Both the Law on Work Safety and the Regulations on the Administration of Work Safety in Construction Projects clearly stipulate that construction enterprises should register and file major hazard sources, conduct regular inspection, evaluation and monitoring, formulate emergency plans, and inform employees and relevant personnel of the emergency measures they should take in case of emergency. At present, although construction enterprises have formulated corresponding institutional measures in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations, they generally lack the mechanism for forecasting and risk assessment and control of major hazards, and there are serious problems in the correct implementation of institutional measures, which mostly stay at the level of coping with the government's supervision and inspection of production safety, and the institutional measures have not played their due role in restraining the managers, full-time safety managers and operators on the construction site. On-site construction safety management mostly uses "experience" management, which is random and has a serious paralysis mentality. There is no on-site supervision and management mode with scientific theory as guidance and data as the basis, so that similar accidents occur frequently, and serious and serious fatal accidents cannot be effectively contained. On the one hand, it reflects the serious dereliction of duty in enterprise management, and the nominal phenomenon of the system is very common; On the other hand, it shows that there is a serious shortage of knowledge-based talents in safety production management and they are at a loss in the face of new safety production requirements.
This paper puts forward opinions and suggestions on the establishment of pre-control and risk evaluation mechanism for major hazard sources in the construction site, and discusses with the vast number of safety management personnel in the construction site, so as to correctly understand the Regulations on the Administration of Work Safety in Construction Projects and the provisions of mandatory standards for work safety, prevent accidents in the construction site more accurately and improve the management level of work safety in the site.
First, the establishment and application of risk assessment mechanism on the construction site
Modern safety production technology tends to how to identify hazards, how to eliminate hazards and how to effectively control the development direction of hazards. Safety production focuses on prevention, and the key to prevention lies in establishing risk evaluation and operation. Fully implement and improve the supervision and management system of major hazard sources, with scientific theory as the guidance and advanced management concept as the support, the construction industry should establish a risk assessment mechanism on the construction site, correctly assess all kinds of safety risks on the construction site, enhance the scientificity of safety production management and improve the ability to control accidents. However, some enterprises, even the general contracting enterprises with higher qualification level in the construction industry, have not put the risk assessment of major hazard sources on the important agenda. According to the general principles of risk management, the risk management of construction site can follow the general rules of risk management. According to the specific characteristics of engineering projects, the construction safety risk evaluation mechanism and its application are established to provide correct decision-making basis for risk management of construction site. In this way, accidents can be effectively prevented and avoided, and the cost of risk management of production safety can be reduced through scientific management. Construction safety risk assessment and application procedures are shown in the following figure:
Second, the identification of major hazards on the construction site and pre-control measures
Article 26 of the Regulations on the Administration of Work Safety in Construction Projects stipulates that special construction plans should be prepared for foundation pit support and dewatering projects, formwork projects, lifting and hoisting projects, scaffolding projects, and demolition and blasting projects, with safety checking results attached, which will be implemented after being signed by the technical director and chief supervision engineer of the construction unit, and supervised by full-time safety production management personnel on site. According to the risk management theory, the risk quantity (S) is related to the possibility of accidents (L), the frequent procedures of people exposed to dangerous environment (E) and the consequences of accidents (C), that is, S = LEC. According to the amount of risk, risks are divided into five grades, with S below 20 as negligible risk, S below 20 ~ 70 as allowable risk, S at 70 ~160 as moderate risk,160 ~ 320 as significant risk, and above 320 as unacceptable risk.
In the process of safety management, the pre-control measures for these unacceptable risks should include completely eliminating unacceptable risks as far as possible (that is, work with a risk of more than 320), or starting work only when the risk is reduced. For construction enterprises, it is unrealistic to completely eliminate unacceptable risks as far as possible, because every work item must be completed. Therefore, it is the only feasible pre-control measure to allocate a lot of resources to reduce or eliminate major dangers. The Regulations on the Administration of Safety in Production of Construction Projects stipulates that the preparation, examination and approval of special construction schemes, special acceptance and special personnel management should be highlighted in these aspects of safety management. These are all concrete manifestations of allocating Dali resources to reduce risks for major hazard sources. Only when these pre-control measures are realized can major hazard sources be effectively controlled, instead of adopting an aimless formalistic scheme prepared to cope with inspections.
Three, the construction site general hazard identification and control counter measures
Article 28 of the Regulations on the Administration of Work Safety in Construction Projects stipulates: "The construction unit shall set up obvious safety warning signs at the entrance of the construction site, construction hoisting machinery, temporary electricity facilities, scaffolding, access openings, stairs, elevator wellheads, hole openings, tunnel openings, foundation pit edges, explosives, storage of harmful and dangerous gases and liquids and other dangerous parts."
According to the specific situation, take different preventive measures. For example, the temporary electricity consumption should be replaced by "safe voltage below 36V" in humid environment; Use "warning signs" to indicate the existence of dangerous sources in places where there is a danger of falling from a height, such as scaffolding; The "storage of dangerous substances" is monitored by a reliable monitoring system to support the normal operation of the system. In short, for general hazard sources, the formulation of preventive measures should consider both the effectiveness of preventive measures and the best cost measures to reduce risks. General hazards and major hazards can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. Maintaining the normal operation of the system, eliminating the transformation factors and correctly evaluating them are the basic work to determine their essence. Otherwise, it is common in real life to treat major hazards as general hazards and cause major accidents.
Four, the establishment of the construction site hazard assessment of the role and significance of site management.
The construction industry has been listed as a high-risk production enterprise by the Law on Safe Production, and the state has grasped the market access from the source by reviewing its safe production conditions. However, the reality is that in the process of issuing "safety production licenses", construction enterprises are rarely eliminated by law because of their own lack of basic systems. This also reflects the great disconnect between enterprise system management and site management from one side. On the one hand, the relevant systems formulated by relevant enterprises can meet the basic requirements of laws and regulations, on the other hand, the safety situation of the construction site is far from the requirements of standards and norms. Therefore, the establishment of hazard assessment on construction site has a more direct guiding role in site management.
The purpose of establishing a hazard assessment mechanism is to familiarize a large number of construction workers engaged in site management with its function and significance, so that it can help construction workers understand the true meaning of hazard more intuitively, deepen their understanding of the degree of danger from the ideological level, and improve their self-protection ability. At present, front-line personnel in the construction site, even those who know the requirements of the mandatory standards for safety production, often understand the mandatory requirements mentioned in the specifications and standards as a kind of "asking me to do it" because they don't understand the scientific theories and lessons behind these mandatory requirements. From "asking me to do it" to "I want to do it", we should combine the general management mode of "compulsory and didactic" with the more "humanized and standardized" education supervision and management mode, that is, through the establishment and application of the hazard assessment mechanism on the construction site, all the hazards in this project will be publicized, and every dangerous part will be marked with intuitive and clear warning signs, indicating "danger level, dangerous consequences, and so on" Therefore, on the basis of the existing construction site management, it is suggested to add a "major hazard source card on the construction site" to clearly indicate the existence of dangers in various parts of the construction site, so as to warn people and improve the self-protection awareness and safety production management level of construction personnel.