Li Changping: Why are farmers in China not poor?

Recently, I mainly walked around the state-level poverty-stricken counties in Yunnan and Guizhou. After visiting some poor places, I found that the reason of poverty is not so simple: poverty is due to poor quality, illiteracy, ignorance, poor natural environment and so on. We attribute the cause of poverty to the poor themselves, as if poverty has little to do with the government, system and mainstream people. Don't! Poverty to a great extent stems from the lack of rights and the unreasonable system designed by mainstream society. Let me tell a story first. I went to a town in Bijie, Guizhou. Township 14000 people, with tin mines, lead mines and coal mines. The value of minerals shipped from this town every day is about 400,000 yuan. Mining was done by "big bosses" in Zhejiang, Sichuan and Yunnan. Their annual tax revenue to the township government is less than 500 thousand yuan. The coming and going harvesters damage the road surface no less than 6.5438+0.5 million yuan every year. The mine is opened, the resources are gone, the environment is destroyed and the mine is toxic. Miners have no labor protection. Each worker can only work in the mine for three months, and can't do any more. After a long time, his life was in danger. Such labor, the salary of each miner is less than 300 yuan/month. If you go to the mine and see those miners, your first impression is that miners are not much different from animals. Without people living in such an environment, it is difficult to understand the realistic choice of "I would rather die of fatigue than starve to death". It is said that the place is poor, but there is so much wealth flowing out every day. I calculated that the per capita GDP of that place exceeded 1 10,000 yuan, but their per capita net income was less than that of 700 yuan. What is this GDP? I have a name, called garbage GDP. Isn't development the last word? Exploitation of resources, capitalists get wealth, what do local people share in development? Not only lost, but also suffered. The house collapsed, the cellar where the sweet potatoes were stored dropped by tens of meters, the water in the reservoir leaked, etc ... The second story: I went to a poor county in Yunnan, and those virgin forests were cut down in the 1990s, and there was no compensation when they were cut down, because people in the mainstream society said that the forests belonged to the country, and cutting down forests naturally had nothing to do with the local people. When there is no deforestation, the local people mainly hunt, supplemented by simple farming, and their lives are relatively comfortable. After the trees were cut down, the local people had to change their hunting life into farming life and try to build terraces. In recent years, the mainstream society has to protect the environment and prevent soil erosion, and the government has forced local people to return farmland to forests. Forests are cut down without compensation; Hard-planted terraces, a document comes down, saying that you will be supplied with 300 kilograms of grain every year, and it will be finished in 5-8 years. How to live after 5-8 years? When I was there, I felt extremely ashamed, ashamed of the humanity and morality of people in our mainstream society. Many people show great kindness and sympathy when talking about protecting animals, but it is so immoral to face weak compatriots! When I walk into the abyss of poverty and face poverty, I really have no reason to blame those who are struggling in poverty. They are not wrong! After a long time of thinking, I have a new understanding of poverty.

1. System and poverty At least a dozen major unreasonable systems restrict the rights of the poor and lead to poverty. We need to re-examine:

