You ask and say:
First, thoroughly understand the material, have a sense of problems before reading, and regard the messy things as a whole. No matter what the requirements of the examination questions are, there are always three problems, reasons, present situation and countermeasures.
When analyzing materials, ask yourself five questions:
What are the main problems reflected in the 1. material?
2. What is the logical relationship between materials?
3. What are the manifestations of the problem?
4. What is the root of the problem?
5. What are the countermeasures?
Second, the basic routine of reading: one hook, two possibilities and three classifications. Three times and four steps, taking 30-40 minutes.
Step 1: Mark paragraphs and outline key words or sentences.
1. First and last sentence principle
2. The principle of related words
3。 Principles of common words: root, harm, education, system, leadership, laws and regulations, supervision, implementation, experience and lessons, investigation, data display, reflection, seeing, telling, according to XXX, according to reports, preliminary speculation, analysis, emphasis, pointing out and thinking.
Step 2: Summarize the general idea of the paragraph.
Generally, keywords can be marked, but in the end, it is important to grasp the integrity of materials, the relevance between materials, the position of materials in the whole application materials, and from which angle it is most beneficial for you to analyze. Pay special attention to typical phenomena, examples and charts.
Step 3: Sort out the relationship between materials.
Horizontal principle: juxtapose four phenomena such as political, economic, social and cultural reasons, A, B, C and D, etc. Contradictory relationship between positive and negative aspects, achievements and problems.
Vertical principle: the structure of raising, analyzing and solving problems.
Multi-level principle breaks through the simple horizontal and vertical relationship to classify, and it is also the trend of future proposition from the perspective of material complexity.
Step 4: Summarize the main contents
First of all, pay attention to the identity set for yourself.
The main idea is outstanding, and the universal mode is applied. A rigid pattern.
If you carry out the four-step method three times, you will be half successful.
Third, put forward the basic ideas of countermeasures.
The first step: take advantage of the particularity of contradiction. Find out the root of the problem-first find out the negative effects of specific social phenomena, and then find out the reasons according to the analysis.
Causal analysis, the most commonly used method, should be good at using dialectical thinking analysis in the process of finding reasons. Proceed from objective reality, look at the problem from a developmental and contact perspective, and adhere to the key theory and two-point theory (multivariate analysis of differences).
1. When analyzing internal and external causes, we should pay attention to the interaction and transformation of internal and external causes under certain conditions.
2. Interest analysis, that is, thematic analysis, is based on thematic analysis. Only by finding the interest subject can we clarify the interests of all parties, find ways to meet the reasonable interests of different subjects, and finally solve social contradictions.
3. Multi-angle analysis: political, economic, cultural, social, historical, realistic, internal and external, as comprehensive as possible.
SWOT analysis: strengths, weaknesses (what enterprises can do), opportunities and threats (what enterprises can do).
Step 2: Make use of the universality of contradictions and learn the eight universal laws. (Portrait of internal and external cause analysis and multi-angle analysis)
Length of leadership attention, improve understanding.
2. Strengthen publicity and create an atmosphere.
3. Improve the quality of education and training
4. Improve policies and regulations and improve the system.
5. Formation mechanism of organization and coordination.
6. Increase investment and rely on science and technology.
7. Strengthen supervision and fully implement it.
8. Summarize reflection and learn from experience.
Specific measures and common sentence patterns
1. Leaders attach importance to and raise awareness.
Implement the responsibility system for top leaders
Establish and improve the system of taking the blame and resigning.
Establish and improve the leadership accountability system
Put it. . . . . Put on the agenda
Strengthen the investigation and study of the problem and sort it out from the source. . . . The ins and outs of the problem.
Enhance. . . . realize
Advocate. . . . The idea of
2. Strengthen publicity and create an atmosphere.
Television, newspapers, internet and other media should be publicized in various forms. . . . Raise people's awareness of …. . . Understand.
Public opinion concerns
Implement a typical demonstration
Social demonstration
Create the consciousness of the whole society. . . . Good cultural atmosphere
3. Improve the quality of education and training
Yes . . . Improve the education and training level of leading cadres, workers and the masses. . . quality
4. Improve policies and regulations and improve the system.
Establish and improve various systems (laws) so that there are laws to follow, right. . . Severe sanctions and penalties will be imposed, and criminal responsibility will be investigated if the circumstances are serious.
excitation system
Stakeholder system
Division of labor system
Rule system
Punishment system
Decision-making system: including social conditions and public opinion response system, social publicity system, social hearing system, expert consultation system, decision-making demonstration system and responsibility system.
