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housing policy
housing policy
In view of the increasingly prominent contradiction between people and land in China, the unified real estate tax rate should adopt a progressive system, and the key is to determine the adjustment coefficient of tax rate and floor area ratio. In the specific policy design, we can follow the following steps: first, we should make clear the reasonable standard of basic living area; Second, determine the benchmark tax rate; Third, determine a reasonable basic floor area ratio standard; Fourth, determine the floor area ratio adjustment coefficient.
● Housing consumption is always closely linked with social credit, especially consumer credit. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a standardized policy-based housing finance system. First of all, actively promote the transformation of housing provident fund into policy-oriented housing finance; Secondly, relevant commercial banks can be allowed to carry out policy-oriented housing finance business through bidding.
Low-rent housing is a way to solve the housing problem of low-income people through "renting". It does not have the function of preserving and increasing value, and is more suitable for China's national conditions. Therefore, we must further strengthen and standardize the construction of low-rent housing system, and mainly do the following work: First, increase supply; Secondly, it is necessary to improve relevant systems; The third is to improve the operation mechanism and management system; The fourth is to ensure the supply of funds.
The government has the responsibility to maintain the stability of the housing market. The government should regulate the real estate market through continuous monetary policy. In addition to the conventional interest rate policy, aggregate policy and financial supervision, policy tools should also maintain the transparency, continuity and clarity of monetary policy information, stabilize social psychological expectations, and cut off the chain of "price rise-expected price rise-price rise again". At the same time, the government should maintain the stability of low-rent housing policy and housing finance policy to ensure that low-income families will not be affected by the regulation of the real estate market, and middle-income families will be less affected.
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housing policy
housing policy
At present, the housing problems with strong social repercussions are mainly concentrated in the following aspects.
Commercial housing is in short supply. Compared with the structural problems of the market, the contradiction of insufficient total supply is the main contradiction facing the current real estate market. Since 2004, the growth rate of total land supply and total housing supply in China has shown a downward trend. However, the urbanization process continues to advance rapidly, and the shortage of commercial housing market is further aggravated by the new urban population demand, people who need to improve the original housing conditions, people who need passive demolition due to urban construction, people who are waiting for new jobs to get married, and people who invest in buying houses.
The price of commercial housing has risen too fast, especially in large and medium-sized cities. In May, June and July, 2007, the sales price of new commercial housing in 70 large and medium-sized cities in China increased by 6.6%, 7.4% and 8. 1% respectively, and reached 1 10.5% in June. The rapid rise in housing prices has become a hot issue of concern to all parties.
The housing security mechanism was once imperfect and the measures were not in place. The basic principle of China's housing system reform is to implement different housing supply policies for families with different incomes and provide different ways to solve housing problems for families with different incomes. However, for a long time, we have overemphasized the regulating role of the market in housing supply and neglected the housing security role of low-income families in some cities. At present, 94% of newly-built houses in China are commercial houses, and only 6% are "affordable housing". Low-rent housing system is relatively backward because of different financial resources, especially in the western region. Until this year, the state has introduced more specific policy support measures. At the same time, the system of affordable housing is not perfect and the policies and measures are not matched.
The macro-control of the real estate market has not yet reached the expected goal. In May 2005, the state issued two "National Eight Articles" to carry out macro-control on the real estate market, and in May 2006, the state issued "National Six Articles" to further carry out macro-control on the real estate market. The introduction of the above control measures has played a certain role in the sustained and healthy development of the real estate market. However, due to the ineffective implementation and inconvenient operation of some policies, house prices have generally risen, and people have doubts about the effectiveness of some macro-control policies and measures. Objectively speaking, despite repeated regulation, the contradictions and problems existing in housing construction and management have not been fundamentally solved, and the regulation has not yet reached the expected goal.
The order of the housing market is quite chaotic. False advertising, pre-sale supervision and demolition fund supervision are still not in place; There are still a large number of unauthorized modifications to the approved planning and design drawings; The problem of developers evading development costs has not been effectively curbed.
Cause analysis of folding and editing this paragraph
housing policy
housing policy
The confused understanding of real estate policy and housing policy leads to the long-term lack of housing policy.
