Of the five provinces, only Shangshu, Menxia and Minshi are the real central authorities (ministers are in charge of books and classics, and their positions are relatively light; The chamberlain served the palace and entrusted a eunuch to manage it.
Each of the three provinces has a clear division of labor. ?
Internal history province (later changed to Zhongshu province)
Zhongshu province, signed by ancient officials. Wei began to set up an organization responsible for confidential information and issuing government decrees. Along the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it became the national government center. The Sui Dynasty was changed to "a province with internal history".
Zhongshu Province holds the executive power, and together with the Privy Council in charge of military power, it is called the "second government". In the Yuan Dynasty, officials were in charge of the provincial government, while the Privy Council and Yushitai were in charge of the government, army and prison.
The province under the door and the province of Shangshu have been abolished, so the province of Zhongshu is more important than the previous generation. Part of local administration is also controlled by Zhongshu Province. It was used in the early Ming Dynasty, and in the thirteenth year of Hongwu, the book was abolished in the province, and the emperor directly commanded six departments.
Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty set up a cabinet, and confidential positions began to belong to the "cabinet". Responsible for drafting imperial edicts. ?
Menxia province
"Door province" is the name of the official department. The Eastern Han Dynasty set up an auxiliary, ranking 2,000 stones, belonging to a small government. The official position is beside the emperor, praising and guiding public affairs, and the consultant responds. When the emperor went out, the attendants also attended.
Menxia province used to be the emperor's attendant institution, and its power gradually expanded in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Northern Dynasty became the center of gravity of the central government. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was in charge of the same department as Zhongshu Province, and was responsible for reviewing imperial edicts, signing and memorializing, and had the right to criticize.
Its officials are called "Shi Zhong", "Yan Na" and "Huang Men Jian", all of which change from time to time. Under them, there are assistant ministers of the Yellow Gate, assistant ministers of the Buzheng, regular attendants of the scattered riders, admonishing doctors and living lang. The bureaucracy of Shangshu Province. Named after the Southern Song Dynasty, it was originally named "Shangshutai".
It developed from Shangshu, the secretary of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the highest central government decree institution since Wei, Jin and Song Dynasties and one of the highest authorities of the central government. The organizational system of Shangshu Province was finalized in the Sui Dynasty.
Take the system of the Tang dynasty as an example: there are six departments, including the official department, the ritual department, the military department, the criminal department, the civil service department and the industrial department, and there are 24 departments under the jurisdiction of the official department and the Lord. The six ministers are all named after their departments, and Langguan is named after their departments.
Responsible for carrying out the imperial edict. [Edit this paragraph] Yan Na, Neishi and Shangshu were the governors of six provinces, equivalent to the prime ministers of Qin and Han Dynasties. Shangshu Province is the highest administrative organ of the country.
It is composed of six departments, namely, officials, ceremonies, soldiers, officials (later changed to households), officials (later changed to punishments) and workers, to handle various affairs with temples and Taiwan Province respectively. Each department has a minister as the highest official, who is responsible for the government affairs of the department.
Civil office Committee
China ancient government office. The official department is in charge of the appointment, removal, examination, promotion and transfer of state officials. It is divided into four departments: the department of literary selection, the department of printing inspection, the department of receiving honors and the department of examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The director is a doctor and the deputy director is the foreign minister. His subordinate officials include the principal, your history, book history and so on. The official selection department is responsible for reviewing the ranks of civil servants, and listing, rewarding, selecting, promoting and handling monthly elections.
The seal inspection department is in charge of titles, official positions, favors, difficulties, invitations and donations. Ji Xun was in charge of the civil service, and finally supported it, dealing with the inheritance, naturalization, renaming and surnames of officials.
The examination department is responsible for the division and discussion of civil servants, handling inspections and major plans in Beijing. Du Zhi (Hubu)
China's feudal tax department.
Signed by ancient officials in China, it is one of the six departments in charge of household registration finance, and its chief is the Minister of Household Affairs, who was once called a local official, a big Stuart, a financial planner and a big sinong.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Ministry of Housing was in charge of national territory, land, household registration, taxation, salaries and all financial affairs. Its internal management of government affairs is based on regional division of labor. In addition to being in charge of money and grain in this province, all departments are also in charge of some common affairs of other yamen, and their responsibilities overlap. ?