5. Formation mechanism of organization and coordination.
Form a scientific decision-making mechanism that deeply understands people's feelings, fully reflects people's opinions, gathers the wisdom of several people, and earnestly cherishes people's resources.
Wit to prevent emergencies (preparing emergency plans and increasing manpower, material resources and financial reserves) and guarantee mechanism.
Organizational mechanism and coordination mechanism: including sending working groups, setting up specialized agencies and increasing personnel.
Establish and improve various supervision mechanisms.
Form an information feedback mechanism
Organize experts to formulate. . . Detailed implementation rules in this field.
6. Increase investment and rely on science and technology.
Yes . On the other hand, increase financial input.
Add to the right. . . Financial and loan support
Rely on. . Technology, solve. . question
7. Strengthen supervision and fully implement it.
Strengthen social supervision (mass supervision) and set up a hotline (report mailbox)
Media supervision or public opinion supervision?
Leadership or superior supervision
Establish and improve a systematic and rigorous evaluation index system.
Intensify rectification efforts
Those who violate the law must be investigated, and law enforcement must be strict: severely investigate and punish those responsible.
Even if the problem is found to be corrected, the violation of discipline against the wind will be strictly investigated and will not be tolerated.
The right must be responsible, the right to use it is supervised, and the law is prosecuted (emphasizing the control of power)
Ignore everything. . . Violate. . . Behavior should be boldly exposed and publicly exposed. . . This work is supervised by the people and public opinion.
The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to strengthen the restriction and supervision of power, establish a power operation mechanism with reasonable structure, scientific allocation, strict procedures and effective restriction, strengthen the supervision of rights from decision-making to implementation, and ensure that the rights entrusted by the people are really used for the benefit of the people.
8. Summarize reflection and learn from experience.
To sum it up. . . . Experience and lessons of
Draw lessons from various advanced experiences at home and abroad.
Attention should be paid to the particularity of contradictions, and specific problems should be analyzed in detail. The Eight Universal Laws are not omnipotent, but without them, we can't do anything. If it can be used, if it is not suitable, there is no need to cover everything.
The third step is to evaluate scientific and effective countermeasures.
1. When the questions reflect many problems, only by grasping a main line according to the given function of the questions and involving various problems from different angles can we put forward a plan to treat both the symptoms and the root causes.
2. The feasibility of countermeasures, the plan should be able to solve the problems existing in the real society, who will implement it, how to implement the steps (when) and under what conditions. In short, we should consider all aspects, try our best to overcome the factors that are contrary to it, and avoid being divorced from the century and doing nothing.
3. Countermeasures should conform to the functions of government departments. Be legal.
Fourth, the basic routines of argumentative writing
Three elements: argument, argument and argument.
Parameters:
Grasp the test questions as a whole, and choose the most profound, practical and beneficial arguments from the different viewpoints obtained. Arguments should have a political height, see the essence of things clearly, be predictable, be summarized, have a correct position, have a clear attitude and be original.
The ways to highlight the argument are: make the argument of the article into a movie as the title, summarize the material in the first paragraph, and divide the second paragraph into separate paragraphs to name the argument. Each sub-argument is closely related to the general argument, with the beginning and end taking care of the general argument and the last paragraph summarizing the general argument. We should pay attention to sentence patterns such as complex sentences and conditional sentences, use language flexibly, and repeatedly emphasize the importance, inevitability and significance of restatement of the general argument.
Argument: true, typical, comprehensive and fresh. Including concrete or generalized examples, statistics or charts, personal experiences, quotations, axioms and so on.
set an example
You can use examples, quotations, theoretical arguments (through analysis, judgment and other reasoning means to analyze things and problems to reveal the relationship between arguments and arguments, which can be divided into causal deduction and multi-angle deduction, usually not. . . Just ... . . ), hypothetical argument, comparative argument (horizontal, vertical, contrast), metaphorical argument, and reduction to fallacy.
Three structures and three stages are the general idea.
1. Question: Quote the material and get to the point.
2. Problem analysis: Closely combine the materials and apply dialectics, focus theory and two-point theory. From this to that, from appearance to essence, from micro to macro, from special to general.
3. Problem solving: To be organized, it is best to handle the previous problems well. Plans involving the responsibilities of relevant departments should reflect the spirit of performing their duties, doing their best and working together.