First, the property rights system. The above two stories are related to the property right system. A word from the state: mineral resources are state-owned, which cuts off the connection between the people where the resources are located and the resources. Who owns this country? Whoever has the right to examine and approve the development of mineral resources represents the country. Who has the right to develop the country's mineral resources? The system stipulates that only capitalists. Locals are nationals, and we can't find the position of nationals in the system. Some people will say that people share taxes! Who collects taxes on behalf of the country? Of course, it's a matter of several people. 1 ton coal is taxed in 35 yuan -50 yuan, but it is only 5 tons for one car1ton, and it is taxed for 10 car during the day and not for 100 car at night; Even if taxes are levied, how can local people realize their right to share taxes? If the forest and mineral resources are owned by the state, but the poor can't share the benefits, but they are the property of the poor, the "state" should also possess them. For example, farmers raise funds to operate electricity. Who owns the property right? Belonging to the State Power Company; Farmers raised funds to build schools. Who owns the property right? Belonging to the education department representing the country; The property rights of the factories raised by farmers are also owned by the state; Farmers raise funds to set up telephones, and the property rights belong to the Ministry of Information Industry. Property rights such as roads, bridges and water conservancy facilities raised by farmers do not belong to farmers. Since farmers raise funds to do it, why don't farmers have property rights income? If the infrastructure such as electricity, transportation, energy and communication invested by farmers were all shared by farmers, farmers would not be so miserable and poor. Who deprived the poor of their property rights? ! In addition, in the late 1980s, the state encouraged farmers to set up grain processing plants, each of which required hundreds of thousands to millions of investments. In the 1990s, because of a national document, farmers were not allowed to take charge of grain, and farmers suffered heavy losses! The state does not assume any responsibility; In the 1980s, the government encouraged farmers to sell and slaughter pigs. In the 1990s, the "one-stop" pig raising run by farmers collapsed, and no one paid the bill. In the late 1980s, farmers were allowed to deal in seeds, pesticides and fertilizers. In the 1990s, supply and marketing cooperatives were re-franchised, which made farmers miserable. The debts owed by farmers are still unclear from generation to generation. Enterprises in the city go bankrupt when they go bankrupt. If farmers' enterprises are forced to go bankrupt, they still have to pay back the money. How can farmers not be poor!

Second, the financial system. Electricity and telephones in rural areas are built by farmers themselves, while those in cities are invested by the state, and the electricity and telephones used by urban people are cheaper than those in rural areas; Rural schools are built by farmers themselves, and the salaries of rural teachers are set by farmers themselves. Schools in cities are built by the state, and teachers' salaries in cities are paid by the state finance. Urban roads are built by the state, and one kilometer is millions or even tens of millions. Roads in rural areas are mainly built by farmers themselves. Farmers build roads and the state pays. When the road was damaged, farmers had to repair it themselves. Almost all rural infrastructure construction is funded by farmers themselves. Of course, the state also has financial support, but that is a drop in the bucket. They are all citizens of China, and their standards of financial possession are different. In Heitaoshu Township, Jianchuan County, a village full of mountains and rivers, farmers raise their own funds to run electricity. Forty people carried a pole from the foot of the mountain to the mountain. It took two days, but they couldn't go home halfway, so they had to spend the night halfway up the mountain. When have city people ever been so self-reliant?

Third, the social security system. China's social security system does not cover farmers. This huge inequality is also said in vain, but you just don't say it. However, people in the mainstream society have destroyed the farmers' own security system. The Land Contract Law, which came into effect in March last year, stipulates that land contract will remain unchanged for 30 years and 50 years. Suppose I am fifteen or sixteen years old, and in five or six years, I want to get married and have children. There is nothing at home, the government does not give me any compensation, and the social security system does not include me. How can I survive? Born in the countryside, farmers should naturally have the right to own land. Who has the right to deprive people of their right to exist? ! No law can violate the Constitution. To protect human rights, the most basic right of farmers is to own land and have the right to subsistence. From the perspective of urban residents, the land contract law is a very good law. By solidifying the land, the contractual relationship can produce more and cheaper agricultural products for urban residents to consume. Have we considered how farmers living in poor areas will live once they lose their land? What kind of social security have we provided for these people who have lost their land?

Fourth, the financial system. The bank in China is called China People's Bank, and the commercial bank is called state-owned commercial bank. City people can buy a house with ID card loans, but not rural people. City dwellers can use their houses as mortgages, and farmers' houses are also houses. Why can't they use their own houses and land as mortgages? Farmers are also nationals. Why doesn't the National Bank recognize them? Farmers' wealth is also a part of national wealth and the basis of RMB. Why don't banks in China admit it? If our status as farmers, farmers' mountains, farmers' land and farmers' houses can also be mortgaged in banks, there will be no shortage of investment in rural areas and farmers will have money to develop. Now farmers use loans to produce agricultural products for city dwellers to enjoy. Loans are so difficult and the interest is several times higher than that in the city. Foreign banks don't go to rural areas, but banks in China also go to cities, and the state doesn't allow rural private finance to exist. Can't the countryside expect astronauts to provide financial services?

