Research on Yang Guang and His Works

Emperor Yangdi Yang Guang is a controversial figure in the history of China. Because historians have different opinions on his political character and life style, literary research circles have different views on his literary achievements and position in literary history.

Xie Wuliang's History of China Literature is a book that evaluated the literary achievements of Emperor Yangdi earlier in this century. The book first quoted Wei Zhi's Introduction to Sui Shu Literature, and thought that the poetry and prose works at the beginning of Emperor Yangdi's accession to the throne could still "coexist with elegance and belong to the canon system, although they were intended to be arrogant and obscene, but their words were not extravagant, so the people who wrote the essays at that time were able to take what was right." The evaluation of Yang-ti's later creation is also negative and positive: "Yang-ti practiced nothing, became increasingly arrogant and violent, and was lucky in the east and west, and was extremely poor, and he lingered everywhere. His "Wandering at Night" is better than Chen Houzhu's "backyard flower". Therefore, at that time, the scribes resumed their beautiful words, and the elegant system was eventually abolished. However, new voices competed for it, which was the bud of later operas; "The law has made great progress, and there is a way to guide the Tang people."

Different from Xie Wuliang, Liu Dabai totally denied Yang Guang's poetic creation in his History of China Literature, which was linked with his denial of Yang Guangzhi's character. Liu Dabai first compared the Sui Dynasty with the Qin Dynasty, saying that "Yang Guang (Emperor Yang) was dissolute at the bottom, too Hu Hai (Qin Ershi)", and that "he was the most pretentious person at the bottom". Looking at Yang Guang's poetry creation activities with this kind of colored glasses, the evaluation will naturally not be high: "When he was the king of Jin, he plotted to seize the office and had all kinds of hypocritical behaviors. Therefore, his theory of "not treating the side lightly" is that Yasushi is not a deception to cater to Emperor Wen of Sui's psychology? That is, the words after the accession to the throne are not floating, perhaps just to paint the eyes and ears of the subjects. " "Like Moonlit Night on a Spring River, it's almost the same as Chen Shubao's yushu backyard flower, so it's not necessarily that the words are absolutely free from ups and downs." "Later, when things were lucky, they lingered on geisha, new voices competed for works, and colourful songs continued, so the flashy and lewd afterglow revived, and finally they died."

Although Zheng Zhenduo's Illustrated History of China Literature severely criticized Yang Guang's politics, he praised his talent in poetry and prose creation: "(Yang) Guang is an excellent poet, although he is not a very clever politician." "Although he is a northerner, his work can be compared with that of a southern scholar. People like Xue and Lu are naturally more difficult to drive north with him. Like his "Sad Autumn" (omitted), and like his "Moonlit Night on the Spring River" (omitted), it is impossible to distinguish between Liang Zu and his short essays. "There is also the phrase" Western jackdaw flies for several points, and flowing water flows around the lonely village ",which was once taken into Qin Guan's ci and became a wonderful word.

Zeng Ruoruo also expressed dissatisfaction with Liu Dabai's over-belittling Yang Guang in his essay "An Overview of the Changes of Prose Style in Sui and Tang Dynasties". He thought that "(Yang) advocates elegance, is original, is not a temporary trip to correct falsehood, and is close to Liu Dabai's" History of China Literature ",which is not true, but rather harsh?" He also quoted Wei Zhi's "Introduction to Sui Shu Literature" as an evaluation of Yang Guangzhi, saying that "from the mouth of opponents, it is obvious that justice is free from people's hearts and cannot be erased by conscience."

In the History of China Literature Evolution, although Zheng Binyu also thought that Yang Guangzhi's advocacy of elegant style was a melodramatic move, he did not completely deny Yang Guang's achievements in poetry creation, but affirmed many of Yang Guang's works from the perspective of the development of poetry art. He thought that "the greatest contribution of Emperor Yangdi in literature is' new voice'" and specially wrote a section "The new voice of Emperor Yangdi"-". Similar to Zheng Binyu, Luo Genze's History of Yuefu Literature and Xiao Difei's History of Yuefu Literature in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties also emphasized Yang Di's contribution to Yuefu literature.

