The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty in China's feudal society. It experienced a prosperous period, from prosperity to decline, and was in danger. While the Qing Dynasty was going from bad to worse, British capitalism developed rapidly in the bloodbath of colonial plunder. It extended its claws of aggression and plunder to all parts of the world, and China, with its vast territory and vast population, had already become the coveted object of British capitalism.

1In June, 840, Britain used Destruction of Opium at Humen as an excuse to launch a war of aggression against China-the Opium War. Since then, China has fallen into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, various capitalist powers have joined the ranks of invading and plundering China and launched wars of aggression against China. After the Second Opium War, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, China finally became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1. The Opium War and the signing of a series of unequal treaties such as the treaty of nanking marked China's entry into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1794, the British East India Company started opium trade with China, and since then, the opium imported into China has been increasing. Opium has flowed into China in large quantities, which has gradually become a drug that corrupts people's character, corrodes people's thoughts and stifles people's lives, and has become an increasingly serious social problem. 1796 The Qing government ordered the cessation of opium tax and prohibited the import of opium. Later, the importation, trafficking, cultivation and smoking of opium were banned many times. Since then, opium trade has completely become an illegal activity, and opium has changed from open trade to large-scale smuggling. The British bourgeoisie and its government made a lot of China silver from the opium trade. Although the Qing government banned opium time and again, the spread of tobacco poison was increasing day by day. The opium smuggled into China by1830 ~1831year had increased to 2 1849 boxes,1836 ~1year.

First of all, it has seriously damaged the physical and mental health of China people. According to 1835, there are more than 2 million opium addicts in China. Secondly, a large amount of silver flowed out of China, which made silver expensive and money cheap, directly threatened the lives of the working people, and also dried up the fiscal revenue of the Qing government, depressed all industries and depressed the market; Thirdly, the opium trade made the Qing dynasty's rule more declining, and the army became increasingly corrupt, which seriously affected the military strength of the Qing government. All these seriously endangered the rule of the Qing Dynasty and threatened the survival of the Chinese nation.

18381February, Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty appointed Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy to control the Guangdong navy and went to Guangdong to ban opium. 1From June 3 to 25, 839, Lin Zexu led local officials to destroy all the more than 20,000 boxes of opium seized from British and American opium traders in Humen Beach in public and rushed into the sea. Destruction of Opium at Humen's feat has dealt a powerful blow to the arrogance of foreign invaders, greatly inspired the fighting spirit of the people of China, safeguarded the dignity of the Chinese nation and inspired the national spirit.

After the news of Destruction of Opium at Humen reached London, the British government decided to open the door of China by force in the name of "protecting trade". 1in June, 840, george elliot, commander-in-chief of the British invaders, led 4,000 British troops, arrived in Guangdong, China, blocked the Pearl River Estuary, and provoked the Opium War of aggression against China. The war went through three stages: the first stage, from the outbreak of the war in June 1840 to the conclusion of the "Chuanbi Caoyue" in 184 1 year. At the beginning of the war, the British army was defeated in the coastal areas of Guangdong and Fujian because the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Lin Zexu, and the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Deng Tingzhen, were on strict guard against the coastal areas. After the British army invaded the north, it captured Dinghai, Zhejiang on July 5. In August, the British army went north to force Tianjin Haikou. Later, due to the rise of compromise factions Mu Zhang 'a and Qi Shan, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were dismissed and investigated by Emperor Daoguang. Qi Shan went to Guangdong to be in charge of the Sino-British negotiations, and signed a "draft agreement on piercing the nose" with Yi Law without authorization, secretly promising to cede Hong Kong, open Guangzhou and compensate 6 million yuan for cigarettes. /kloc-on October 26th, British troops forcibly occupied Hong Kong as an important base for their continued invasion of China.