Fifth, the tax system. The per capita income of farmers is more than 2000 yuan (per year), which is not disposable income. These incomes also include seeds, food for themselves and animals. According to the national farmers' agricultural output of 8. 4% to collect agricultural tax, but if the farmers' own consumption and production are separated, it will definitely be more than 20% or even higher. If the tax rate of grain processing and circulation is considered, the tax rate of agriculture may be above 30%. A farmer's disposable income is only a few hundred dollars a year, and he has to pay taxes; City people have hundreds of dollars in social security every month. City people can lose money doing business without doing it; Farmers lose money in farming, can they not plant? Can I not pay tax if I don't plant it? No, you can still pay taxes without farming. Agriculture is the weakest industry, and farmers are the most vulnerable group, but they are facing the most unfavorable tax policy. How can farmers not be poor?

Sixth, the distribution system of resources. Let me first talk about the resource allocation system for poverty alleviation. The country's poverty alleviation resources belong to the poor. Who will allocate this resource? It is configured by cadres. Whoever runs "money" will run hard for him. There is a cost to poverty alleviation resources, and it is necessary to pull out geese through first-level resource allocation. How the project site and the community use these resources, or the poor have no right to speak, or the national cadres have the final say. Many poor areas engage in project bidding, who is in charge, who is the cadre, who has the right to participate in bidding, and there are few rich people. Where are the poor? 99% of the poor are excluded. We help the poor in the mountainous areas of Guizhou. A mountain road with a width of 5 meters 1 km can be built for less than 1 10,000 yuan, while the government needs 8,000-110,000 yuan to build the same poverty alleviation road. So how do we allocate resources? We went to the village and told the people that they wanted to build roads, so we asked how to repair them. They say that as long as Oxfam provides explosives, hammers, stone breakers, road rollers and technicians, the labor force will organize itself. So 3000-8000 yuan is enough 1 km. Give them money, and we will be collaborators, buy explosives, machines and hammers with the villagers, and go through thick and thin. In two years, more than 60,000 yuan has been spent to build 26 kilometers of roads. If the government builds this 26 km highway, it will cost at least 2 million yuan. If the legal system allocates poverty alleviation resources, it will definitely be more effective than the allocation of cadres' power; If resources reach the community and people dominate the use of resources, we can do great things with little money, because there are a large number of surplus laborers in rural areas of China. People with power believe that power allocates resources, while rich people believe that the market allocates resources. In fact, it is easy to understand that power allocation of resources is not the most effective in solving the poverty problem; It is not the most effective way to solve the poverty problem that the market allocates poverty alleviation resources, which many people have not realized yet. There are 300 million laborers playing mahjong at home every day in rural areas of China, and a lot of things in rural areas of China are neglected every day, so the surplus labor market cannot be distributed. The biggest resource to solve rural poverty in China is rural labor force, and the most effective way to allocate rural labor force is to rely on farmers' own organizations. Only when non-governmental organizations allocate labor resources and combine them with other resources can we maximize the efficiency of resource utilization. In our country, power and market allocate financial resources, and most of them are allocated to the powerful class. 80% of medical resources are at or above the county level; Educational resources are mainly allocated in schools like Tsinghua and Peking University. Infrastructure construction is mainly deployed in cities. In many places, the allocation of poverty alleviation resources and public resources has become a trading game of power and power, power and capital.

