I. Overview

1. Geographical location

Novosibirsk is located in the southeast of West Siberia Plain, and most of its land lies between ob river and Irtysh River, and it is connected with Saler Ridge in the east. The state is bordered by Tomsk in the north, Kemerovo in the east, omsk in the west, Altai Territory and Kazakhstan in the south and southwest respectively. It is 642 kilometers long from east to west and 444 kilometers long from north to south. Novosibirsk, the capital, is located at 82 55' east longitude and 55 2' north latitude, 3 19 1 km away from Moscow.

2. Natural resources

1) Mineral resources and land resources

There are not many mineral resources in Novosibirsk, and about 20 species have been discovered. Clay is distributed in many parts of the state and is an important raw material for producing bricks, pottery and other products, with an estimated reserve of 346 million tons. Peat is abundant in the northern swamp area. More than 600 peat producing areas have been discovered, with an estimated reserves of 7,289.8 million tons (the total reserves of several large peat producing areas are about 6,543.8+million-30 million tons), and the annual output of peat is 6,543.8+0.56 million tons. The reserves of carbohydrate resources such as oil, natural gas and condensate oil are about 209 million tons, but the distribution is relatively scattered; The proven oil reserves are about 30 million tons, and the highest annual output can reach 2.3 million tons. The natural gas C 1+C2 reserves are about 4.5 billion cubic meters. There are many building materials in the eastern region, such as stones, sand, limestone and clay shale (raw materials for cement production, with an estimated reserve of 346 million tons). In addition, there are marble (mainly distributed in Maslianino and Iskijimi areas), coal (mainly anthracite, distributed in Saleray Ridge), gold and other mineral deposits.

2) Water resources

Novosibirsk is rich in water resources. There are about 430 rivers here, and ob river, the largest river, is one of the world-famous rivers. Ob river originates from Altai Glacier and flows into the Arctic Ocean, which is of great shipping value. 1956, people built dams and hydropower stations on the ob river not far from Novosibirsk. In addition, there is the Inu River, and many villas of the Novosibirsk people are distributed on its banks. Picturesque Beldi River: Tara River, Emu River, Karga River and Karasuke River with relatively gentle water flow. Novosibirsk, also known as Huzhou, has thousands of lakes, mainly distributed in the lowlands of Balabin.

The groundwater resources in this state have great utilization value. The minerals contained in it can be used to treat diseases, while geothermal energy can be used for heating. Salt lakes in the southwest contain salt, soda and sludge used to treat diseases. China's famous sanatorium is located in the saltwater lake area of Karachi.

Agricultural land accounts for 47.7% of the total area of Novosibirsk (of which cultivated land accounts for 22.2%), forest area accounts for 26.6%, shrub area accounts for 1.6%, swamp area accounts for 17.4%, water area accounts for 4.3%, and other land resources account for 2.5%. Agricultural land is evenly distributed in the whole state, and the area of improved land in the whole state is about 1 13000 hectares, of which 106600 hectares belongs to agricultural cultivated land. There are about 56,900 hectares of irrigated land, 50,700 hectares of dry land and 2,600 hectares of destroyed land.

3) Animal resources

The animal resources in New West Mongolia are basically the same as those in Central Europe and Northern Europe, but slightly different. There are about 80 species of mammals in this state, mainly including Arctic deer, sable, fox, beaver, wolf, bear, lynx, roe deer, rabbit and marmot. Many animals have high economic value. There are not many amphibians and reptiles, including 3 frogs, 2 lizards and 2 snakes. There are more than 30 kinds of fish living in rivers and lakes in this state. The most common fish are: crucian carp, European bream, carp and so on. The largest fish in ob river is Siberian sturgeon, which can reach 2 meters in length. At present, this precious fish is decreasing. In addition, the larger fish are haddock, barracuda, perch, whitebait and so on. Due to the numerous lakes and swamps, there are rich species of waterfowl, which is a remarkable feature of the animal resources in Novosibirsk. At present, about 300 species of birds have been found, the main waterfowl are: golden eagle, swan, wild duck, snipe, heron, loon and so on. 22 species of birds are rare and protected species, such as seahawks, golden eagles and owls. Most of the birds here are migratory birds. Every year, many migratory birds regularly migrate through the lakes in the lowlands of Balabin, making Qiuchen Lake a world-famous waterfowl habitat.

4) Plant resources

There are about 1200 species of wild plants in Novosibirsk. The most common tree species here are birch, sorbus, pine and aspen. In addition, there are fir, spruce, hawthorn and so on. Common trees in Central European forests, such as oak, elm, linden and ash, can be seen in this state, but they are all planted artificially.