The second stage, from 184 1 year 1 month to the conclusion of the Guangzhou Peace Treaty in May of the same year. /kloc-in late October, Emperor Daoguang felt that the compensation for ceded territory was detrimental to the dignity of the Qing Dynasty, so he issued a letter to declare war on Britain, appointed Yishan, the imperial clan, as the general of "calming down the rebellion", led more than 10,000 troops to Guangdong to fight, and "dismissed and locked up" Qi Shan. In February, the British army attacked Humen, and Guan Tianpei led his troops to fight alone, and died heroically, and the battery fell. In May, the British army invaded Guangzhou. Because Yishan did not make serious arrangements, it fought fiercely for several days. The Qing army retreated to the city to seek surrender. Yishan and the British army concluded the Guangzhou Peace Treaty, which stipulated that the Qing government would pay Guangzhou "city redemption fee" of 6 million yuan within 7 days to compensate the British Commercial Museum for the loss of 300,000 yuan. The Qing army retreated 60 miles outside Guangzhou, and after the ransom was paid, the British army withdrew from Humen.

In the third stage, treaty of nanking was signed from August 184 1 year to August 1842. The British government was not satisfied with the benefits it had obtained, and appointed Pu Dingcha instead of Yi Law to further expand the war against China. 10/day 1 day, the British army once again captured Dinghai, Zhejiang Province. Ge Yunfei, Zheng Guohong and Wang Xipeng, the company commanders of Dinghai, led their troops to bravely resist and died, and all 5,000 soldiers died heroically. Then, the British captured Zhenjiang and Ningbo. 1June, 842, the British army attacked the Yangtze River and Wusong Fort. Chen Huacheng, a veteran of nearly 70 years old and the prefect of Jiangnan, fought bravely against the enemy and died heroically. Finally, under the threat of British artillery, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking with the British plenipotentiary Pu Dingcha.

Although some patriotic generals, such as Lin Zexu and Guan Tianpei, fought bravely against the enemy, the Opium War, which lasted for more than two years, ended in the failure of the Qing Dynasty because of the corruption of the feudal system, the fatuity of the Qing government and the resulting economic and technological backwardness, as well as the inferior military equipment and stagnation of military technology.

1842 On August 29th, representatives of the Qing government, Senior Citizen and Ileb, and British representative Pu Dingcha signed the first unequal treaty in China's modern history-the Sino-British treaty of nanking, which stipulated that China ceded Hong Kong to Britain; Compensation for Britain 2 million yuan; Open Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; The agreed tariff and the tax rate of import and export goods of China Customs have no right to determine by themselves, and must be agreed with Britain. 1843, China and Britain successively signed the Articles of Association for Trade with Five Ports and the Humen Treaty, as a supplement to the treaty of nanking. Through these two treaties, Britain gained consular jurisdiction. Where there is a dispute between China people and British nationals, how the British people commit crimes is determined by Britain, which is not bound by China law; The tariff value is 100-50%, which stipulates that most of the tax rates for British goods entering and leaving China Customs are "100-50%", while the inland pass tax is "still accepted and cannot be increased", thus fixing the tariff rate of China at a minimum; One-sided MFN treatment, China "if there is a new Enshi and other countries in the future, it should also allow the British to share it as a sign of tolerance", which has become an important means for countries to steal the privilege of aggression in the future; British warships can be stationed at five trading ports, which means that foreign warships threaten the trading ports by force and undermine China's territorial rights.

After the signing of the treaty of nanking, the invaders such as the United States and France came one after another and seized the opportunity to claim privileges. They forced the Qing government to sign two unequal treaties, namely, the Sino-US Wangxia Treaty and the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty, in July and October of/kloc-0,844 respectively. They not only obtained all the privileges stipulated in the treaty of nanking, but also expanded the consular jurisdiction of the United States. Americans have the right to rent land to build buildings, open hospitals and establish churches at five trading ports, and carry out ideological and cultural aggression; France, on the other hand, gained the privilege of preaching freely at trading ports. Since then, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Prussia and other countries have flocked to demand that "* * * share" the interests of aggression. In 1849, Portugal openly occupied Macao. The door of ancient China was finally opened by the cannon and power of capitalist powers.

The signing of a series of unequal treaties, such as the Opium War and the treaty of nanking, opened the door for capitalist countries to invade China. Since then, invaders from various countries have followed. It was the beginning of China's capitalist slavery and a historical turning point for China's feudal society to gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Before the Opium War, China was an independent and sovereign country. After the war, China's territorial sovereignty began to be destroyed by western capitalist invaders. Britain acquired Hong Kong and Portugal occupied Macao. China's sovereignty over customs, justice and trade has also been severely trampled on, thus making China lose its independent status. In addition, foreign invaders also took advantage of their seized privileges to set up concessions first in Shanghai and then at various trading ports, and implemented a colonial system completely independent of China's administrative system and legal system. Independent China began to gradually transform into semi-colonial China.

