I. Basic information
By the end of May 1999, the balance of the bank's debt to be processed was 7.65/kloc-0.00 million yuan, of which 69 177 million yuan was to be processed within one year, 66.58 million yuan was overdue, 46.45 million yuan was processed and 6.74 million yuan was discounted.
Since the establishment of the subject of debt to be treated in 10 in 1997, the bank's debt to be treated has shown a rapid growth momentum. In one and a half years, it has grown to 765 million yuan, with an average monthly growth of 42.5 million yuan, and its proportion in various loans has also increased from 1.25‰ at the end of 1997 to1/kloc at the end of May this year.
According to statistics, the bank has received a total of 809.26 million yuan in debt repayment, including 480,000 square meters of houses and buildings, with a value of 433.3 million yuan, accounting for 53.5%; Land 1603 mu, with a value of178.85 million yuan, accounting for 22.1%; Vehicle 169 vehicles, with a value of 29.34 million yuan, accounting for 3.6%; Equipment 1786 sets, with a value of 534 1 10,000 yuan, accounting for 6.6%; Other114.35 million yuan, accounting for 14. 1%. In other projects, ranging from leather clothes and color TV sets to soaps and socks, there are all kinds of things.
Among the debt paid, 2.3346 mu of land, with a value of 24.57 million yuan, housing135.82 million yuan, with a value of11580,000 yuan, accounting for 77.8%, actually realized 38.78 million yuan, with a loss rate of 7.67 million yuan/kloc.
Second, the main problems
(1) The accounting method for the operating income to be transferred involved in the debt to be treated is not reasonable enough, which directly affects the benefit of the Bank.
According to the accounting treatment regulations of the Head Office's accounting for debt repayment to be processed, debit the subject of debt repayment to be processed (debt repayment to be processed within one year) when receiving the debt repayment to be processed; Credit the loan principal, interest receivable and collection interest, in which the part of collection interest is offset, and debit the operating income to be transferred at the same time, and credit the interest income. If the debt to be treated in the account can be realized within one year, and there is no loss of realization, this accounting treatment method is undoubtedly accurate and reasonable. However, the debt to be treated itself is a preservation measure that our bank has to take when the loan unit is unable to repay the principal and interest of the loan. In actual treatment, there are generally great losses. Although the general behavior deals with and accounts for the realized losses, and the second-level subject of "discounting debts to be written off" is set up, from the perspective of safeguarding the rights and benefits of the Bank, the accounting for the operating income to be transferred is still very unreasonable, mainly because the losses that may occur during the realization process are also regarded as the paid-in interest, and the collection interest calculated by the cash basis accounting is directly included in the accrual basis accounting, which virtually overlooks the interest income and falsely increases the profit, thus making the Bank realize the debts. According to the statistics, our bank has actually recorded the debt repayments to be treated, reduced the interest collection, inflated the interest income by 56.33 million yuan, and needed to pay more business tax by nearly 5 million yuan.
(B) The accounting provisions for some derived revenue and expenditure items are not clear enough, which brings great inconvenience to accounting.
Due to the great differences in the conditions and environment of debt repayment to be treated, the physical form of receipt and the way of treatment are also very different, while the accounting methods of the head office are relatively general, and some details in the actual treatment process are not clearly defined, which makes accounting treatment difficult.
First, in the process of receiving and recording debt repayment, according to the accounting method of the Head Office, the debt repayment received should be recorded according to the assessed amount. However, when the assessed amount of debt repayment to be processed is greater than the creditor's rights of the Bank, there is no clear accounting treatment method. If the assessed amount is included in the debit of debt repayment to be processed, the lender lacks corresponding subjects. If the loan principal and interest are included in the credit, some debt repayment cannot be recorded, which is inconsistent with the relevant accounting balance regulations.