Board of Rites
China ancient government office. Northern and Southern Dynasties and Northern Zhou Dynasty. Sui and Tang Dynasties is one of the six. Generations have lived together. Sir, it's the minister of rites. Test yourself, Jia, Jun, Bin and Fierce Five Rites; Manage state school affairs, imperial examinations and vassal contacts with foreign countries.
There are four departments under the Ritual Department, which are in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Ritual Litigation Department, Ritual Department, Military Ceremony and Management Department, and Imperial Examination Department; Sacrifice lawsuits in the temple, in charge of auspicious ceremonies and fierce ceremonies; Preside over the cleaning work of the guest service department, be responsible for the guest service ceremony and receive foreign guests; Food cleaning department, in charge of banquets and prison affairs. ?
War Committee
Official signature. The Sui Dynasty began to set up one of the six departments, which was responsible for selecting officers and military records, ordnance and military orders. Originated from the system of Wei and Five Soldiers in the Three Kingdoms. Cao Wei began with the ministers of the five armies (Chinese, foreign, riding, parting and capital), and Cao Cao, who participated in military affairs. Every Cao Shilang.
Sui was incorporated into the Ministry of War, with Shangshu as the main official and Assistant Minister as the second official. Until the end of the Qing dynasty, successive dynasties came one after another, but their powers were different. The Ministry of War in Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties ignored military affairs.
The title of Shang Shu of the Ministry of War in the Ming Dynasty was "Benbing", which was the most powerful. All the military officers and men in Wuwei are elected, and the awards are concise. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1906), the Ministry of War was abolished and established. ?
Superintendent (Ministry of Punishment)
China ancient government office. Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty established a six-department system. At the beginning of the Northern Qi Dynasty, a capital official was established, and the chief official was Shangshu. The second official, Yang Lan, was appointed assistant minister. All descendants were sentenced to legal imprisonment by the Ministry of Punishment, and were juxtaposed with Dali Temple in the nature of the Supreme Court.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Ministry of Punishment, as the institution in charge of the national penalty laws and regulations and the trial of criminals, was responsible for the final review and review of major cases together with the inspector group and Dali Temple, which was a "three legal systems".
The specific duties of the Ministry of Punishment are: to examine various laws, to examine cases of criminals' names sent to it from all over the country, to try "pending" death penalty cases with Jiuqing, and to directly try pending criminal cases in Gyeonggi area. ?
Ministry of Industry in Feudal Period of China
The Ministry of Industry, signed by the central officials of feudal China, is the institution in charge of construction projects and one of the six departments. Its head is the Minister of Industry, who was once called Dong Guan and Da Sikong.
The Ministry of Industry originated from the winter official in the official system of Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Han Chengdi arranged five ministers, and the third was Cao Min. In the later Han Dynasty, people and Cao were in charge of repairs, engineering, salt ponds and gardens. After the Western Jin Dynasty, Cao Cao set up fields to fill the sea, and another department was in charge of the project, and the Ministry of Water was in charge of navigation and water conservancy.
According to Zhou Guan in the latter Zhou Dynasty, Dong Guan was appointed, and the chief was a general. In the second year of Sui Dynasty, Huang Kai established the Ministry of Industry, which was in charge of various projects, craftsmen, reclamation and water conservancy.
At the beginning, six films were called Liu Cao, that is, six films. The length of the six books is Shangshu. The establishment of the six ministries became the fixed system of the central political power of later feudal countries.
Courtyard refers to a palace surrounded by walls. Sui Du Bao's Miscellaneous Notes on the Great Cause: "In the summer and May of the first year, I repaired Xiyuan for 200 miles a week. Sixteen yards were built inside. " Courtyard, as the name of the official office, began in the Tang Dynasty. Yushitai has jurisdiction over three hospitals: Taiyuan, Dianyuan and Tea Garden.
Zhongshu Province belongs to Jixian Temple Academy and is responsible for publishing classics. The Hanlin Academy is a place for various literary artists (including Ci, Confucian classics, Buddhism and Taoism, divination, calligraphy, games, etc.). ) at any time by the emperor summoned to discuss.
In the twenty-sixth year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, he did not buy a bachelor's college, but specialized in drafting confidential imperial edicts. Choose one of the Hanlin bachelor's students as "Imperial College" and call it "Dean". Yuan Wailang, Yu Shi, Shi Yi and Bu Kuan also called each other Dean.