Five breakthrough points of scoring
Outline: the beginning and end of each paragraph at the beginning of the title.
Title: It must be the central argument or reflect the central argument.
Beginning: explain the origin of the event, reveal the theme and talk about the influence of the theme. There are narrative style, introduction style and rhetoric style.
Conclusion: Summing up, emphasizing deepening the theme (positive or negative innovation), raising hopes or appeals to the theoretical level, can generally be included in the discourse system of "scientific development-social justice-harmonious society".
Transition:
Transition section: between the three parts, the article can be structured and the paragraphs are clear. The first half summarizes the previous paragraph, and the second half leads to the next paragraph.
Turning sentence: it can be used at the beginning of a paragraph to summarize the previous paragraph, or at the end of a sentence to lead to the next paragraph, or to summarize materials, or to indicate a turning point, or to ask questions.
Turning words and conjunctions.
Universal eight formula:
1. Leaders attach importance to and raise awareness.
2. Strengthen publicity and create an atmosphere.
3. Education and training to improve quality
4. Improve policies, regulations and systems.
5. Organization, coordination and formation mechanism
6. Increase investment and rely on science and technology.
7. Strengthen supervision and fully implement it.
8. Summarize reflection and learn from experience.
(A) "universal eight countries"
1. Leaders attach importance to and raise awareness.
(1) According to
Leaders and authority in the organization play an irreplaceable soul role in the team. The attitude of leaders and authorities to the incident plays an important role in promoting or hindering the resolution of the incident. In our country, the main leaders in the government, especially the top leaders, attach importance to something, which is directly related to the speed of solving it. Premier Wen's demand for the wages of migrant workers and the "debt collection storm" caused by it are the best social examples. In fact, there are countless such examples. Therefore, at any time, to solve a specific problem or a major social problem, the attention of leaders is the basic premise and foundation. At the same time, "thought is the source", and solving problems requires not only the attention of leaders, but also the awareness and close attention of everyone in the organization.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Implement the responsibility system for top leaders
Establish and improve the system of taking the blame and resigning.
Establish and improve the leadership accountability system
Put ... on the agenda.
Strengthen the investigation and study of the problem and sort out the ins and outs of the problem from the source.
Enhance the consciousness of. ...
Advocate the idea of ...
Leading cadres at all levels should attach great importance to it, establish a correct view of political achievements, and attach great importance to the issue of cadres.
2. Strengthen publicity and create an atmosphere.
(1) According to
As the saying goes, "a pen is worth a thousand troops", and guns and pens are important means for the government to manage the country. Journalists are often called "uncrowned kings" precisely because the media and public opinion contain infinite power. Media can not only create huge economic benefits, but also create huge social benefits. Without the intervention of the media, there will be no thorough reform of the china rescue system. If Southern Weekend didn't report that Academician Zhong Nanshan confessed the truth of SARS when it happened, the consequences of SARS might be even more unimaginable. If there is no * * * column to pay attention to many poor college students, there may not be such a strong social atmosphere to pay attention to and help poor college students this year. Therefore, in order to solve a social problem as soon as possible and attract the attention of the whole society quickly, there may be no other way but to rely on the media and various forms of publicity. The party and the government have always attached great importance to propaganda work and strived to firmly grasp the initiative of mass media and propaganda tools. The party and the government make full use of the extensive, rapid, timely and powerful influence of the media to publicize their own purposes and policies, create a strong atmosphere of public opinion through the media, unify the masses' thoughts, and raise awareness, which is conducive to rapidly advancing the work.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Television, newspapers, internet and other media should publicize … in various forms to raise people's awareness of ….
Public opinion concerns
Implement a typical demonstration
Social demonstration
Create a good cultural atmosphere ... in the whole society.
3. Education and training to improve quality
(1) According to
Man is the main body of various social activities, and his quality determines the success or failure of various social activities he is engaged in. In order to effectively reduce all kinds of safety accidents, it is necessary to improve the professional and technical quality of all kinds of employees; To fundamentally solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, we must improve the ideological and cultural quality and scientific and technological quality of farmers; In order to effectively improve the ability of governments at all levels to manage public affairs, it is necessary to strengthen the education and training of leading cadres in public affairs management. Nowadays, the education and training industry is becoming a sunrise industry. Strengthening the education and training of relevant personnel and improving their relevant quality is the only way to solve related problems.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Improve the quality of leading cadres through education and training.
Through … education and training, improve the quality of employees ….
Improve the quality of the broad masses of people through education and training.