For a long time, China has replaced the housing policy with the real estate policy, without fully recognizing the particularity of housing and housing problems, and unilaterally emphasizing the adjustment of demand and the solution of housing problems through the real estate market.
From the perspective of policy attributes, real estate policy is an economic policy, which in the final analysis mainly focuses on market efficiency; Housing policy should include social public policy, pay more attention to social equity and residents' basic housing demands, and the problem it wants to solve is how to let residents with different income conditions live in a house. Housing is a necessity, and having housing service is everyone's basic right. Even the lowest-income families need housing consumption, which is the biggest difference between housing and general consumer goods. At the same time, under the condition of market economy, housing has the property of commodity and is an asset that every resident wants to own. Therefore, when studying and formulating housing policies, the Government must consider the dual needs of the public for housing. The experience of most countries proves that housing supply depends on both market means and a large number of public policies. However, China confuses these two seemingly similar but essentially different concepts, ignores the most basic housing needs of ordinary people, and the responsibility for housing security is absent or not in place.
Too much emphasis on the economic development function of housing, ignoring the security function of housing.
Due to historical reasons and economic development, the housing system reform in China has assumed the function of stimulating economic growth to a certain extent from the beginning of its implementation. "Real estate is the pillar industry of the national economy", which has been pushed to the extreme by local governments and evolved into a deformity.
Growth pattern. Local governments are keen on leasing land, including requisitioning agricultural land for large-scale real estate development and construction. Rely on real estate investment to promote local economic development, and directly fill local finance through land income and real estate taxes and fees. Paying too much attention to the contribution of real estate to "managing cities" is an important magic weapon for investment growth and fiscal revenue increase. Under the impulse of economic growth, some city governments ignore the security function of housing.
housing policy
housing policy
One-sided emphasis on regulating supply and neglecting regulating demand has led to poor macro-control effect in the real estate market.
Considering the problems of limited resources, environmental carrying capacity and sustainable development, the macro-control of the real estate market since 2005 has mainly focused on regulating supply. It is proposed that "houses within 90 square meters should account for 70%". It is undoubtedly correct to regard this as a strategic task of housing construction mode and housing consumption mode in line with China's national conditions, but the implementation effect is not ideal. The reason is that the development cycle of housing construction is generally about two years (some because the demolition problem takes longer), which makes the effect lag behind and lacks a unified understanding of small and medium-sized units. Developers are worried to varying degrees that the backlog of funds after the slow sales of small and medium-sized commercial houses, especially small-sized commercial houses, will affect the effective acquisition of land in the next step. According to the statistics of 40 key cities, by the first half of 2007, in the supply of commercial housing approved for pre-sale, although the proportion of housing area with a construction area of less than 90 square meters increased month by month, it was less than 25%, and the proportion in Xing Tao was less than 40%. The average area of newly-built commercial housing units is 107.8 square meters, and the main units are 100- 130 square meters/unit.
Another important reason for the poor macro-control of the real estate market is the neglect of economic regulation from the demand side. From the demand side, first, the appreciation of the renminbi, excess liquidity, a large number of funds flowing to the real estate market; Second, in the context of high CPI, investment funds have entered the property market, and the number of families with multiple houses has increased; Third, people's expectation of rising house prices has entered consumption in advance, and the mainstream of consumption is large-sized units; Fourth, the continuous improvement of the quality of central cities has attracted more overseas (including overseas) institutions and individuals to buy houses. Fifth, some financial institutions have not strictly implemented the relevant regulations on personal housing mortgage loans, which objectively supported the growth of housing consumption demand.
Excessive emphasis on the role of "invisible hand" and neglect of the role of "tangible hand" lead to the lack of housing security system.
In the process of implementing the housing commercialization policy in China, the supply structure of new houses is mainly provided by developers, and the housing supply structure of developers is determined according to the principle of maximizing current interests. Pushing the housing problem completely to the market, allowing the market to adjust and improve itself, overemphasizing the role of the "invisible hand" of the market and ignoring the role of the "tangible hand" of the government, led to the lack and long-term lag of the affordable housing system.