Before the Opium War, China was a feudal country with a dominant natural economy. After the war, foreign capitalism, by virtue of the privilege of unequal treaties, dumped a lot of goods and plundered raw materials to China, and China gradually became the commodity market and raw material extraction place in the capitalist world, which played a huge role in decomposing the social economy of China, on the one hand, it destroyed the natural economic foundation of China's self-sufficiency, on the other hand, it stimulated the development of urban and rural commodity economy in China, thus making China gradually become a vassal of world capitalism.

With the invasion of foreign capitalist forces, the first batch of semi-colonial cities began to appear in the southeast coastal areas of China. Among the five trading ports, Shanghai developed the fastest, and it soon replaced Guangzhou as the center of foreign trade in China.

After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Second, the Second Opium War and the signing of a series of unequal treaties marked the deepening of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.

After the signing of treaty of nanking, the British bourgeoisie thought that it could quickly open the market in China and make huge profits. However, since the five-port trade, many British goods have been unsalable in the China market, because the purchasing power of farmers in China is extremely low, and because opium is dumped in large quantities. However, the British bourgeoisie blamed the opening of too few trading ports in China, so it decided to launch a new war of aggression against China, plunder the right to go further into the mainland, and obtain new privileges such as opening up the whole of China, lowering the tax rate in the mainland, legalizing the opium trade, etc., in order to delay and save the two economic crises in Britain and gain greater profits.

1856 to 1860, in order to further expand the rights and interests seized in the opium war, the invaders of Britain, France and other countries launched a new war of aggression under the guise of comprehensively "amending the treaty". This war was the continuation and expansion of the first opium war, which was called the second opium war in history.

18561On October 23rd, the British invaders flagrantly launched a war of aggression against China under the pretext of "Yarrow Incident". 1857, France used the incident of Father Ma as an excuse to send troops and form a coalition with the British army to invade China. /kloc-at the end of 0/857, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou, captured Ye Mingchen, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, who "won't fight, disagree, defend, die, surrender or leave", and then went north along the coast. In May of the following year, the British and French allied forces captured Dagukou and invaded Tianjin. In June, the Qing government sent personnel to Tianjin to negotiate and was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Russia, the United States, Britain and France. The treaty stipulates that foreign ministers will be stationed in Beijing; Open ten trading ports including Niuzhuang (later changed to Yingkou), Dengzhou (later changed to Yantai), Tainan, Danshui, Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou), Qiongzhou, Nanjing, Jiujiang, Zhenjiang and Hankou; Foreigners can enter the mainland to travel and trade; Foreign warships and merchant ships have the right to sail into the Yangtze River and various trading ports; Revise the tariff and reduce the tonnage tax of merchant ships; Compensation for Britain is four million and two thousand, and compensation for France is two million and two thousand; And legalize the opium trade in the annex.

After the Tianjin Treaty was signed, the British and French invaders were still not satisfied, and 1860 spring, once again provoked the war. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, the invading army burned and plundered all the way, broke into Beijing and burned the Yuanmingyuan. Emperor Xianfeng, who fled to Jehol, sent Yi (Xin) as the representative to preside over the peace talks under the coercion of the British and French allied forces, and signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France respectively. The treaty stipulated that Tianjin Treaty was fully effective, Tianjin was opened as a commercial port, Kowloon Division was divided to Britain, and the British and French soldiers' fees were each 8 million and 2 million. 1 1 month, the British and French allied forces withdrew from Beijing, and the second opium war ended.

The Russian invaders took advantage of the Second Opium War to embezzle large areas of China. 1858 in may, the Russian invaders forced Yishan, the general of Heilongjiang province in the Qing dynasty, to sign the Aihui Treaty, forcibly occupying 600,000 square kilometers of China territory north of Heilongjiang province and south of Xing 'an Mountains. 1860 1 1 month, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, forcibly transferring 400,000 square kilometers of China territory east of the Wusuli River to Russia; 1864 10, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the sino-Russian agreement on the demarcation of the northwest boundary, forcibly occupying more than 440,000 square kilometers of territory in western China, that is, east and south of Balkhash lake.