3. Territorial and administrative divisions

Novosibirsk is one of the administrative regions of the Western Siberian Economic Zone, with an area of178,200 square kilometers (accounting for 1% of the Russian Federation). Founded on1September 28th, 937, Kemerovo and Tomsk were separated from Novosibirsk on 1943 and 1944 to establish Kemerovo and Tomsk, while part of Altai land was merged into Novosibirsk, forming today's Novosibirsk. Novosibirsk has 40 districts, 14 cities, 19 towns and 427 administrative villages. In addition to Novosibirsk, the capital, major cities include Berdysk, Sicim, kuibyshev, Barabinsk, Karasuk, Levin, Maslianino, etc. The main administrative bodies are: Novosibirsk Administrative Committee, Novosibirsk People's Representative Soviet, Russian President's Representative Office in Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Federal State-owned Assets Committee, Novosibirsk State Taxation Bureau, Novosibirsk State Statistical Committee, and the Office of the Plenipotentiary Representative of Russian Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade in Novosibirsk. Novosibirsk is rich in water resources, animal resources and land resources. The mineral resources mainly include clay, clay shale, peat, coal, marble, oil and natural gas. The state is an important industrial area and developed agricultural area in Siberia, and it is also a famous scientific research base in China and even in the world.

4. Population

In 2003, there were 26,765,438+0,700 residents in Novosibirsk.

Second, the main economic sectors

1

Novosibirsk is one of the important industrial areas in Siberia, and industry has always been an important economic sector. Before the reform, its industrial output value accounted for 54% of the total output value of 1990. In these years of reform, the industrial production scale of Novosibirsk has been greatly reduced. 1991-1998 industrial output value decreased by 64.5%, exceeding the rate of industrial decline in Russia. 1998 The industrial output value of Novosibirsk is1573 million rubles, accounting for 1. 1% of the total industrial output value of Russia. The ratio of industrial output value to agricultural output value decreased from 3.9: 1 in1in 1990 to 2.3: 1, and the state's industrial sectors are mainly machinery manufacturing and metal processing. In addition, the power industry, food industry, chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy and non-ferrous metallurgy are also very developed. Industrial enterprises mainly produce electrical technical equipment, instruments and metallurgical equipment. 1998 in the industrial sector structure of this state, machinery manufacturing and metal processing industries account for 27. 1%, electric power industry accounts for 22.9%, food industry accounts for 24.5%, building materials industry accounts for 7.0%, chemical and petrochemical industry accounts for 4.3%, nonferrous metallurgy industry accounts for 3.2%, and forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industry accounts for 2.2%.

1) machinery manufacturing and metalworking industries

The radio electronics industry and instrument manufacturing industry occupy a special position in the machinery manufacturing industry in Novosibirsk, and these industrial enterprises have become the national army together with aerospace and atomic energy industrial enterprises; As an important part of the factory complex (Novosibirsk accounts for the largest proportion in the whole Siberian military complex), 60% of industrial production is concentrated in the military complex: in the early 1990s, the military complex included about 30 industrial enterprises, 10 scientific research and design institutions and 100 enterprises producing civilian products, mainly fulfilling state orders and providing technology for many industrial sectors, especially electrical technology. In addition, some enterprises are also engaged in various professional maintenance work, such as the maintenance of complex program-controlled equipment, power equipment, ships, aero-engines and railway locomotives. There are several well-known large enterprises in this state, such as Siberian Electric Heating Joint Company, which are responsible for; I produce skewer electric furnace and large complex electric heating device; Heavy hydraulic machine tool joint company produces the largest planer boring machine in China, which can not only drill large diameter holes, but also process: the weight of parts 150 tons; The hydroelectric generating set, turbine generating set and high-power motor produced by Siberian Electric Power Heavy Machinery Factory are adopted by CIS and other countries. After the reform, due to the sharp reduction of national orders, the military-industrial complex faced difficulties and the output declined. In order to give full play to the talent and technical advantages of the military-industrial complex, Novosibirsk is actively preparing to implement some new projects in some enterprises in the machinery manufacturing industry to reverse the difficult situation of the military-industrial complex. For example, in Ek M; The named factory produces new automatic cranes; The multi-purpose Touran -38 light aircraft was manufactured in Novosibirsk Aviation Production Joint No.2 and developed in Novosibirsk Man-made Fiber Factory. Using petroleum storage process equipment; Siberian electric power joint-stock company builds small hydropower stations; Novosibirsk Instrument Factory develops and produces complete sets of modern medical instruments.