By the 1950s and 1960s, the academic circles basically held a negative attitude towards the literary achievements of Emperor Yangdi, and this negative attitude was also associated with accusing him of being dissolute and melodramatic. For example, when Zhou Zu wrote the History of Literature in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, he thought: "His poems are in perfect harmony with his dissolute life. Poems such as' I like to visit Haruka',' Jiangdu Gong Le Ge' and' Moonlit Night on the Spring River' can prove this fact. Sui Shu'' Introduction to Wenyuan' said that his works' are intended to be arrogant and obscene, and his words are not floating. Those who compose essays can be corrected'. Except for the fact that the first sentence is true, the other three sentences are flattering words. Yang Guang, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, advocated this kind of erotic poetry with the respect of the emperor. Those who are good in the world must have something in the world. Naturally, many people among the officials echoed him, which revived the legacy of Liang Chen, who was already very powerful in the field of poetry, which somewhat hindered the faster development of poetry to a healthy road. " Liu Dabai's History of the Development of China Literature also thinks that "the dissoluteness of Emperor Yangdi (Yang Guang) is no different from that of Chen Houzhu", and that "Sui Shu Literature Biography" says that Yang Guang's "learning art and literature at the beginning is not light-sided", and that he "is arrogant, but his words are not floating", "that is not true".

Relatively speaking, the Literature History of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, edited by Luo Zongqiang and others, gave a dialectical evaluation of Yang Guang, and made a thorough study of his poems. The book first sees: "Yang Guang's poems are more complicated", "His poems seem to have some inconsistencies with others", and thinks that "this is a literary phenomenon worthy of study". When analyzing Yang Guang's poems in detail, the book objectively points out his artistic achievements: "His Yuefu is quite fresh and lively, and Jiangdu Palace Music Song:' Fengting Fangshu welcomes early summer, Changgao Mailong sends Yu Qiu'. There is a similar situation in Jiangdu Summer in Four Seasons White Song. Although it describes the palace life of flying buildings and flowers and Luo Wei, the fresh breath of Shui Mu in the south of the Yangtze River, which is' plum yellow drizzling and wheat autumn light, maple leaves rustling and Jiang Shuiping', still dilutes the palace style and gives people a sense of pleasure. "Moonlit Night on a Spring River" has no palace style, and it is a pure and fresh beauty. The book further points out that there may be two reasons why Yang Guang's poems are not completely consistent with people. One reason may be that "the beauty of spring water, spring flowers, night fog, moonlight and the legendary moving stories, which entered Yang Guang's Yuefu with an irresistible force, brought fresh, bright and pure beauty." In addition, it may have something to do with Yang Guang's "complexity of this person". He thinks that although Yang Guang has a cruel side, "after he acceded to the throne, he revised new laws to reduce the tyranny of Emperor Wen; Restore schools and promote the career of scholars; He loves reading, can write, hides books for a bright and clean window, and is good at poetry and gentle, which is his other side. Or it is precisely because of this that he accepted the beauty of human feelings in the south of the Yangtze River, and when he wrote about his extravagant life, he often unconsciously brought out this beauty, which made people forget that he was a tyrant. " These evaluations and analysis can reveal the unique complexity of Yang Guang, a historical figure, and thus be more convincing.