housing policy
housing policy
From abroad, we can find that countries often adopt different housing policies at different stages of economic and social development. In the early stage of economic development, due to the shortage of materials, weak economic foundation and limited technical force, it is difficult for private individuals to independently build and own their own property houses, and the proportion of public houses is often high; When the economy develops to a certain extent, especially when the middle class dominates the whole society, housing marketization and privatization have the conditions. At this time, the proportion of private housing is often high. But even so, the government has not forgotten to provide affordable housing for low-and middle-income people. However, at the present stage, when the economy has not fully developed and the social income distribution gap is wide, China once focused on the privatization of property rights, equating the marketization of housing with the privatization of housing property rights, and directly changing "home ownership" to "home ownership", which led to serious deviation in understanding. Therefore, it is a scientific judgment and profound grasp of China's current housing situation to put forward "living and living" instead of "living and living" in the report of the 17th National Congress.
There are defects in the land transfer system, which leads to a rapid rise in housing prices.
Under the current system, the assets (source) income generated by land and most of the taxes and fees are basically owned by local governments. In addition, China implements the policy of "eating by kitchen". In the case of insufficient fiscal revenue, local governments only use land transfer to raise local construction funds, and land revenue has become a typical "second finance" in some areas. According to the survey, in 2005, the total amount of land transfer fees in China reached 550.5 billion yuan, accounting for more than10.3 of the local fiscal revenue in the same period. Moreover, China also generally follows the cadre assessment system with GDP growth rate as the standard. It also makes local governments support the continuous rise of land transfer fees under the impulse of political achievements. Moreover, the current land transfer system is to transfer the 70-year land use right to the developer at one time, and then the developer will pass on the cost to the buyers. Under the current land transfer system, the local government and developers have formed the same interest body intentionally or unintentionally, which has pushed up the land price and then pushed up the house price.
The orientation of the affordable housing system is vague, and the management and supervision are out of control, which leads to the inadequate implementation of the security policy.
First, the policy orientation of affordable housing is not clear. The beneficiaries of the old policy are low-income groups, and the new policy introduced in the third quarter of 2007 was adjusted to low-income groups; Second, the introduction of the new policy has pushed more middle-income or low-income wage earners to the market. No matter what occupation you are engaged in, it seems inappropriate to define the area standard uniformly; Third, with the increase of income, some people go beyond the provisions of the affordable housing policy and cannot quit.
Due to the fuzziness and instability of the policy, in practice, it is difficult for the relevant government administrative departments to effectively verify the actual income level of buyers, resulting in some middle-high or high-income groups also enjoying the policy of purchasing affordable housing. The actual beneficiaries of the affordable housing policy cannot be completely consistent with the original intention of the policy.
The imperfect development of the second-hand housing market has led to a serious imbalance in the development of the first-and second-class housing market in China.
A mature housing market consists of a primary market, a secondary market and a rental market. The transaction scale of the secondary market is usually much larger than that of the primary market. At present, more than 80% of the total annual housing transactions in developed countries are transactions in the secondary market, and the rental market is also developed accordingly. Even in the economically developed United States, the number of renters is higher. The existence of secondary market and rental market should satisfy people's housing demand to a great extent through the re-optimization of stock resources. At present, the housing market structure in China relies too much on the primary market. The 11th Five-Year Development Plan and Article 6 of the State put forward that "the secondary housing market and the housing rental market should be actively developed, and residents should be guided to improve their living conditions reasonably by purchasing and leasing". However, at present, our policy guidance on the second-hand housing market is not enough, and we lack relevant laws and regulations, especially the relevant economic policies for the development of the secondary market.
It can be seen that the outstanding contradictions and problems in China's housing field at present are the concentrated reflection of the stage characteristics of economic development, the process of housing reform and the level of market development, and are also closely related to the impact of the current macro-economy and even the global economy. In the medium and long term, these problems need to be solved gradually in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, perfecting the socialist market economic system and creating a harmonious society.
Fold and edit this paragraph suggestion.
housing policy
housing policy
Find out the family background and provide the basis for making housing policy. Since the first national urban housing census in 1985, China has not conducted a housing census for nearly 23 years. In the past 23 years, great changes have taken place in urban population, families and their housing conditions, as well as the quantity, quality and distribution of urban housing. After all, in our city, no one can say clearly how many houses each family has and how many people live in each room. Therefore, we should grasp the current household and its housing situation through the national urban housing census.