After the Second Opium War, China's sacred territory was occupied and its territorial sovereignty was ravaged unprecedentedly. Capitalist invaders seized privileges such as opening more trading ports and inland navigation rights, and lowering tariffs. The forces of aggression extended to the northern coastal areas and inland areas. These ports not only became the economic strongholds of foreign powers invading China, but also became the military strongholds and bridgehead of western powers invading China because foreign warships "had the right" to sail into the Yangtze River and trading ports. China's sovereignty was further destroyed and trampled by western powers, which accelerated the semi-colonization of China's social economy. Missionaries went deep into the mainland to "preach freely", which deepened the imperialist aggression against China. Many missionaries interfered in China's local politics, occupied private fields, collected information, and fostered parishioners to oppress the people. After the war, the opium trade was legalized, and the harm of tobacco poison was deeper; The "Beijing Treaty" opened Tianjin, the gateway of Beijing and the largest industrial and commercial city in the north, as a commercial port, making it actually a stronghold for western capitalist aggression to plunder the economy of North China, and it is conducive to western powers to control Beijing militarily and politically; The ambassadors of various countries stationed in Beijing directly intervened in China politics, which facilitated the control and influence of the great powers on the Qing government. After the Second Opium War, the Qing government began to take refuge in foreign invaders, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded openly to suppress the revolutionary activities of the people of China. They became increasingly close in the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. After the failure of the Taiping Revolution, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces further colluded to establish a semi-colonial ruling order in China. The collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces accelerated the semi-colonial process of China society. In order to meet the requirements of the semi-colonial situation, the Qing government added new ruling institutions: one is the Prime Minister's Office for National Affairs, and the other is the General Tax Department. The establishment of these two institutions marks the beginning of semi-colonialism of the Qing ruling institutions.

The Second Opium War had a very bad influence on China, and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society of China deepened.

Third, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the great deepening of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.

1After the 1970s, it was a transitional period for western capitalist countries from the stage of free capitalism to the stage of imperialism. During this period, western powers stepped up their struggle for markets, raw material producing areas and colonies, and China and its neighbors in the Far East became their main targets. They gradually nibbled and swallowed from China's neighbors to the mainland, and the capitalist countries' aggression against China entered a new historical stage.

1In the mid-1970s, Britain invaded Tibet.1In September, 876, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the Yantai Treaty under the pretext of the "Majiali incident", and British forces gradually invaded Tibet. /kloc-In the late 9th century, Britain and Russia fought fiercely in Xinjiang. 1883, France started a Sino-French war. Due to the compromise and surrender of the Qing government, although China achieved a great victory in Zhennan, the Sino-French war still ended with "France was invincible and China was defeated". 1In June, 885, Li Hongzhang and French Minister Badeno signed the Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin in Tianjin, and the French forces of aggression extended into Yunnan and Guangxi, greatly deepening the crisis in China's southwest frontier.

After Meiji Restoration, Japan quickly embarked on the militaristic road of external expansion, and formulated a "mainland policy" aimed at plundering North Korea and China. 1In the early 1970s, the United States began to support and instigate Japan to invade Taiwan Province. While Japan invaded Taiwan Province, it also invaded North Korea. 1In the spring of 894, a large-scale peasant uprising led by Dongxue Party broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government repeatedly failed to suppress it, requesting the Qing government to send troops. The Japanese government decided to use this incident to invade North Korea and attack China. In June, Japan sent troops to North Korea in the name of protecting Japanese overseas Chinese and embassies, and deliberately provoked a war, which was imminent. On July 25th, Japan started the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. After the war, Li Hongzhang adhered to the policy of avoiding war and keeping quiet, and put the Qing army in a passive position. At the beginning of September, the Japanese soldiers advanced on Pyongyang in four ways, and Ye Zhichao, the commander of the Qing army, fled at the cold feet, and Pyongyang fell. /kloc-on 0/7, the Japanese army attacked beiyang fleet led by Ding Ruchang, the Qing prefect, in the Yellow Sea. The two sides fought fiercely for five hours, with losses to each other. Deng Shichang, the leader of the Qing navy, died in battle, and beiyang fleet's "Zhiyuan", "Jingyuan", "Chaoyong", "Yangwei" and "Guangjia" sank, with many ships lost and heavy casualties. Li Hongzhang ordered beiyang fleet to retreat to ahava base. The Japanese army occupied the whole territory of Korea and mastered the sea control rights in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, so it pushed China to the national gate by land and sea. 1895 1 month, the Japanese formed the Shandong combat army and attacked ahava by land and sea. Ding Ruchang and other soldiers persisted in fighting when they were caught between Scylla and Charybdis, and Ding Ruchang finally committed suicide. On February 12, the Japanese army entered Liu Gongdao, and the whole army of beiyang fleet was destroyed. Because Li Hongzhang and Empress Dowager Cixi always adhered to the traitorous policy of begging imperialism for "mediation" and compromise with China, Japanese soldiers and civilians fought bravely, but still suffered heavy losses, and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 ended in China's defeat.