2) Power industry

In the industrial structure of Novosibirsk, the electric power industry ranks second. The power industry only meets local demand. The power supply of Novosibirsk mainly depends on Novosibirsk Hydroelectric Power Station (generating 455 MW) and five central thermal power stations (1 in kuibyshev and four in Novosibirsk). Due to the large supply gap of its own energy (coal, oil, natural gas and heavy oil), the boiler fuel required for power generation is mainly transported by Kemerovo, krasnoyarskiy kray (coal), Tyumen and Tomsk (natural gas and heavy oil). Part of the insufficient electricity is provided by krasnoyarskiy kray and Hakka's Siberian joint power grid. In order to ensure adequate power supply, the country is currently preparing to build the sixth central thermal power station and erect new transmission lines.

3) Food industry

The food industry in Novosibirsk is also very developed, with the total output value of food industry accounting for 24.5% of the total output value of198. The food industry mainly uses local raw materials to produce meat, dairy products, flour, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, and its products are also sold to other parts of Siberia. The main food industry enterprises are: Weinapu Stock Company, Baird Bread Factory, Novosibirsk Oriental Bread Factory, Karasuk Meat Processing Factory, Novosibirsk Bread Factory, Novosibirsk Meat Canning Factory, kuibyshev Meat Processing Factory, Novosibirsk Candy and Dim Sum Factory, Novosibirsk Chocolate Factory and Novosibirsk Flour Factory.

4) Building materials industry

In recent years, the proportion of building materials industry in the industrial structure of Novosibirsk has been increasing. The building materials industry mainly uses local clay, limestone and other raw materials to produce cement, asbestos cement tiles, bricks and reinforced concrete components.

5) Chemical industry

The chemical industry in Novosibirsk, especially the national defense chemical industry, has developed rapidly. The chemical industry provides plastics and insulating materials for machinery manufacturing, and produces daily chemicals, chemical products, microbial chemical products and herbal products. In order to strengthen the development of medicine and chemical industry, Novosibirsk is currently developing and producing drugs for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system diseases and tumor diseases, and using beekeeping products and plant raw materials to produce various drugs.

6) Light industry

The light industry in Novosibirsk is mainly sewing, weaving, felting, shoemaking (mainly children and young people wear felt shoes's shoes) and furniture industry.

2. Agriculture

Agriculture is a traditional economic sector in Novosibirsk, and the output value of agro-industrial complex accounts for about 80% of the state's total output value in the 1940s. In recent years, due to the development of industry and other economic sectors, the proportion of agricultural output value in the total national output value has declined (1990 is 2 1.7%). Dairy farming, poultry farming, beekeeping, pig farming and sheep farming are relatively developed in this state. In some areas, people are also engaged in raising horses, animals and fish. In addition, the output of flax and vinegar willow (seabuckthorn fruit) oil also occupies a certain position in this state. 1998 agricultural output value is 6397 1 100 million rubles (agricultural output value accounts for 2.3% of Russia), of which the output value of planting industry is 276 1 1 100 million rubles, and the output value of animal husbandry is 3.636 billion rubles. In recent years, the decline of agricultural output value is less than the Russian average level, and the decline of animal husbandry output value is greater than that of planting.

1) planting

1998 the planting area of crops in this state is 269 13000 hectares, of which grain crops account for the vast majority of the planting area. During the period of 1998, grain crops accounted for 63.3% of the sown area, and the main grain crops were spring wheat and autumn wheat. In addition, oats, rye, buckwheat, peas and millet are grown here. Feed crops account for 33.6% of the sown area; Potatoes, vegetables and melons account for about 2.4% of the sown area; The sown area of cash crops is 0, and 7% are mainly flax, mustard and sunflower. The orchard is planted with gooseberry, seabuckthorn, marlin fruit, apple and so on. Watermelon is also grown in the south.

From 1985 to 1998, the yield of grain crops in planted products decreased greatly. 1985, the output of grain crops was 2,904,500 tons, and 1998 decreased to1615,400 tons. The vegetable output increased greatly, 1985 174500 tons, 1998 232400 tons.

2) Animal husbandry

In recent years, due to the shrinking planting area of feed crops, the number of livestock has decreased significantly. 1985 173 16000, 1998/998, the number of cattle decreased to 862000, of which the number of cattle decreased from 6 17 1600. During the same period, the number of pigs decreased from 605,000 to 400,600. The output of meat products decreased from 204,400 tons in 654.38+0985 to 654.38+034,800 tons in 0998, and the output of milk decreased from 654.38+038,500 tons to 873,800 tons. Compared with the decline in the output of grain, meat and dairy products, the per capita consumption of these products is relatively small, for example, the per capita consumption of meat and meat products is 68 kg in 1985 and 52 kg in 1998; Milk and dairy products are 338kg and 268kg respectively. The per capita annual consumption of potatoes, vegetables and melons did not change much during this period: the per capita consumption of potatoes was 1.4 1 kg in 1998 and 1.55 kg in 1998; Vegetables and melons are 100 kg and 86 kg respectively.