The Literature History of the Southern and Northern Dynasties edited by Cao Daoheng and Shen Yucheng also made a thorough and detailed study of Yang Guang. They have a unique understanding of Yang Guang's "non-neglect" and "relegation to the canon system" in Sui Shu Literature Biography: "First, unlike several kings who perished in the Southern Dynasties, Yang Di was not born in the palace, but grew up in the hands of women. In the first year of emperor kaihuang (58 1), he left the town and was named king of Jin at the age of thirteen, which was called' deep and serious' by Sui Shu, and he was tutored by Wang Shao and Li Che, who are famous for their fortitude. Later, after military service, he made great achievements, and after he ascended the throne, he' admired the things of Qin Huang and Hanwu', which shows that his character has an enterprising side. At the same time, Emperor Wendi worships frugality, while Empress Dugu's' sexual taboo against concubines'. Before Emperor Yangdi's death, he didn't store his voice and listen to music, and at the beginning of his accession to the throne, he also wrote a letter to' humble the palace and eat fish', which is both skillful in self-decoration and strict in self-discipline. In short, the' degree of people and kings' reflected in his early poems is understandable. It is only because of his later dissoluteness and abuse of people's power, coupled with the rendering of notes and novels, that his image in the eyes of future generations has become very bad. Second, Yang-ti loved literature when he was young, and Liu, Zhuge Ying, Yu Shinan, Wang Zhou and others were all middle school students in Jin Wangfu. ..... Judging from his life experience, living in Jiangnan for a long time after Pingchen was a turning point for him to be contaminated with luxury. However, since Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty is still here, he probably won't write colourful poems in public. The spiritual and material desires that have been suppressed for a long time after the accession to the throne are infinitely expanding. On the one hand, they yearn for the' scale of the Qin and Han Dynasties', and on the other hand, they are addicted to excessive enjoyment and cannot extricate themselves. These two factors are one after another in the works, so there are' elegant sounds' such as Poems by the Emperor in Ganyang Hall on the Winter Solstice, Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Poems by the Turkish host in the clouds, and a kind of' Zheng Sheng' such as Songs of Four Seasons. " When evaluating Yang Guang's poems concretely, the book is also full of new ideas. For example, "Drinking Horse in the Great Wall Cave" is "very vigorous" and "White Horse" is "more magnificent than Wang Zhou's works with the same title". "No matter how confused he is as the supreme ruler, the bearing pattern presented in his poems is far from being comparable to that of the monarchs in the Southern Dynasties." Moreover, this book also believes that "the Southern Dynasties began to open the Tang Dynasty since Xie Tiao, mainly from the perspective of charm and rhythm;" It can really be used as a prelude to the magnificent Tang sound in the air, and it can only be the work of this confused and violent king. " This evaluation of Emperor Yangdi's poetry and its role in the history of literary development is the real objective attitude of not abandoning words for people.

In this century, there are not many monographs on Yang Guang, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty. Luo Yuling's "The King of National subjugation has many talents-Comment on the Literary Achievements of Chen Houzhu and Emperor Yangdi" focuses on the literary achievements of Chen Houzhu and Emperor Yangdi, which not only affirms the contributions made by Emperor Chen and Emperor Sui in literary creation and promoting the progress of poetry, but also discusses.

Today, we are going to write a biography of Emperor Yangdi, in fact, we will encounter many difficulties, and we have worked hard on this topic for a while.

Arthur Wright said: "(He) is regarded as a typical national subjugation and a bad king, in a distorted historical record."

Under the load and legendary hearsay, today's people want to see the true character of this person, and at most they can only catch a glimpse of it. "

However, Yang Guang, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, had a high talent, gorgeous writing style, extraordinary ambition and creative personality. These are long

Although his critics can't deny it. For example, in 608 AD, he made the world eagle division gather in Chang 'an, and as soon as he came.

There are more than 10,000 people. In 6 10, he held another Chen Baixi in Duanmen Street, Luoyang, and the world's strange ci-poetry and different arts were gathered until January. He

I also went to watch it incognito several times. He also heard that Tuguhun (the tribe of Xianbei flowing into Qinghai) traveled to Persian horses and put them in Qing.

Sea grassland, can give birth to a dragon colt, a thousand miles a day, he entered the female horse in Sichuan valley for "dragon seed", but later stopped because it was ineffective.

. Such an act is regarded as absurd by traditional historians, but today we can speculate that he is imaginative.

I am also willing to experiment, and I can show my personal humor in various trivial matters.

On the other hand, from all indications, Yang-ti lacks the thoroughness and prudence as a commander-in-chief, nor can he command the generals. such

Weaknesses may also be due to the arrogance of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. If he is only thirteen years old, he will be named King Jin and be the manager of Bing (Shanxi Province)

Governor). In 589 AD, when Chen was attacked, he was appointed as a marching marshal before he was 20 years old, and he was commanded by Liuhe on the one hand.

The army does not count, but also controls other military officers, such as the old general Yang Su. This 51.8 million people are not out of the month, flat.