1895 In April, Li Hongzhang and Japanese representative Ito Bowen signed the treaty of shimonoseki, which stipulated that the Qing government recognized Japan's control over North Korea; China ceded Liaodong Peninsula, the whole island of Taiwan Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan (under the interference of Russia, France and Germany, 18951month, Japan demanded 30 million taels of silver from China as "Liao redemption fee", and after China paid the "Liao redemption fee", the Japanese army withdrew from Liaodong Peninsula. Compensation for Japanese military spending of 220 million silver; Open Chongqing, Shashi, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, where Japanese ships can sail along inland rivers and set up consulates; The Japanese can set up factories in China's trading port cities at will, and their products are exempt from various miscellaneous taxes, only paying taxes on imported goods, and they can set up warehouses in the mainland; The treaty also stipulates that Japanese troops temporarily occupy ahava, and Japan will not withdraw its troops until the compensation is paid and the trade and navigation treaty approves the exchange.

Treaty of shimonoseki made Japan cut off China, Taiwan Province and other large areas of territory, which further undermined the integrity of China's territorial sovereignty. This was a very serious plunder of China's territory by Japan after tsarist Russia, which directly encouraged the ambitions of the great powers to carve up China's territory. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialist powers scrambled to divide their "spheres of influence" in China, and China faced the crisis of being carved up. The treaty allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in China, and other powers invoked the one-sided MFN treatment clause of "sharing all the benefits" to compete for capital export to China. From then on, the powers took the treaty as a "basis" and rushed to set up factories and enterprises in China, further plundering China's raw materials and using cheap labor, which dealt a heavy blow to China's national capitalist industry and directly hindered the development of China's social production. The huge reparations aggravated the financial and economic crisis of the Qing government, and increased the burden on the people of China. The 220 million reparations and the 320 million "Liao redemption fee" were equivalent to three times the annual income of the Qing government. The Qing government was unable to repay it, so it had to rely on foreign debts to cope with it, and the big powers controlled the economic lifeline of China through loans. Treaty of shimonoseki also set a bad precedent for the powers to extort large reparations; China's reparations for cession of land accelerated Japan's transformation into militarism. Japanese militarists used this huge indemnity to invest in heavy industry, especially military industry, which developed rapidly, enhancing its military strength of outward expansion and aggression, and Japan gradually became one of the most important countries that invaded China.

Treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious traitorous treaty since treaty of nanking. Its signing has brought foreign capitalism's aggression against China into a new historical period, made China face an unprecedented serious national crisis, greatly accelerated the process of semi-colonization in China, and made the national crisis in China worse than ever.

4. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China and the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely plunged into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialist powers scrambled to slaughter China, and set off a frenzy of dividing their spheres of influence in China. Russia, Britain, Germany, France and Japan seized various privileges in China.

During this period, imperialist countries set up factories in China and robbed mines, which became the main way and means to export capital to China. At the same time, the commodity exports of the great powers to China continued to grow. The influx of foreign capital and commodities has severely hit China's national industry. The imperialist powers gradually controlled and monopolized the financial and economic lifeline of China by investing in factories, seizing railways, mines and other capital outputs, deepened the semi-colonization of China society, aggravated the national crisis, and greatly stimulated people from all walks of life in China. They strongly demanded to set up factories to save themselves, and advocated setting up their own railway factories and mines to "resist foreign businessmen and foreign factories".