Second, due to the wide variety of debt repayments, it is very difficult to deal with the realization. Idleness can not only generate income, but also increase the storage cost accordingly, which is not conducive to the maintenance and maintenance of assets. Therefore, many behaviors reduce losses and rent some debt repayments. However, the head office has no specific regulations on the accounting of rental income from debt repayment. As most of such leased debt repayments are fixed assets such as houses and vehicles, but they are not accounted for in the fixed assets account of the Bank, depreciation cannot be accrued on a regular basis. If the debt repayment of this part of fixed assets can be realized, the time from the recovery of the Bank to the evaluation will be taken as the depreciation period of the assets in the process of asset value evaluation, and the calculated asset depreciation will be deducted from the evaluation value, and the realized value will definitely be lower than the recorded amount of the debt repayment. At the same time, the rent collected from renting out assets, as the derivative income of the debt to be treated, should be regarded as a kind of compensation for the loss of assets in the process of storage. However, there are no specific accounting provisions in the existing accounting methods of the Head Office, which can only be included in the income account, inflating profits, and at the same time involving the issue of tax payment, which has an adverse impact on the efficiency of the Bank.
Third, various expenses must occur in all links of recovery, storage and treatment of debt to be treated, especially for all kinds of expenses incurred in all links before liquidation, which are not specified in the accounting methods of debt to be treated. First of all, in the process of paying debts in kind, if the creditor's rights are recovered through litigation, it is necessary to pay certain legal fees and execution fees to the court. No matter whether the court decides or both parties negotiate, strict asset evaluation is required before the debt repayment is recorded, and a large amount of evaluation fees will be paid to the asset evaluation agency according to the evaluation amount. Secondly, when property rights are changed and assets are transferred, various transfer fees are required. In the storage link, you need to pay various storage fees such as warehousing and custody. At the same time, before the realization of each link, all the changes and possession of property rights involving land, real estate, vehicles and other assets must pay various taxes such as transaction tax, stamp duty, property tax, land use tax, vehicle and vessel use tax according to the provisions of the tax law. These expenses belong to the derivative expenses related to the debt to be treated, which are quite different from the normal business management expenses. For example, it is not reasonable to charge them in the business management expenses, but it will also bring greater pressure to the already stretched cost indicators.
(III) The regulations on the collection of taxes and fees related to debt repayment to be processed are extremely unfavorable to the Bank. At present, the debt repayment to be processed recovered by the Bank is mainly real estate, land and vehicles, but such assets involve various taxes and fees in the process of receipt, possession and disposal. First, the land under collective ownership can not be transferred by itself according to the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Land and Land, and can only be transferred and transferred after it has been requisitioned by the state in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. During this period, the Bank has to pay a certain proportion of the land transfer amount. Second, in the process of receiving and disposing, the transfer procedures of land and real estate are handled, and the tax authorities regard it as a normal real estate transaction and levy transaction tax according to the transaction amount; Third, after the property rights of debt repayment are transferred to our bank, the tax authorities will treat the debt repayment such as land, real estate and vehicles allocated to our bank for disposal as their own use, and collect land tax, property tax and vehicle and vessel use tax from our bank respectively in accordance with the provisions of the tax law. As the debt to be treated is only a means for the Bank to preserve its assets and recover its creditor's rights, the transfer of property rights of land, real estate and vehicles is essentially different from self-purchase, and the change of property rights is only temporary and transitional. If the loan unit directly repays the loan in the form of monetary funds, such taxes and fees are not involved at all, so it is obviously unreasonable to levy transfer fees and transaction taxes twice and the property tax, land use tax and vehicle and vessel use tax levied during the transitional period. At the same time, enterprises repay loans by paying debts in kind, mainly due to their inability to pay debts, and many enterprises have existed in name only, and the phenomenon of tax arrears is relatively common. Therefore, many local tax authorities regard the transfer of property rights of such assets as an opportunity to expand tax sources to varying degrees, and further strengthen the collection and management, which further puts the Bank at a disadvantage.
(D) There are many kinds of debt repayments, and it is very difficult to realize them.