Jiangnan, reunification of China, by the weak crown Jin Wang wrote a book to report to the father, to achieve the task. This campaign, of course, has increased.

His prestige has also fostered his arrogance, making him think that everything in the world is so easy. He will build the Great Wall, canals and pies in the future.

Liu Fang defeated Yi Lin (in today's Vietnam), listened to Fijian's design, broke the mud, detained the Turks, and toured Yanzhishan in the west.

China was at the mercy of human and material resources, and lived in prosperity without setbacks. In the future, he was in adversity, that is, he was disheartened and fled.

Reality, so his tragic complex, also has the cause and effect of long-term accumulation.

Emperor Yangdi's conquest of Korea is said to have mobilized1133,800 people, which was twice as many as its feeder. This number is reliable.

Degree, there is no way to determine. It's just that Yang Guang is superstitious about the superiority of military quantity, which is beyond doubt. In fact, the siege of the day, wild

The number of war troops is too large to be manipulated. Unless this number is used to take the lead and make the other side lose the fighting spirit, it will be effective. otherwise

Deploying too many troops has made it difficult to control the manager in your own lineup, which has become a weakness in the battlefield in the future. as expected

In the Battle of 6 12 AD, Sui Jun met with strong resistance from Korea in the area north of Yalu River and east of Liaohe River to take care of her children.

Our navy landed successfully on the Korean peninsula, but it did not have the effect of surprise attack, nor could it coordinate with the army, which supplied it.

The commander-in-chief was too strict, and the Sui Emperor did not have the determination to fight to the death. When the war was favorable, Korea

Cheat surrender, senior generals dare not decide, so they can't expand their achievements. Finally, due to the rainy autumn, it was in the north of Pyongyang.

In the retreat, the foot soldiers had no actual training. As soon as they were pursued by Korean soldiers, they collapsed out of control, resulting in the ninth army

There are tens of thousands of equipment that have been trapped and lost. In 6 13, Yang-ti made a comeback and went to the front in person. Sui Jun is thin and Liaodong.

City, also use the flying ladder tunnel ring attack, and a few Suibing boarded the city to meet the enemy soldiers with short knives, but at this time in the Central Plains overseers to transport grain.

Yang Xuangan knows that thieves are everywhere, and Yang-ti can't last long. In Liyang (near Xunxian County, Henan Province, in the north-south transportation,

Point) with soldiers, ministry of war assistant minister Angle, politics is defected to Korea, with China actual situation. Emperor Yangdi summoned the generals at midnight to decide.

Heart give up siege. When the soldiers are returned, all the military equipment is piled up and all of them are abandoned. Finally, this operation is confidential, retreat.

Two days after the army, although Koryo found that she still dared not pursue.

Two months later, although Yang Xuangan was wiped out, the prestige of Emperor Yangdi had been debunked, and people everywhere in the north and south were miserable.

Recruitment, gang up as thieves, often tens of thousands. In 6 14, Emperor Yangdi also called Bailiao to discuss cutting Korea, and called it "Huang"

Emperor 50 World War II, Chengtang 27 levy ",but the liegeman did not dare to respond, and the cities captured by the rebels everywhere could not be flat."

Suppress. Although the water army that came to protect the son forced Pyongyang at this time, the king of Korea sent an envoy to surrender and sent the prisoner to the government, so that Emperor Yang could take this opportunity.

Move troops, but have wandered off the road. During 6 15 years, I visited the north and was besieged by Turks, so I almost had to go there under orders.

It was difficult to get him out of the encirclement. The following year, he was fortunate in Jiangdu (Yangzhou), and he didn't intend to return to the north again. Those who admonished him were convicted, and finally,

I don't want to listen to the report that the overall situation is out of control. So for more than a year. In the winter of 6 17, Tang Guogong Li Yuan (that is, after

To Tang Gaozu) into changan, made his grandson Yang You emperor, respect him as the emperor's father, Yang-ti also no action response. 6 18

In the spring of 2008, this deserted emperor was killed. What killed him was not a rebel general or a rebel militia, but

I used to favor my followers and the guards. Therefore, the traditional historians' rebukes of Emperor Yangdi Yang Guang may be one

Exaggerated, but not all the facts, because Yang Guang has his weakness of being attacked.