After the mid-Tang Dynasty, he was appointed as the envoy of the north and south courtyards of Xuanhui, and a special eunuch was in charge of court affairs. In the Five Dynasties, the court was established, and later Tang was renamed the Privy Council.
In the Song Dynasty, the number of institutions called academies increased, including Privy Council, Li Hui Academy, Hanlin Academy, and Jian Yuan. The smaller ones are the Auditorium, Deng Wen Supervision Academy, Deng Wen Drum Tower Academy, Grain Academy, Audit Academy and Guangao Academy, collectively known as the Sixth Academy of Southern Song Dynasty.
Others include the National History Recording Academy (sometimes juxtaposed with the National History Recording Academy), Imperial Medical College, and Painting Academy.
In the Liao Dynasty, apart from setting up the Privy Council and the Missionary Court along the Song Dynasty, the northern officials also included the North and South Royal Courts (in charge of tribal military and civilian politics), the Bi Court (in charge of criminal prisons) and the Dalinya Court (in charge).
Three classes (left, right and delivery classes), Fu Cha Courtyard (in charge of the services of criminals' families), Prince Courtyard (in charge of the accounts of the prince) and all palaces are equipped (in charge of the Khitan and Han Palace), and southern officials have the Prince Guest House;
Prince Zhan Hospital, Zhongshu Scheeren Hospital, Live Scheeren Hospital, General Scheeren Hospital, Wyeth Hospital, Howe Hospital, Hangong Deployment Hospital and Wujing Governor Hospital.
There were more than a dozen institutions in the Jin Dynasty: Privy Council, Hanlin Bachelor's College, Examiner's College, Suggestion College, Drum Tower College, Procuratorate College, Memorial College, National History College, Jixian College, Yizheng College, Xuanhui College, Tai Hospital, Zhan's College and so on.
The Yuan Dynasty had the largest number of institutions and important positions, and its officials were all first-class or second-class, higher than the six departments, halls and prisons.
The names of the academies are: Privy Council, Hanlin and National History Academy, Mongolian Hanlin Academy, Jixian Academy, Zheng Xuan Academy, Xuanhui Academy, Daxi Zonggeng Academy, Taichang Etiquette Academy, Dianrui Academy, Taishi Academy, Taiyuan, Kuizhangge Bachelor College, Jiangchang Academy, Zheng Tong Academy, Zhongzheng Academy and Chuzheng Academy.
In the Ming Dynasty, the number of institutions called hospitals was greatly reduced, and there were only three central departments: Ducha Hospital, Hanlin Hospital and Taiyuan Hospital. In order to keep the Qing Dynasty in line with the Ming Dynasty, a foreign court was set up to take charge of Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan affairs and negotiations with Russia.
In the early Qing Dynasty, there were three internal courts: the internal historical court, the internal secretariat court and the internal Hong Wen court, which were later changed to the Cabinet. The Ministry of Internal Affairs belongs to Shang Xun Academy and Armed Forces Academy, and is called the Third Academy together with Feng Yuanyuan. The provincial government office is called "College".
In the new official system in the late Qing Dynasty, the institutions named after the academies were Senior Advisory Academy, Bede Academy, Salt Administration Academy, Ritual Academy, Dali Academy and so on.
Under the same organization, it is divided into several departments or parts, with the names of Ministry, Cao, Division and so on. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the whole country was divided into thirteen prison areas. Each district is headed by the central government, called the secretariat, and the area under its control is called the secretariat department.
Each department is named after the state, so the department is also called the state, such as Jizhou and Qingzhou. Within the county, there are two, four or five departments, and each department has you, supervised by Du You on behalf of the prefect.
Commanders and county orders in charge of county military affairs are often classified as cadres, such as East Commanders, West Commanders and North Commanders. For example, Cao Cao once served as the northern commander of Luoyang. In the army, there are five general barracks, each with a captain.
There is also a saying that the county government department is a department. For example, in the ancient poem "For Jiao Zhongqing's Wife", there is a saying that "the department will be returned to Bai Fujun", and the "department" here refers to the county government. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, there were branches under the Ministry, such as the six departments of Hook and Shield Department, namely, Bieling Daxie, Shanglin, Wandering Soul, Firewood, Pond Shed and First Borrow.