4. Improve policies, regulations and systems.
(1) According to
"Institution is the primary productive force", and institution is very important. This is because good rules and systems can promote social coordination and integration; Be able to define the correct boundary and behavior space; It can promote economic efficiency and realize resource allocation; Can provide guarantee for material resources and spiritual values; The system also helps people to form stable expectations and specific cognitive patterns in an uncertain and risky environment, which is conducive to guiding the behavior of individuals and organizations. Therefore, relying on systems and rules can solve some seemingly impossible things well. For example, a story of sharing porridge can vividly illustrate the importance of rules and systems.
Xin Xiangyang in "Who Can Become an Entrepreneur in China? The book tells a very interesting story about sharing porridge.
There is a small group of seven people, everyone is equal, but also selfish. They want to solve the problem of eating every day through institutional innovation-sharing a pot of porridge, no measuring tools and no containers with scales. Everyone used their wisdom and tried many methods. After many games, the following rules were formed:
Rule 1: Designate a person to be responsible for the distribution of porridge and become a professional porridge distributor. I soon found that this person gave me the most porridge, so I changed to another person. As a result, the person who always hosts the sharing of porridge has the most porridge in his bowl, which is also the best. Power leads to corruption, and absolute power leads to absolute corruption, which is reflected in this bowl of porridge.
Rule 2: It was fair to appoint the porridge distributor and supervisor at first, but later the porridge distributor and supervisor changed from power restriction to "power cooperation", so the porridge distributor and supervisor shared the most porridge. The system failed.
Rule 3: You can't trust anyone. Just take turns to fill porridge, one person a day. This is tantamount to acknowledging that individuals have the right to share more porridge for themselves, and at the same time giving everyone the opportunity to share more porridge for themselves. Although seemingly equal, everyone is full only one day a week, and hungry for the other six days. Everyone thinks that this system has caused a waste of resources.
Rule 4: Everyone democratically elects a trustworthy person to preside over porridge sharing. This person with excellent moral character can share porridge fairly at first, but soon he consciously gives himself and his flatterer extra points. Everyone agrees that it should not be corrupted, and a new system should be found.
Rule 5: democratically elect the porridge Committee and the supervisory Committee to form a democratic supervision and restriction mechanism. Basically, it is fair, but because the supervision Committee often puts forward various motions, the porridge division Committee argues that the porridge will be cold when it is divided. This system is too inefficient.
Rule 6: Everyone has a veto on the sharing of porridge. That's fair, but I'm afraid no one can drink porridge in the end.
Rule 7: When on duty, everyone takes turns to divide porridge, but the person who divides porridge should get porridge last. Surprisingly, under this system, seven bowls of porridge are the same every time, just like measuring with scientific instruments. Everyone who presides over porridge sharing realizes that if seven bowls of porridge are different, he will undoubtedly enjoy the least bowl.
This is the rule. Rules are really crucial. They are more important than technology.
The rule of "hot stove" in management science can explain the restraining effect of system on human behavior;
(1) The fire is hot. You don't need to touch it to know that the stove is hot and it will burn people-warning principle. Leaders should always educate their subordinates about rules and regulations to warn or persuade them not to violate rules and regulations, or they will be punished. Whenever you touch a hot stove, you are bound to get burned. In other words, as long as you violate the rules and regulations of the unit, you will be punished. When you touch a hot stove, you will be burned immediately-the principle of immediacy. Punishment must be carried out immediately after the wrong behavior, without any delay, so as to correct the wrong behavior in time. Whoever touches a hot stove will be burned-the principle of fairness.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Establish and improve various systems (laws) so that there are laws to follow.
excitation system
Stakeholder system
Division of labor system
Rule system
Punishment system
Decision-making system: including social conditions and public opinion reflection system, social publicity system, social hearing system, expert consultation system, decision-making demonstration system and responsibility system.
5. Organization, coordination and formation mechanism
(1) According to
The management of the government is to allocate and integrate all kinds of resources through organization and coordination, so that all functional departments can cooperate and coordinate with each other, and then promote the smooth development of the work. At present, urban management needs to rely on the joint law enforcement of public security, industry and commerce, taxation, urban management, municipal administration and other departments, while civilized network management needs to rely on the joint management of public security, culture, communications, industry and commerce and other departments.