However, today, we still follow the traditional historian's policy of "praising and criticizing" to write history, but ignore the time and ring in history.

Environmental factors. In the 7th century, the turn of Sui and Tang Dynasties was a prominent period in the history of China. Today's 20 th century

The last leaf is another prominent period in China's history. Sui Shu in the Twenty-four Histories was written in the early Tang Dynasty by the author.

It is called "Yin Jian is not far away". They never thought that the Sui Dynasty was not an ordinary dynasty, let alone the pan-Zhou people in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Called China, it will be derived into today's China. Because of the different positions, we write a biography of Emperor Yangdi, also.

It takes a long time and a long distance to keep up with the times.

From the perspective of "great history", Sui, Tang and Song can be called the "second empire" of China, which is different from the "first" of Qin and Han Dynasties

An empire "difference. Although Han called it centralization, its county organization was reorganized from the feudal system of Zhou Dynasty.

The original institutions inherited by the Sui and Tang Dynasties were traced back to the Tuoba family of the Northern Wei Dynasty from the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties, and began with the sinicization of nomadic people.

The "three-long system" and land equalization can be described as the whole society, which was artificially incubated under the state decree, with small farmers as the main body.

Pay attention to the level of low-level institutions. The documents of Qin and Han dynasties also use bamboo and wood; Not only has paper been exercised for more than 500 years between Sui and Tang Dynasties, but

And woodblock printing also appeared around 600 AD. These factors make education more popular than before, and also make the whole civil service

The group can keep up with this small farmer's society and maintain the same level of simplicity with each other.

At the beginning of the election annals of New Tang Book, it was mentioned that "the subjects of selecting scholars in Tang Dynasty were mostly from Sui to Old". One of them is the most important

Program, it is "scholars are pregnant die from listed states and counties", that is, without recommendation, a comprehensive and open examination system has been.

It started from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and didn't stop until 1905 of this century.

Because of this, the narration of the Sui Dynasty began to be dominated by the central government. Yang-ti is a dialogue between Niu Hong and Liu Xuan, who made laws and regulations, and once mentioned

The following paragraph reads: "In the past, the state only set the discipline, the county set the guard and the county set the order, and the rest had the staff, and the chief made it himself. Be summoned

Ren, each state is only a few dozen. This is not the case today, and the size of the official is informed by the official department. The trace of fiber interface belongs to the examination.

Such a personnel system certainly makes the bureaucratic elements more civilian, but it also makes the middle-level organizations of the country more hollow.

Because there is no power and obligation between the upper and lower levels, the trend of the emperor directly ruling the whole people is becoming more and more obvious. Sui dynasty

Wendi, the founder of entrepreneurship, started from the roots of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and swept through the Southern Dynasties after annexing the Northern Qi Dynasty. It is also caused by the uniform terrain, human factors

Simple areas have expanded to areas with complicated humanities. After he destroyed Chen, he made 500 as the township and 100 as the interior.

His intermittent organization was promoted in Jiangnan, that is, it was completely resisted by the giants. Since the rebellion was flattened, his rule

The more he has to step up, the more his design will be based on the premise of maintaining a unified empire. So 15 years. And in

In this primitive agricultural society, the shortcut to achieve its goal is not to increase the complexity of its structure at the middle level, but to maintain the lower level.

The equilibrium of. In 594, Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, ordered all the prefectures and counties to give public farmland, and officials were not allowed to fight for profits. five

95 the manufacturer shall not be employed. In 598, a edict was issued to ban large private ships, and all ships over 30 feet were admitted to the official. All from keeping

The simplicity of rural society. His advocacy of Buddhism is not based on religious piety, but on unified thinking.

Think for the purpose. It is also because of Confucianism that it cuts down the school of the state and abandons the school of the state and county, and it is nothing more than "knowing the meaning of father, son, monarch and minister"

, know the order of seniority ",senior personnel need" virtue for example, only for the use of the country ",so there is no need to reserve a lot.

. He is coarse in clothes and food, and he is nothing more than a low-level standard.