Seventh, the education system and the medical system. These two systems are similar, only talking about education. It seems that "education changes fate" has been generally accepted. Can education in the Midwest change the fate of the people in the Midwest? I don't think so, but it makes them more and more miserable. I wrote a high school student in my poverty alleviation diary. His parents borrowed a lot of money to train him into a high school student. After graduating from high school, he went to work in the city with a monthly salary of 400 yuan, and worked for more than ten years before paying off his debts. He said that as long as he paid off his debts and saved enough 2000 yuan, he would go back to his small mountain village to get married and never work again. At that time, he will be about 40 years old, and people in the city don't want him to work until he returns to the mountains. What is rural education now? Poor parents, heavily in debt, paid a huge education cost and finally trained a high school student. What did high school students give their parents in return? Don't! He gave the city the golden age of 20-40. What did he get? Don't! At the age of 40, he is old, and cities and developed areas don't want him, leaving the burden of providing for the elderly to the central and western regions and the poor. Is education a pump? Education constantly draws resources from the central and western regions to the developed regions and from the poor to the rich! In elementary school, I spent a few cents or a dollar a year; Junior high school, two yuan a year; High school is three dollars and five dollars a year; In college, the state subsidized more than 20 yuan and 35 kilograms of food stamps every month. Now my child is studying? Primary school 100, middle school 1000. The score of the senior high school entrance examination is raised, and the deficit is 100, several hundred yuan. Now that we are in college, the state gives a little money or even does not give it, and more is the school collecting money. I calculated that the price of agricultural products has increased less than seven times since 1985. Take rice as an example. 1985 the price was 0.095 yuan, and it may be higher this year, rising to 0.6-0.7 yuan, compared with 0.4-0.5 yuan in the past. It has increased by seven times, which is equivalent to a seven-fold increase in farmers' income (calculated by price). But now farmers' education expenditure has risen hundreds or even thousands of times. How can farmers not be poor? What little money farmers can sell has been completely absorbed by our education. Farmers have to be in debt in order to train their children and talents for developed places-just as Peking University Tsinghua trains talents for Americans. The medical system is the same as the education system, or even worse! I won't go into details.

Eighth, the employment system. For a long time, when the government talked about employment and unemployment, it only talked about city people, and farmers were not in this discourse. Until today, the labor law can still protect workers in cities, and unemployment protection has nothing to do with migrant workers. Serious employment discrimination still exists in cities like Beijing and Shanghai. More seriously, when fiscal and taxation resources solve the employment problem, farmers are still rarely considered, and the re-employment project often mentioned has nothing to do with farmers. The national financial resources are also biased towards solving the employment of urban residents and employees of state-owned enterprises, and tens of billions of loans are given to state-owned enterprises every year; The securities market also has more resources to invest in state-owned enterprises. The important function is to ensure employment. Who gave farmers such policy resources? Can't farmers find jobs? That's not true. There are many opportunities to provide employment for farmers in this country. For example, after the flood of 1998, the state allocated tens of billions of dollars to harness the major rivers and levees of the Yangtze River 12 yuan per square meter. This good thing was given to the big capitalists, who subcontracted the tractor construction in rural areas for 3 yuan per square meter. 6 yuan was contracted out, and sitting on the ground earned more than 8 yuan. Judging from the employment of farmers, tens of billions can solve many farmers' employment and increase farmers' income by tens of billions. For another example, there are still many water conservancy projects to be built in rural areas, and some need to restore their original functions. If the country can't get the money at the moment, can farmers do it first, issue accumulated vouchers to them, and let farmers buy services such as education and medical care or mortgage them to banks to get loans? In the face of farmers' employment difficulties, the mainstream society always accuses farmers of their low cultural level, poor quality and inadaptability to urban society and market economy. , are all discriminatory languages. The fundamental problem is that we don't regard farmers' employment as "the basic rights of the people" and the creation of farmers' jobs as the basic responsibility of the government. China has the largest rural area and the largest labor force. Every day, hundreds of millions of farmers have no jobs to do, and only the rich can do jobs that can make money. Do you think farmers can not be poor?

Ninth, the wage system. The wage system is the biggest pump. The wages of city people include getting married, having children, honoring parents, re-education and providing for the aged. What about the wages of migrant workers? Are these included? Not included. Migrant workers earn about one month's money in 500 yuan, so they can't complete the labor reproduction, bear the obligation of supporting the elderly and solve the problem of providing for the aged by themselves. The reproduction of a social labor force cannot be completed, which is more cruel than Marx's primitive accumulation of capitalism. According to the calculation of Mr. Lu and Mr. Guo, the average value created by each migrant worker in the city is 25,000 yuan, but the average wage of each migrant worker is only 6,000-8,000 yuan (which is overestimated). Cities and developed areas get more than 16000 yuan of surplus value from migrant workers every year. If there are 6,543.8 billion farmers in the city, 1 migrant workers will be deprived every year. More than 6 trillion. The wage system is seriously inhumane to migrant workers and will lead to a series of serious consequences. According to statistics, there are now10 million farmers and migrant workers who can't get married. Girls all over the country are married to the city. They don't want to find a husband who can't afford children and old people in the country. Some girls are mistresses and don't want to marry Zuma. Sociologist Ping Fan appealed that the loss of "beautiful women" in rural areas would lead to "desertification" in rural society! Should the urbanization we pursue be at the expense of "desertification" in rural society? This is bound to pay off!