There are planning department, civil service department, ritual department, music department, military department and driving department under six departments in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. From the Sui Dynasty, Cao Du, which belongs to Shangshu Province, changed its name to the Ministry, which became the name of the main departments of the central government, namely, the six departments of officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, punishments and workers, which were used until the Qing Dynasty.
At the end of Qing Dynasty, we reformed the official system, set up a responsible cabinet, set up branches, and set up ten ministries and commissions, including the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In the Han Dynasty, most branches from the central government to local governments were called Cao. For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were Cao, Cao Dong, Hu Cao, Zou Cao, Ci Cao and Fa Gui. ; There are Chang,,, Cao and so on in Shangshutai. ; In counties, Cao is a bit like a government Cao.
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the history of Shang and Yushitai in Shangshu Province and the military government that joined the army were also divided into Cao. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the subordinate institutions of Shangshu Province were renamed ministries and commissions, and the government was not subordinate. Yushitai was divided into three hospitals;
Cao's offices mainly include the central imperial army, the governor's office, the governor's office and the state. Cao's men are called military attache. After Liao and Jin Dynasties, there were fewer and fewer organizations called Cao. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Cao Department was a general term for departmental officials.
Department, which means in charge, was often used to express official positions before Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Si Tuleideng, Sima, Sikong and Sikou. The Tang Dynasty began as the name of the subordinate institution of Shangshu Province.
Each department has four divisions, the first division (with the same name as the Ministry) is the general division, and the rest are divisions. For example, the head of the official department is called the official department, and the sub-department is the department, the secret and the examination.
Extended data:
Central official position
summary
The State of Qin set up a central organization consisting of the Prime Minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, the imperial envoy is the deputy prime minister, and the minister in charge memorials, issues imperial edicts and is responsible for supervising officials.
Generally speaking, the Han dynasty followed the Qin system, known as the three fairs, with nine ministers in charge of all aspects of government affairs. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Shangshu Province was the first province with real power, followed by Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province. The Sui Dynasty evolved and established a system of three provinces and six departments.
The three provinces are Zhongshu province (decision-making), Menxia province (deliberation) and Shangshu province (execution). The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers with decentralized power. In the Song Dynasty, the authority of Zhongshu Province was expanded, and the civil and military powers were divided with the Privy Council, and Xiamen and Shangshu Province were abolished.
Later, political advisers, Tang envoys and third secretaries were added to exercise administrative power, military power and financial power respectively. Although the cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was only a back-office organization that advised the emperor, it was actually the highest government organization. Cabinet ministers are called assistant ministers, and chief ministers are called first assistants (equivalent to former prime ministers).
In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi set up the south study room, which formed a tripartite confrontation between the Qing cabinet and the main book meeting. Yong Zhengdi set up a military department, with the prince, university students, ministers, assistant ministers and Jingtang as military affairs ministers, who held the power of the government.
Six Departments (of the Central Government of Feudal China)
Appointment, removal, assessment and promotion of officials in charge of the official department;
The Ministry is responsible for land registration, taxation and finance;
Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, sacrifices and other things;
Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs;
The penal department, in charge of judicial prisons;
The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other matters. "
The minister is a minister and the deputy minister is an assistant minister. There are practitioners, deputy foreign ministers and subordinate officials in charge.
temple
The temple is the official office. Jiu Si is Jiuqing's official position. In the Han Dynasty, Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu were called the Nine-Temple Qing Dynasty. There have been slight changes in the past dynasties, all due to the Qing Dynasty.
(1) Guanglu Temple: in charge of court guards and attendants, catering tents after the Northern Qi Dynasty and catering after the Tang Dynasty.
(2) Taibu Temple: The matter of herding horses began in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was incorporated into the Ministry of War when Guangxu reformed the official system.
(3) Taichang Temple: Qin Feng is too common, Han Dynasty is too common, and ancestral temple etiquette is in charge. Taichang Temple only existed in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.
(4) Zong Zheng Temple: the ancestral home in Ming and Qing Dynasties, in charge of the clan affairs of the Emperor.
(5) Dali Temple: in charge of the trial of criminal prison cases, Tingwei in Qin and Han Dynasties, Dali Temple in Northern Qi Dynasty and Dali Courtyard in Qing Dynasty.
(6) Weiwei Temple: the head guards stationed troops, and the Beiqi changed to Weiwei Temple, and the Sui Dynasty changed ceremonial weapons and tents, and abandoned them in the open, with clear ceremonies and guards.