Imperialism exported a large amount of capital to China, which deepened the semi-colonization of China society, but objectively stimulated the development of Chinese national capitalism, and the ranks of China national bourgeoisie also grew. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, bourgeois reformism changed from a social trend of thought to a bourgeois reform movement that demanded learning from western capitalism, reform and reform, and taking the road of western capitalism. 1June, 898 1 1 day, Emperor Guangxu, according to the reform proposal put forward by Kang Youwei, the leader of the bourgeois reformists, promulgated the imperial edict "Ming Ding Guo is" and announced the reform, which is the Reform Movement of 1898. *** 103 day, September 2 1 day, the new law was abolished by empress dowager cixi, and the political reform movement was declared a complete failure.

When the bourgeois reformists set off a reform movement in society, the working people and some gentry, mainly farmers, launched a wide-ranging struggle against aggression, carve-up and foreign religions at the bottom of society. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, these extensive and scattered patriotic national salvation movements quickly formed a thrilling boxer anti-imperialist patriotic movement. 1900 The anti-imperialist patriotic movement swept through Beijing, Tianjin and the whole country like a storm. The boxer held high the banner of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", which seriously threatened the imperialist interests of aggression in China. In April, Britain, the United States, Germany and France sent a note to the Prime Minister's yamen, ordering the Qing government to "exterminate" the Boxer Rebellion within two months, otherwise, land and water armies would be sent to "exterminate" it.

1June 900 10, Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy and Austria (Austria-Hungary) and other countries formed Eight-Nation Alliance, with more than 2,100 people. Under the leadership of British Admiral Seymour, Tianjin invaded Beijing and officially provoked Eight-Nation Alliance's massive invasion of China. On June 16, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagukou Fort, and the Boxers in the suburbs of Tianjin went to the city to cooperate with the Qing army, thus launching a tragic battle to defend Tianjin. On June 2 1 day, the Qing government issued a declaration of war against Eight-Nation Alliance, determined to "fight it out" with foreigners. Cixi was impassioned on the surface in the declaration of war, but actually she just wanted to "survive". A few days after the declaration of war, the Qing government telegraphed the envoys abroad, asking for understanding and promising to "try to punish the Boxer Rebellion on its own". In order to achieve the purpose of begging for surrender, the Qing government, headed by Cixi, sold the Boxer Rebellion in exchange for the understanding of imperialism to maintain its shaky dominance. When the Boxer Rebellion fought to the death with the invading army in the siege of Xishiku Church in Beijing and the defending war in Tianjin, Song Qing, the new deputy minister of Beiyang, ordered the Qing army to attack and kill the Boxer Rebellion in the back. The corruption and incompetence of the Qing government and the reactionary policy of compromise and surrender made the war situation worse and worse. On August 4th, after Eight-Nation Alliance captured Tianjin, he assembled 20,000 troops to invade Beijing along the canal. On August 14, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, divided his troops and attacked, burned and robbed, which turned many places between Beijing and Tianjin into rubble fields. When Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, some patriotic Qing troops and the Boxer Rebellion launched fierce street fighting with the allied forces. In the defence of Beijing, * * * killed more than 400 invading troops and * * more than 10 Qing troops were killed.

190/kloc-0 On September 7th, 2000, the Qing government and eleven countries, including the United States, Russia, France, Japan, Britain, Germany, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands, signed the Treaty of Sorrow and Ugliness, which stipulated that the Qing Dynasty would pay 452 million yuan in compensation for silver, which would be paid off in 39 years with an annual interest of 4%. Set up an embassy community in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing, where countries can station troops, and China people are not allowed to live in the community; Demolition of Dagu Fort and other forts along the route from Beijing to Dagu, China troops are not allowed to be stationed within 20 miles around Tianjin, while foreign troops are allowed to be stationed in 12 strategic locations along Beijing and Jingyu Railway, such as Shanhaiguan, Qinhuangdao, Changli, Luanzhou, Tangshan, Lutai, Tanggu, Junliangcheng, Tianjin, Yangcun, Langfang and Huangcun. Imperialism also prohibits the transportation of arms and raw materials for arms manufacturing into China for a period of two years. It is forbidden for China people to form or join any anti-imperialist organization forever, and offenders will be put to death. Provincial officials must protect the safety of foreigners, otherwise the official will be dismissed and will never be used; Punish the "culprits and ministers", remove Wang Zaiyi from his post and banish him to Xinjiang, Zhuang Qinwang Zaixun, Zuodu Yushi Yingnian, Minister of Military Aircraft and Minister of Punishment Zhao Shuqiao all committed suicide, and * * * executed more than 100 officials of all sizes; In places where the invaders were "abused" and "killed", "the civil and military examinations were stopped for five years"; Change the yamen of the Prime Minister to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "before the six departments are listed", and designate the royal family to be the foreign minister to handle foreign affairs; The Qing government sent Wang Dachen to Germany and Japan to "apologize", and set up a monument in the place where German Minister Cleander and Japanese embassy secretary Shengshan Shanbin were killed, and set up a monument for the graves of the destroyed foreigners, "to show the intention of cleaning up the dirt and insulting the snow".