Solving social problems requires not only organization and coordination, but also mechanism. We often say that the meaning similar to "mechanism" refers to the way and method of doing things, but it is not the same as this meaning. Simply put, the mechanism is the system plus method or institutionalized method. Why should a mechanism be formed? First of all, the mechanism is an effective and relatively fixed method that has been proved by practice. There are rules to follow, and the mechanism is more stable. For example, the working mechanism of party building is not changed at will because of the change of the person in charge of the party organization, but the simple working methods and methods can be changed at will according to the individual's subjective wishes. Secondly, the mechanism itself contains institutional factors, which all relevant personnel are required to abide by, and simple working methods are often reflected in a personal preference or experience. The mechanism of the so-called law of ten thousand people is universal. For example, the supervision mechanism refers to the system that everyone must abide by, and it should also include various means and methods of supervision. The combination of the two can play a role. Third, the mechanism is summarized and refined on the basis of various effective ways and means, and it is often just a form and idea of doing things. The mechanism must be an effective way and method that has been tested by practice, and it must be systematized and theorized through processing, so as to effectively guide practice. But simple working methods vary from person to person and do not require to rise to the theoretical level. Fourth, mechanisms generally rely on a variety of ways and methods to play a role, and ways and methods can play a role alone. For example, while establishing various working mechanisms, there should also be corresponding incentive mechanisms, dynamic mechanisms and supervision mechanisms to ensure the implementation, promotion, error correction and evaluation of the work. Only by establishing a perfect mechanism can the party's construction develop steadily and maintain its long-term vitality.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Form a scientific decision-making mechanism that deeply understands people's feelings, fully reflects people's opinions, widely concentrates people's wisdom, and earnestly cherishes people's resources.
Prevention and emergency mechanism (making emergency plan and increasing manpower, material resources and financial reserves) and guarantee mechanism.
Organizational mechanism and coordination mechanism: including sending working groups/setting up specialized agencies/increasing personnel, etc.
Establish and improve various supervision mechanisms.
Form an information feedback mechanism
6. Increase investment and rely on technology.
(1) According to
Marxism holds that the practice of material production is the basic prerequisite for the existence and development of human society. Confucius said, "Food and soldiers are sufficient, and the people believe in it." It can be seen that material satisfaction is the basis for ensuring people's hearts and social order. On the contrary, limited resources and insufficient material conditions may cause social instability. At present, an important reason for hot issues such as urban-rural gap, regional gap, environmental pollution and social security is insufficient investment.
For some specific and irresistible technical problems such as environmental governance and energy conservation, it is essential to rely on specific measures at the technical level.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Vigorously increase financial input ...
Increase financial and loan support. ...
Rely on ... problem-solving techniques ...
7. Strengthen supervision and fully implement it.
(1) According to
Rousseau said, "Absolute power leads to absolute corruption". The reason why power goes to corruption is because of the lack of necessary supervision. Many times, many social problems arise not because there are laws to follow, but because there are laws that are not obeyed, law enforcement is lax, and violations are not investigated. Due to the lack of supervision, laws and regulations are often out of shape in the implementation process, often "a key class fell, and thousands of' ultra-long classes' and' experimental classes' stood up". Therefore, strengthening supervision and full implementation are called necessary measures to solve any problems.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Strengthen social supervision (mass supervision) and set up a hotline (report mailbox)
Media supervision (public opinion supervision)
Leadership (superior) supervision
Establish and improve a systematic and rigorous evaluation index system.
Intensify rectification efforts
Those who violate the law must be investigated, and law enforcement must be strict: severely investigate and punish those responsible.
If problems are found, correct them in time, strictly investigate and deal with violations of discipline against the wind, and will never tolerate them.
The right must be responsible, the right to use it is supervised, and the law is prosecuted (emphasizing the control of power)
The Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward: "We should strengthen the restriction and supervision of power, establish a power operation mechanism with reasonable structure, scientific allocation, strict procedures and effective restriction, strengthen the supervision of power from decision-making to implementation, and ensure that the power entrusted by the people is really used for the benefit of the people."
8. Summarize reflection and learn from experience.
(1) According to
Where do our ideas for solving problems come from? Nothing more than from itself or from the outside. From yourself, it is by the usual accumulation, summing up and reflecting. As the saying goes, people can't fall down in the same place twice. Rational people always have the consciousness of reflection and hardship, and finally succeed through constant experiments and accumulation. Foreign experience is to learn from the strengths of others, so-called stones from other mountains can attack jade.
(2) Examples of specific measures
Summarize the experience and lessons of. ...
Draw lessons from various advanced experiences at home and abroad