(7) crack hon temple: Qin Yue temple guest, Han crack hon temple, palm praise guide ceremony. Hong, sound, biography, praise and guidance, so it is called Honghong. To the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called Split Temple, which was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.
(8) Shaofu Temple: in charge of Shanze affairs, then in charge of the treasures of clothes in the palace, and changed to a prison in the Sui Dynasty, which was abolished in the Ming Dynasty.
(9) Taifu Hall: that is, the big sinong in charge of money, money and silk.
In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi edited The History of Hanlin.
Local officials
summary
The main administrative areas in Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. Chief, Qin said chief, Korea said satrap. The main administrative area of Sui and Tang Dynasties was Zhou, which was called the secretariat by state officials, and its subordinate officials were Chang Shi and Sima.
In the Tang dynasty, in some important military towns, our officials were appointed, including marching horses, staff officers and secretaries. In Song Dynasty, state officials were called breg and county officials were called breg. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.
In addition, there were also counties in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen counties, all of which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, calling it a secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, also called prison areas. The central government sent officials to inspect them. These officials were called ambassadors.
In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, and several departments were responsible for all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called the book province in China, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Chengxuan Bureaucracy Department, and it is still called "province" in custom.
Appointment, removal and promotion
After the emergence of the system of "three provinces and six departments", the promotion, appointment and removal of officials are all in charge of the official department. The appointment, removal and promotion of official positions generally use the following words:
(1) Bye. Grant a certain official position or a position with certain etiquette.
(2) in addition. Worship an official, hold a post, or be promoted to an official position, such as "giving the right prime minister and a Tang envoy" ("except" in the sentence of "Southern Lu Biography (Postscript)" means giving an official position. And "Zuo Shi" means demotion.
(3) moving. Official transfer includes promotion, demotion and lateral transfer.
(4) Chen. Demote officials or transfer them to remote areas.
(5) "Hu" and "strike, exemption and seizure" are both dismissed from office.
(6) go. There are three kinds of dismissal: resignation, transfer and dismissal. Resignation and transfer belong to the general situation and official position adjustment, and dismissal is a demotion to people.
(7) begging for bones. Ask for resignation and retirement when you are old.
(8) promotion: official promotion, promotion without official position.
(9) Rudder: promotion. Refers to the promotion and appointment of officials.
Job profile
The title of title is the title of title and title, which was awarded by the ancient emperor to nobles and nobles.
The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the one who arranges state affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called, often called Prime Minister, referred to as "Xiang".
Generally speaking, there is only one prime minister, commonly known as the great prime minister, and sometimes there are two prime ministers. The right prime minister is in charge of state affairs and the left prime minister is the "personal adviser" of the emperor. There is no need to manage state affairs.
Taishi refers to an official position, also known as Taizai.
Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were called "three publics" in ancient times, and most of them were high-ranking officials, indicating that they cherished their trust and had no real duties.
Prince Taishi Prince Taishi belongs to the "East Palace Third Division" and is a nominal prince teacher. Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao are the "three divisions of the Eastern Palace", while Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao are called "three orphans" and gradually become empty names.
Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the memorial. There were six departments in the Sui Dynasty, and six departments in the Tang Dynasty were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers. Shangshu and Assistant Minister were the main officials and adjutants.
Bachelor's degree was the official position in charge of etiquette department and editing in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to Hanlin as a bachelor, became the emperor's secretary and adviser, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase".
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although they were also academicians of Hanlin, such as serving orders, reading, giving lectures, editing and editing, Jishi Shu, their status and responsibilities were different from those of Hanlin in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty in Shang Qing, both the emperor and the vassal had Qing, which was divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower, and the most distinguished one was called "Shang Qing".
General is the highest title of general in pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The position of general was established during the Ming and Qing wars and abolished after the war.
Participating in politics, also known as "participating in politics", was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was also called "re-knowing" with Zhang and Tang's deputy envoys.
The military department, namely the military affairs ministers, was an administrative organization established by Yong Zhengdi in the Qing Dynasty to assist the emperor. There is no fixed number of incumbents, usually princes, university students, ministers, assistant ministers or Beijing Hall, and they are called military ministers.
Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers".
The censor was originally a historian. After Qin Dynasty, he was appointed as the censor, ranking second only to the prime minister, in charge of impeachment and picketing officials' faults.