According to the survey data, China's economic development stage and urbanization process, combined with China's government's ability and future development, the development goal of China's housing policy is determined. There is an urgent need to formulate open and transparent short-term and medium-and long-term housing construction plans, especially public housing construction plans.
Improve policies and regulations to provide legal support for housing policies. As an important social policy, housing policy needs effective legal support. At present, there are no special public housing policies and regulations in China. Therefore, relevant laws and regulations should be promulgated as soon as possible to provide legal support for the implementation of housing policies. It is suggested that the "Regulations on Housing Security" should be given priority, stipulating the objects, standards, levels, sources of funds, the establishment of specialized management institutions, and penalties for violations of laws and regulations. And then when the time is further ripe, the legislative work of the Housing Law will be carried out. In the long run, the promulgation of a high-level housing law is not only an objective requirement of housing security, but also a subjective need for the sustained, stable and healthy development of the housing market.
In policies and regulations, it is necessary to clarify the housing policies of urban low-income families, people who want to improve their living conditions after participating in housing reform, newly employed people, and rural people who work in cities. In other words, policies and regulations should cover all kinds of groups with low income, middle income and high income. Especially in the national unified policy, it should be stipulated that the housing policies of various groups should be defined by the proportion of local housing prices and income.
housing policy
housing policy
Strengthen the implementation of housing security policy in China. As mentioned earlier, the housing problem of all classes in China cannot be solved by relying solely on the market mechanism. The government should guide and regulate the housing supply and demand policy, total quantity and structure, and solve the housing problem of low-and middle-income families while maintaining the healthy and sustainable development of the real estate market. Construction (real estate), development and reform, land, finance, finance, taxation and other departments at all levels should actively play corresponding roles in the implementation of the government's housing policy objectives, achieve consistent goals, cooperate with each other, form a joint force, and fully implement China's housing policies such as "having a place to live", "improving the low-rent housing system, and speeding up the solution to the housing difficulties of urban low-income families" in accordance with the requirements of the report of the 17th National Congress.
Adjust housing supply and demand by economic means. As mentioned above, another important reason for the ineffective macro-control of the real estate market is that it ignores the use of economic means to regulate from the demand side. Therefore, it is suggested to adjust the tax policy and implement differential tax rates. Impose high tax rates on large-sized houses and villas. Houses below 90 square meters can enjoy preferential tax policies, houses between 9 1- 120 square meters are subject to the current tax policy, and houses and villas above 12 1 square meter are levied at different tax rates.
Revise the economic policy of the housing rental market. At present, the property tax in China's real estate leasing market, whether housing, commercial housing or industrial buildings, is a unified tax rate policy. In addition, due to poor supervision, theft and tax evasion are everywhere. Therefore, we should formulate different property taxes on housing leasing and stipulate that non-owner-occupiers should pay taxes, so as to activate the housing leasing market and avoid tax evasion for various reasons.
Establish an online property rights registration system. Cities should establish a computer networking property right (use right) registration system according to the population of each household, and cooperate with the tax authorities. First, tax evasion can be avoided. Second, you can use computer network technology to verify that there are housing reform houses and commercial houses, and you are still applying for affordable housing or even low-rent housing.
Adjust the housing land supply policy. First, for cities with rapid financial growth and abnormally high housing prices in economically developed areas, we can explore the construction of specific commercial housing by paying land transfer fees by buyers in installments; The second is to control the parcel transfer area, develop and list within a time limit, and prevent hoarding of land and houses; Third, there must be planning control indicators before land transfer, and no breakthrough should be made during construction to prevent "black-box operation"; Fourth, after the implementation of the property law, all localities should try their best to transfer land by means of cultivated land transfer; Fifth, the land and construction departments should strictly implement relevant laws and regulations, and reclaim the land use right of undeveloped land due.
Continue to standardize the order of the real estate market. It is necessary to strengthen the supervision of the whole process of real estate development, strictly implement the capital system and the development project manual system, severely deal with unqualified development, violation of planning, false advertising, contract fraud and other acts, and focus on investigating and dealing with land hoarding, real estate hoarding, malicious speculation and other acts. It is necessary to improve the rules of real estate intermediary services, strengthen the management of brokerage institutions and personnel, and resolutely crack down on all kinds of acts that infringe on consumers' rights and interests.