Tenth, the land system. The land system may be the second largest water pump. According to the Constitution, rural land is collectively owned and the property rights are clear enough. Farmers' land cannot enter the market independently, but can only be requisitioned by the state and then sold by the state. The state expropriated 1 mu of land ranging from thousands to tens of thousands, and sold tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands and millions after changing hands; Can farmers build factories on their own land? No, it can only be repurchased if it is requisitioned by the state; Can farmers dig fish ponds in their own fields? No, you have to pay the country if you want to dig. Country, country! Farmers account for 70% of the country. How can they not represent the country? According to statistics, the "state" takes tens of billions or even more money from farmers' land every year. That's not enough. In March 2003, the state promulgated the Land Contract Law 1. This law stipulates that the contract period of land will remain unchanged for 30-50 years. The more land you occupy, the more able you are to enter the city. Many people who enter the city are "landlords" who collect rent; The less land they occupy, the less able they are to enter the city, and they can only farm for the "landlords". The land in Guizhou province was distributed to households in the early 1980 s and has not been adjusted since then. More than 20 years have passed, and the land occupation is seriously unbalanced. Many people who have no land have rented the land of people who have cultivated land in the city (some people have become national cadres), paying 300 kilograms of rent a year, in addition to paying agricultural taxes. How can such a farmer not be poor! Land belongs to the collective, and people are no longer in the collective. Naturally, land should be returned to the collective. Collectively owned, but the collective has no right to recover, distribute or even adjust the land. Seeing the collective members being exploited and impoverished by the "new landlord", there is nothing they can do! This is gestating a revolution!

Eleventh, the cadre system farmers have no right to be cadres and can't take the civil service exam. But I'm talking about another problem-the cadre system is also a pump. Cadres are promoted from above. If you want to be a cadre, you have to find it from above. If you want to be a cadre, you have to run for money. If you don't run for money, you want to be promoted. It's hard! Therefore, the money spent on running an official every year is not a small sum. Where did the money come from? Grey money, of course. What should I do if the cadres are promoted and paid well? Have the right not to use it, expire it, and quickly use power to get it back from the people. The more cadres are promoted, the more frequent they change, and the heavier the burden on the people. If the power to select cadres lies with the people and it is declared that the power of cadres lies with the people's congresses, officials will give gifts to the people-work hard for the people, if that's all. Now we are also engaged in democracy, and cadres should be elected. Who will nominate them? The above nominations. Whoever wants to be a cadre has to give him a gift. Today's democracy still needs the "people push" from above, that is, the people who want it from above are "pushed" by the hands below, which is the same as the original effect, but it costs more manpower and money; In fact, what people want is the following democracy, that is, to elect those who do not serve the people. If these people don't choose, how to choose excellent people? Good people can't get on, how can farmers not be poor?