The head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of envoys in the Tang Dynasty is equivalent to that of prime ministers. Military ministers in the Qing Dynasty are usually called "Tang secretaries".
The official name of Chu State in the Warring States Period on the left is comparable to that of later generations. The main duty is to advise the emperor and recommend talents.
Official titles in autumn before yuan dynasty. He was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. The highest military attache in Song Dynasty.
The official names of doctors in the pre-Qin period were lower than those in the Qing Dynasty.
Doctors refer to different contents in different dynasties, and sometimes they can refer to important positions in central organs.
Scholar-officials used to refer to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status.
Taishigong was a senior official in the Western Zhou Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and also in charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices and other things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Taishi Order was set up, and the scope of responsibilities gradually narrowed and the status gradually decreased.
In the Qin dynasty, he was a prime minister, and in the Han dynasty, he was a general officer and a staff member.
The assistant minister is a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the assistant minister was the deputy minister of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu).
The assistant was originally one of the officials outside the official position. Because the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds the assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister.
Langzhong was a court bodyguard in the Warring States period. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official and assistant minister below Shangshu, in charge of various departments' affairs.
The abbreviation of "staff military affairs" who joined the army was originally the military staff of the Prime Minister. After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually declined and he became the staff of kings and generals. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, he gradually became a local official.
During the Warring States Period, Ling Yin, the county chief in charge of military and political power in Chu, was equivalent to the prime minister. Ming and Qing dynasties refer to county orders.
The governor pointed out where Beijing officials had gone in the early days. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became the local governor of a province, in charge of military affairs, official administration, prisons and other affairs of a province, and his position was slightly lower than that of the governor, so he was nicknamed "Fu Yuan", "Fu Tai" and "Fu Jun".
In the Han dynasty, the captain was second only to the general.
A magistrate is a "satrap", also known as a "magistrate".
The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate".
Li Zheng is an ancient township official, that is, a mile long.
Xu Li's tolerance in village management.
The captain is the military attache after the general. Chen She Family: "Chen She is a general and Guangwu is a captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has gone out, and Wang Xiang asked Chen Ping to call him."
Tong Qing, another name of Taipusi Qing, was in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. In the epitaphs of the five tombs, Mok Ng said, "Even a wise man is careful, he will gain something, and celebrate together as Wu Gong" and "for it".
Different dynasties of Sima refer to different official positions. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Sajima, Cao Yue."
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was the prefect (secretariat) official of the state and county, such as Pipaxing: "Yuan and ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of counties.
Our general manager in charge of the military and political affairs of several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally located in the border States; Later, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it a "buffer zone." The fourth time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "Yucun wrote two letters in a hurry, together with Jia Zheng and our ambassador to Beijing, Wang Ziteng."
Policies are also called "policies" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi.
When there were important military tasks in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they specialized in running, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, in Meihualing, "Running to Hong Chengchou has something to do with the past". After the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou ran to seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.
The secretariat was originally the official name of the governor. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became the highest military and political chief of the county, sometimes called the satrap. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.
The coach was an officer who trained martial arts in the Song Dynasty. Lin Chong in Water Margin is the head coach of the 800,000 imperial army in Beijing.
Manage the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs. For example, Lu Tiha governs Lu Shenzhi in Water Margin.
Family members engaged in the appointment of central or local governors are also called "employees". Battle of Red Cliffs: "Jing's prestige is still worthy of Cao's appointment."
The three provinces and six provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally speaking, the book is responsible for decision-making, the provincial government is responsible for deliberation, and the minister is responsible for implementation. The leaders of these three provinces are all prime ministers.
The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Order, and there are positions such as Zhongshu Assistant Minister and Zhongshu Sheren. The commander-in-chief under the door is Shi Zhong, and there are assistant ministers and Zhong Qing under the door. The governor of Shangshu Province is an official of Shangshu, with officials such as left and right servants.
There are six departments in Shangshu Province: the official department (in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, equivalent to the current organization department) and the household department (in charge of land registration, taxation, finance and so on. ), and does (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc. );
Ministry of War (in charge of military affairs, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), Ministry of Punishment (in charge of judicial prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice) and Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy, etc. ).
Ministers are called ministers, assistant ministers with deputy titles, and doctors, foreign ministers, principals and other officials. The six-part system was implemented from Sui and Tang Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-ancient official positions