In a word, the housing problem is a long-term problem, and it is also a complex systematic project, which puzzles the government and affects people's hearts. The success or failure of solving the housing problem depends on the ruling ability and level of a ruling party. Facing the people's voices and demands, the only thing the government can and must do is to shoulder the moral responsibility with iron shoulders and write the Spring and Autumn with painstaking efforts.
There are defects in the land transfer system, which leads to a rapid rise in housing prices.
Under the current system, the assets (source) income generated by land and most of the taxes and fees are basically owned by local governments. In addition, China implements the policy of "eating by kitchen". In the case of insufficient fiscal revenue, local governments only use land transfer to raise local construction funds, and land revenue has become a typical "second finance" in some areas. According to the survey, in 2005, the total amount of land transfer fees in China reached 550.5 billion yuan, accounting for more than10.3 of the local fiscal revenue in the same period. Moreover, China also generally follows the cadre assessment system with GDP growth rate as the standard. It also makes local governments support the continuous rise of land transfer fees under the impulse of political achievements. Moreover, the current land transfer system is to transfer the 70-year land use right to the developer at one time, and then the developer will pass on the cost to the buyers. Under the current land transfer system, the local government and developers have formed the same interest body intentionally or unintentionally, which has pushed up the land price and then pushed up the house price.
The orientation of the affordable housing system is vague, and the management and supervision are out of control, which leads to the inadequate implementation of the security policy.
First, the policy orientation of affordable housing is not clear. The beneficiaries of the old policy are low-income groups, and the new policy introduced in the third quarter of 2007 was adjusted to low-income groups; Second, the introduction of the new policy has pushed more middle-income or low-income wage earners to the market. No matter what occupation you are engaged in, it seems inappropriate to define the area standard uniformly; Third, with the increase of income, some people go beyond the provisions of the affordable housing policy and cannot quit.
Due to the fuzziness and instability of the policy, in practice, it is difficult for the relevant government administrative departments to effectively verify the actual income level of buyers, resulting in some middle-high or high-income groups also enjoying the policy of purchasing affordable housing. The actual beneficiaries of the affordable housing policy cannot be completely consistent with the original intention of the policy.
The imperfect development of the second-hand housing market has led to a serious imbalance in the development of the first-and second-class housing market in China.
A mature housing market consists of a primary market, a secondary market and a rental market. The transaction scale of the secondary market is usually much larger than that of the primary market. At present, more than 80% of the total annual housing transactions in developed countries are transactions in the secondary market, and the rental market is also developed accordingly. Even in the economically developed United States, the number of renters is higher. The existence of secondary market and rental market should satisfy people's housing demand to a great extent through the re-optimization of stock resources. At present, the housing market structure in China relies too much on the primary market. The 11th Five-Year Development Plan and Article 6 of the State put forward that "the secondary housing market and the housing rental market should be actively developed, and residents should be guided to improve their living conditions reasonably by purchasing and leasing". However, at present, our policy guidance on the second-hand housing market is not enough, and we lack relevant laws and regulations, especially the relevant economic policies for the development of the secondary market.
It can be seen that the outstanding contradictions and problems in China's housing field at present are the concentrated reflection of the stage characteristics of economic development, the process of housing reform and the level of market development, and are also closely related to the impact of the current macro-economy and even the global economy. In the medium and long term, these problems need to be solved gradually in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, perfecting the socialist market economic system and creating a harmonious society.
Fold and edit this paragraph suggestion.
housing policy
housing policy
Find out the family background and provide the basis for making housing policy. Since the first national urban housing census in 1985, China has not conducted a housing census for nearly 23 years. In the past 23 years, great changes have taken place in urban population, families and their housing conditions, as well as the quantity, quality and distribution of urban housing. After all, in our city, no one can say clearly how many houses each family has and how many people live in each room. Therefore, we should grasp the current household and its housing situation through the national urban housing census.
According to the survey data, China's economic development stage and urbanization process, combined with China's government's ability and future development, the development goal of China's housing policy is determined. There is an urgent need to formulate open and transparent short-term and medium-and long-term housing construction plans, especially public housing construction plans.