Twelfth, since the reform and opening up of the legal system, many laws have been enacted, and the legal system is also a pump. Now we are ruling the country according to law, but more and more people come to Beijing to petition, more and more every year. What does this mean? The law doesn't work Then why doesn't the law work? . A farmer's disposable income is several hundred dollars a year. How can he afford a lawsuit? How can you afford a lawyer and a judge? The poor can't afford the luxury of law. When the poor can't afford to use the law, the law is a tool used by the rich or powerful to bully the poor. If you don't go to court, there is no other way to help. In general, you can only swallow it; This is the last straw. Only the poor can enter Zidu. Many people believe in the law, but they lose everything in the lawsuit and don't have enough money. As a result, they couldn't win the lawsuit. Many people have gone to extremes, from defenders to lawbreakers, adding injustice! Some people laugh at the farmers who believe in Bao Qingtian and the "legal ignorance" of "settlement". If you are poor, you will understand what is going on. It has been called for many years to govern the country according to law, but more and more farmers are breaking the law. A farmer went from Sichuan to Beijing to work, with only 500 yuan in his pocket. When he arrived in Beijing, he split the fare, leaving only 200 yuan. I need a temporary residence permit, a health certificate, and proof ... I need a lot of money, and I don't know where to do it. I have to do this in order to survive. Not doing it is illegal; If it's not illegal, it's illegal! In order to reduce the cost of living, the poor are forced to break the law. How unfair! As grass-roots organizations and grass-roots governments, it is impossible to survive without breaking the law, because finance only gives 60% of the budget and 40% relies on income generation. Take the director of police station as an example. His duty is to punish prisoners and defend the people, so he has to pay him to fulfill his obligations. But in fact, the government finance only gives 60% of the head fee, and there is no fund for handling cases. In addition, the public security bureau not only has no money to give the police station, but the police station also gives the public security bureau 80 thousand yuan every year. Where did the police station get the money? Of course, it uses its power to take money from ordinary people. Isn't this a criminal? This is "supporting the so-called law enforcement by breaking the law." The police station is like this, and the grass-roots courts also eat the plaintiff and the defendant, and the grass-roots departments are basically like this. Who wants to become a rogue from the director of the police station, but now he wants to become a rogue. You can't be a director unless you become a gangster. Therefore, law enforcement is also wrong! I have summarized that there are two trends in the development of rural areas in China that should be alarmed: the trend that the bottom people have to break the law in order to reduce the cost of living is becoming more and more obvious, and the trend that grassroots governments and grassroots organizations support law enforcement by breaking the law is becoming more and more obvious. Some people say that China's legal system is becoming more and more complete, and China's society is getting closer to the legal society. I believe half of them. Because the legal system serving the minority is more and more complete, the "rule of law" of the minority is more and more "acquiesced" by this society. Most people in this society (especially the poor) want to protect their rights according to law, and it is increasingly difficult to pay the cost.

Thirteenth, the science and technology extension system is also a water pump. There is no doubt that scientific and technological services are urgently needed in rural areas. Students of Agricultural University, who have studied in university for four years and master's degree and doctor's degree for several years, will go to the countryside to be technicians? Of course not! Because it is impossible for the rural small-scale peasant economy to pay a high return after going to college. Market allocation technology, the result is that college students with agricultural skills are far away from farmers, small-scale peasant economy, and rural technicians are less and less. Will technology never go to the countryside? No, for example, hybrid seeds go to the countryside, and technology goes to the countryside in the form of materialization and special monopoly in pursuit of high returns. Farmers have to pay a high price for using "technology". Therefore, market allocation technology has two results. First, technical talents are far away from the countryside; Second, farmers must pay a high cost when using technology. In the previous reform of township institutions, industry and commerce should be strengthened, taxation should be strengthened, finance should be strengthened, and land should be strengthened. All departments that collect money from farmers should be strengthened. All the technical service departments that farmers need, such as agricultural technology extension stations, fishery technology extension stations and forestry technology extension stations, have been transformed and pushed to the market, leaving them to fend for themselves. The result of this reform is that the agricultural technology extension system is "broken, people leave, and technology is yellow", and farmers are deprived of the right to obtain cheap technical services, which creates the possibility for technology to obtain monopoly benefits. The result of this reform will only lead to poorer farmers. Since the market can allocate technology well, why should it be sent to the countryside? Since market allocation technology is harmful to backward rural areas, why should agricultural extension technology departments be pushed to the market? Since the reform, there has been a rule: our system design is always under the banner of reducing the burden on farmers, which makes farmers lose more and more, and always makes the powerful class more and more favorable. The science and technology extension system is just a microcosm.