The Treaty of Hatred and Ugliness is an unequal treaty with unprecedented humiliation in China's modern history. It is another extremely heavy yoke imposed by imperialism on the people of China, which has had a very serious impact on the development of modern China society. Through this treaty, the imperialists severely controlled and blackmailed China from the political, economic and military aspects, so that China's sovereignty was completely lost.

First of all, it has brought great economic disaster to the people of China, and accelerated the poverty and socio-economic depression of the people of China. Imperialism extorted and paid huge compensation. According to the population of China at that time, each person shared one or two pieces of silver on average, which was equivalent to the total fiscal revenue of the Qing government 12 years. This was the largest compensation in the history of China, and it was an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by imperialism. This indemnity was mortgaged by customs duties, salt taxes and regular tariffs, which made China's customs duties, regular tariffs and salt taxes all controlled by imperialism. The Qing government had almost no financial source except land tax, so it aggravated the exploitation of the people, plunged the working people into the abyss of suffering, brought the social economy to the brink of collapse, and never paid off its foreign debt. China completely lost its independence in economy and became a vassal of the western economy.

Secondly, imperialism further controlled China politically and deepened its oppression and rule over the people of China. Although the Xin Chou Treaty does not stipulate the terms of ceding territory and opening trading ports, it stipulates that imperialist countries can set up military strongholds and occupied areas in China, which shows the new changes and characteristics of imperialist powers' aggression against China. Through the "Xin Chou Treaty", imperialism further controlled China's military affairs, and the establishment of the embassy circle became China's "country within a country". Foreign troops were stationed in the Beijing embassy district, which enabled the diplomatic missions of various countries backed by force to directly form military control over the Qing government anytime and anywhere. Batteries in Beijing and Dagu were demolished, and countries stationed troops from Beijing to Shanhaiguan, so that the Qing government was completely under imperialist military control, and foreign troops could directly send troops to suppress the anti-imperialist movement of the people of China at any time, which seriously undermined China's sovereignty integrity and national defense security. In addition, many important political measures of the Qing government must obey the instructions of imperialism. Imperialism can hold officials hostage and punish them. It can instruct the Qing government to prohibit China people from organizing anti-imperialist struggle groups, and it can instruct the Qing government to ban the national liberation movement and the people's revolutionary movement in China. Officials at all levels of the Qing government spare no effort to suppress the people's anti-imperialist movement. They have completely become accomplices and lackeys of imperialism, and imperialism has become the emperor's father above the Qing dynasty.

Thirdly, at this time, the Qing government had completely surrendered to imperialism. Before that, there were both collusion and contradictions between the rulers of the Qing dynasty and imperialism, and they were often in a state of peace and fighting. After the Boxer Rebellion broke out, the imperialist powers were shocked by the inestimable "national spirit" of the people of China, and realized that "carving up is the worst policy", and decided to continue to implement the policy of "controlling China with China" and continue to use the Qing government as a tool for its aggression against China. It is precisely because of this that when the imperialist countries put forward the provisions of the "Xin Chou Treaty", despite the extremely harsh blackmail, they were extremely tolerant of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and continued to let Cixi maintain this "cowardly government", so that Cixi thanked the invaders and said that she would "measure the material resources of China and win the favor of the country." From the initial combination of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces after the Second Opium War to the complete combination of Chinese and foreign reactionaries after the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", the Qing dynasty became a "foreigner's court" and the Qing government completely became a tool for imperialism to rule China.

The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.