All these facilities were also consistent with the tax policy at that time. Sui and Tang dynasties inherited the "rent-and-mediocre tune" system of the previous dynasty, and its key points were

In the national finance, the simple rural economy, in parallel with the equalization of land, in principle, avoid the difference between the rich and the poor of taxpayers, with extreme

Only when the low tax rate is fully levied can it have a wide range of effects. Nevertheless, there are still technical difficulties. Sui Shu's Food Records

It is mentioned that in the Northern Qi Dynasty, the tax payment for monogamy is a "bed", and the single person pays a "half bed", so it is "one county in Yang Zhai, with a number of households.

Ten thousand, many have no wives. " Just because the imperial power is condensed in the world, the obligation to pay taxes is spread all over the ordinary people, which lacks all kinds.

Have the power to judge compromise adjustment or even institutions with service nature, so whether the system can be implemented depends entirely on the emperor himself.

Face, put pressure down. In his later years, Wendi Emperor Wen of Sui devoted himself to this matter. He is jealous of his subordinate officials taking bribes. All recipients must

Die. He also questioned his liegeman in the court, called for dissatisfaction, and immediately killed it. So Sui Shu said that he was "naturally heavy."

Guess, there is no scholarship, it is better to be a decimal, but I don't know the general idea. "

However, after his high-pressure policy, the treasures of the Sui Dynasty were piled up and even hoarded. So Qian Muzeng

It is said that the Western Han Dynasty will be prosperous after four emperors' recuperation for 70 years to the Emperor Wu. "Sui Zewen was rich on the first day of the world." This is also

It represents a special phenomenon under the traditional policy of attaching importance to agriculture in China. Because of all-round production, we don't pay attention to exchange, distribution and countries at all.

Diversification of domestic economy, without quality improvement, and short-term national mobilization can make the wealth of agriculture (because of its

The unorganized structure is different from the wealth of business. Emperor Yang acceded to the throne in 604 AD, which was considered as inheritance.

With the economic foundation of the Second Empire since its founding, only such affluence has become a superfluous burden for the country, and the political thought of that day.

And to prevent "merger", then what about the labor force that has been mobilized in rural areas, and will it make a large number of people unemployed?

?

In this way, it seems that Emperor Yangdi's consumption of China's manpower and material resources has its historical background, that is, he gathered all the eagles in Chang 'an.

Jule workers in Luoyang are still induced by the objective environment. As for the canal, Yuan Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, led Luo.

It has been used for grain transportation in the valley. The construction of the palace began when Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty built Renshou Palace. It is said that "there are tens of thousands of dead people". very

To cut Korea, also began from the emperor Wen. In the battle of 598 AD, 300,000 people were mobilized, which was both rainy and epidemic.

When a teacher is a teacher, there are many boats drifting away. Traditional historians call it "the dead 189". Therefore, all kinds of actions of Emperor Yang are still with Emperor Wen.

Steps, is a product of the day's comprehensive transport, early also have the support of civil and military officials, otherwise the emperor Yangdi Yang Guangzong is

Alone, it is impossible to win public opinion for so long with one person.

Therefore, when we review the success or failure of Emperor Yang-ti today, we can't give the final answer only by his merits. That is, in Yang Sui.

Before that, the northern dynasties had crossed the line of equal land. In this way, the ideal mathematical formula hangs down, and how effective it is

Once this scheme is launched as a mass movement, it is not easy to collect it in time.

Bundle. So overcorrection must be overcorrected. Therefore, there are only the numbers needed above, and there is no real statistics at the lower level, so that the men finish smoking.

, force service and to women, and "the recruitment service is prosperous, the people are not well off, and there are temporary threats, in order to help, not to reuse laws."

Hey. " Before the failure of Korea, the whole country rebelled, and I don't know what to do. Although Emperor Yangdi had imagination, he was not a great thinker after all.

He doesn't like us to see the historical depth of ancient and modern China and foreign countries. He finally retired to Jiangdu for more than a year, but he couldn't think of a master.

Meaning, it can also be seen that he has never thoroughly understood his own position in history. Legend has it that he once looked at Xiao Hou in the mirror.

Say: "Who should be a good head and neck?" Whether it is true or not is doubtful. But its helpless tone has been with him.

The tragic ending is consistent.