Fourteen, the market subject system Many people think that rural areas are the first to carry out reform and opening up, and farmers must be market subjects and have the qualifications of market subjects. Actually, it's not. Today's farmers have not yet achieved the status of complete market players. Farmers should not only pay taxes as usual, but also be fined. This is equivalent to using a coercive force to force farmers to combine low-paid or unpaid labor with land to produce a large number of cheap agricultural products to meet the requirements of urban people. Do farmers have a dominant position in the market? Obviously, without full market subject qualification, our mainstream economists and government officials always demand that all farmers be "pushed to the market". On the one hand, we should not give farmers the qualification of market subject, on the other hand, we should push farmers to the market. What is the truth? It is clear that if 230 million farmers are forced to produce and then put into the market to form disorderly transitional competition, can farmers get average social profits? The return of agriculture itself is very low, how can farmers not be poor! Only when thousands of small farmers are organized can they cope with the deprivation of big capital and enhance the subjectivity of the market. However, China allows the establishment of chambers of commerce, and there are many meetings, but it is difficult for farmers to set up their own organizations. How can small farmers who are already at a disadvantage under the conditions of market economy not be poor? The legitimate enterprises run by farmers, as soon as the government documents come, have to stop if they want, regardless of the huge losses of the government. This is also a manifestation of not giving farmers equal market dominant position, so how can farmers not be poor?

Fifteenth, the household registration system. The household registration system is also a water pump. Compared with rural hukou, urban hukou is very valuable. I knew in primary school that people with urban hukou are superior and noble. Students with urban hukou eat, wear, live and play differently from our peasant children. I envy people with urban hukou. 1985, I became the secretary of the township party Committee, and many farmers asked me to solve the hukou. The registered permanent residence must be jointly operated by the departments of food, public security and civil affairs, and can only be solved after the signature of the county magistrate in charge. It takes a lot of money and time and energy to solve an account. By the early 1990s, 100, 200 and 500 county accounts were sold each year, ranging from 20,000 yuan to 30,000 yuan each. Some farmers lend money to their children to buy hukou, and they have to open a "back door" to buy expensive hukou. At that time, many people begged me to go through the back door, and some people really cried and asked me for help. Later, the registered permanent residence was sold all over the country. In some cities, an account can be sold for hundreds of thousands or more. Now you still have to pay a high price to get an account in Beijing and other cities. I have worked in Beijing for several years because I can't afford to buy a hukou and I can't be a Beijinger. How much rural wealth has the hukou absorbed? It's a terrible crime!

Sixteenth, the bidding system. Now, all public facilities in rural areas should be invited for bidding. It seems that this is a fair system. Perhaps the bidding system is really good in the world or developed places, but it is not so good in underdeveloped rural areas. This is a discriminatory system, which increases the burden on farmers and must be improved. In underdeveloped areas, the market cannot form full competition. Under such circumstances, bidding is an open and legal "grey transaction" between several cadres and their "brothers". In the bidding game, there is neither sufficient market competition nor democratic supervision, and 99% people are excluded. Such bidding can only be collusion between power and money. 65,438+10,000 things that could have been done well, the budget hit 500,000, and power and capital were divided; Farmers' organizations could have been allowed to organize farmers to work or work for relief. Finally, there is the law-bidding. In fact, power and capital exclude the poor. At present, the state has invested in the use of funds for the "six small projects" in rural areas. Compared with the 1980 s, one yuan can only be used as a dime. In recent years, there are more and more poverty alleviation resources in the country, but fewer and fewer people are out of poverty. A leader of policy research in a poor province told me that the effect was less than one tenth of the original. The problem that the use efficiency of poverty alleviation resources is getting lower and lower should be reflected.

XVII. Regulatory System Nowadays, more and more foods are disturbing, more and more medicines are disturbing, more and more lottery tickets are disturbing, more and more stocks are disturbing, more and more insurance is disturbing, more and more banks are disturbing ... More and more regulatory departments are disturbing. Facing more and more anxiety, how to solve it? More and more people are still prescribing-strengthening supervision. Xi BMW fake lottery case appeared. Everyone said that the main reason is that supervision is not in place. Isn't the notary department a regulatory department? Isn't the lottery management center a regulatory department? Isn't the Consumers Association a regulatory department? Many people have said again-the question now is who will supervise the regulatory authorities, and the regulatory authorities need to be arranged above the regulatory authorities. The People's Bank of China supervises banks, and now there is the China Banking Regulatory Commission. Then I want to ask, if the CBRC is corrupt, will there be another "strong CBRC"? I want to make it clear that I am not against supervision, of course I want to supervise. But two things need to be clear: first,