Improve policies and regulations to provide legal support for housing policies. As an important social policy, housing policy needs effective legal support. At present, there are no special public housing policies and regulations in China. Therefore, relevant laws and regulations should be promulgated as soon as possible to provide legal support for the implementation of housing policies. It is suggested that the "Regulations on Housing Security" should be given priority, stipulating the objects, standards, levels, sources of funds, the establishment of specialized management institutions, and penalties for violations of laws and regulations. And then when the time is further ripe, the legislative work of the Housing Law will be carried out. In the long run, the promulgation of a high-level housing law is not only an objective requirement of housing security, but also a subjective need for the sustained, stable and healthy development of the housing market.
In policies and regulations, it is necessary to clarify the housing policies of urban low-income families, people who want to improve their living conditions after participating in housing reform, newly employed people, and rural people who work in cities. In other words, policies and regulations should cover all kinds of groups with low income, middle income and high income. Especially in the national unified policy, it should be stipulated that the housing policies of various groups should be defined by the proportion of local housing prices and income.
housing policy
housing policy
Strengthen the implementation of housing security policy in China. As mentioned earlier, the housing problem of all classes in China cannot be solved by relying solely on the market mechanism. The government should guide and regulate the housing supply and demand policy, total quantity and structure, and solve the housing problem of low-and middle-income families while maintaining the healthy and sustainable development of the real estate market. Construction (real estate), development and reform, land, finance, finance, taxation and other departments at all levels should actively play corresponding roles in the implementation of the government's housing policy objectives, achieve consistent goals, cooperate with each other, form a joint force, and fully implement China's housing policies such as "having a place to live", "improving the low-rent housing system, and speeding up the solution to the housing difficulties of urban low-income families" in accordance with the requirements of the report of the 17th National Congress.
Adjust housing supply and demand by economic means. As mentioned above, another important reason for the ineffective macro-control of the real estate market is that it ignores the use of economic means to regulate from the demand side. Therefore, it is suggested to adjust the tax policy and implement differential tax rates. Impose high tax rates on large-sized houses and villas. Houses below 90 square meters can enjoy preferential tax policies, houses between 9 1- 120 square meters are subject to the current tax policy, and houses and villas above 12 1 square meter are levied at different tax rates.
Revise the economic policy of the housing rental market. At present, the property tax in China's real estate leasing market, whether housing, commercial housing or industrial buildings, is a unified tax rate policy. In addition, due to poor supervision, theft and tax evasion are everywhere. Therefore, we should formulate different property taxes on housing leasing and stipulate that non-owner-occupiers should pay taxes, so as to activate the housing leasing market and avoid tax evasion for various reasons.
Establish an online property rights registration system. Cities should establish a computer networking property right (use right) registration system according to the population of each household, and cooperate with the tax authorities. First, tax evasion can be avoided. Second, you can use computer network technology to verify that there are housing reform houses and commercial houses, and you are still applying for affordable housing or even low-rent housing.
Adjust the housing land supply policy. First, for cities with rapid financial growth and abnormally high housing prices in economically developed areas, we can explore the construction of specific commercial housing by paying land transfer fees in installments; The second is to control the parcel transfer area, develop and list within a time limit, and prevent hoarding of land and houses; Third, there must be planning control indicators before land transfer, and no breakthrough should be made during construction to prevent "black-box operation"; Fourth, after the implementation of the property law, all localities should try their best to transfer land by means of cultivated land transfer; Fifth, the land and construction departments should strictly implement relevant laws and regulations, and reclaim the land use right of undeveloped land due.
Continue to standardize the order of the real estate market. It is necessary to strengthen the supervision of the whole process of real estate development, strictly implement the capital system and the development project manual system, severely deal with unqualified development, violation of planning, false advertising, contract fraud and other acts, and focus on investigating and dealing with land hoarding, real estate hoarding, malicious speculation and other acts. It is necessary to improve the rules of real estate intermediary services, strengthen the management of brokerage institutions and personnel, and resolutely crack down on all kinds of acts that infringe on consumers' rights and interests.
In a word, the housing problem is a long-term problem, and it is also a complex systematic project, which puzzles the government and affects people's hearts. The success or failure of solving the housing problem depends on the ruling ability and level of a ruling party. Facing the people's voices and demands, the only thing the government can and must do is to shoulder the moral responsibility with iron shoulders and write the Spring and Autumn with painstaking efforts.