of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he ordered Shen Baozhen to handle this matter. Shen Baozhen said that "I couldn't get into details at that time", but now "I am tempted to benefit, and I am afraid of it, and I still have no end to it", indicating that I can't handle the case. Until the end of January of the following year, after negotiations with France, the Prime Minister's yamen decided to send someone to escort Luo Andang back to Nanchang, ordered Shen Baozhen to meet Luo personally again, and compensated the French for 72,000 yuan. Before Luo Andang returned to Nanchang, the people in Nanchang gathered again to attack him, causing Luo Andang to return to Jiujiang for negotiations. After negotiation, Luo Andang gave up the church and nursery in Nanchang, and reduced the compensation from 72,000 to1.7,000. Shen Baozhen said in the future: "It is possible to use China's mind to understand foreign skills;" It is impossible to change China's temperament with foreign habits. " It can be seen that the reason for supporting and opposing missionary work is for the integrity of China orthodoxy. He also expressed his determination in a strong tone: "Although, if we handle the blame for bad handling, our generation will let it go. Fortunately, we should not make an arrest theory." Since then, China's religious plans have occurred continuously and finally developed into the Boxer Movement at the end of19th century.