According to the statistical investigation, on the one hand, most enterprises that pay debts in kind are insolvent, unable to operate normally, and generally have poor liquidity. At the same time, because most of these enterprises borrow from multiple sources, when recovering the debts to be treated, the handling bank is hungry for food, and often fails to consider the difficulty of realizing the debts. On the other hand, at present, there are no laws and regulations on debt disposal in China, and there is no rule to follow. At the same time, the debt disposal market has just been established, its development is extremely imperfect, and the channels for debt disposal are too narrow, which increases the difficulty of realizing. Judging from the realization of the Bank, the over 800 million debt to be treated in the province is only 46.45 million yuan at present, and the realization ratio is less than 6%. With the passage of time, the value of debt to be treated is gradually depleted, and it will become more and more difficult to deal with it. From the analysis of the difficulty of realizing debt repayment, the following situations are prominent:
First, the waste factories and special equipment of some enterprises that exist in name only were received. Due to the relatively complete information of enterprise account books, the cost information of both its fixed assets and inventory goods is well documented. Under the influence of external factors such as local protection, the evaluation value is generally not low, but the actual use value of debt-paying items is very small. In the process of liquidation, it is basically in a state of being valuable without market, which is very difficult to realize.
The second is the debt to be treated received across regions. This kind of debt repayment is mainly due to the irregular cross-regional loans in previous years. The debt repayment is mainly land, real estate and other real estate, which is extremely difficult to deal with due to geographical, policy, environmental and other conditions.
Third, it is remote, especially in rural real estate and land. For example, the loan principal and interest of a group company in our bank totaled 35.49 million yuan, and it was unable to repay the loan on time due to high financing cost and poor management. After the evaluation of the second evaluation firm of this city, the houses, equipment and land use rights of the feed processing factory, the first broiler factory, the second broiler factory, the breeder factory, the pig factory, the brick factory and the village committee office building under the name of the group company were priced at 35.496 million yuan to offset our debt. The group company is located in the countryside, more than 40 Li away from the county seat. The local villagers are unable to buy or contract, and outsiders are inconvenient to intervene, so it is extremely difficult to realize and it is not easy to manage.
Fourth, various commodities received from the commodity circulation industry. This kind of goods are generally due to poor business management. The inventory goods received by our bank include large items such as household appliances and coal, as well as daily small commodities such as soap, underwear, shoes and socks. There are many kinds of goods, but the quality is generally poor, the market is not good, and it is very difficult to realize them. (E) Lack of uniform standards for asset receipt, value evaluation and liquidation.
According to the investigation, since the Head Office has not determined the specific types of assets that can be used as debt repayments, the handling bank has generally received a lot of difficult debt repayments based on a good wish of "grabbing one point and losing one point is one point" when the creditor's rights of our bank have suffered losses, especially when the loan enterprises have basically lost the repayment ability, and some of them may even be unable to offset the expenses incurred in the process of receiving and keeping. Because there is no fixed and unified evaluation agency, when the debt to be treated is evaluated, the handling bank usually entrusts the evaluation agency temporarily or the court appoints the evaluation agency, so it is difficult to establish a long-term and stable cooperative relationship, and the evaluation agency is easily influenced by the borrowing unit or local government, resulting in a generally high evaluation cost. At the same time, there is also a lack of specific regulations and necessary authorization for the liquidation of debts to be treated, which leads to the lack of rules for grass-roots banks to follow in the specific implementation. Many banks are hesitant to deal with business opportunities because of fear of taking responsibility when dealing with large losses. (six) the provisions of the debt cancellation at a discount are not clear, and the actual operation is very difficult.
As stipulated in the accounting procedures of debt repayment to be processed by the Head Office, the write-off of debt repayment discount to be written off shall be regarded as the management of bad loans and submitted for write-off according to the prescribed procedures. However, bad loans can only be written off after being declared bankrupt by the people's court and approved by the provincial financial supervision office, except for the merger and bankruptcy of enterprises within the scope of national pilot cities and the reduction of staff and efficiency. However, most enterprises that pay debts in kind exist in name only and have not been declared bankrupt by the court. Therefore, it is impossible to sort out complete write-off materials according to the relevant provisions on write-off of bad loans after liquidation, so the relevant provisions on write-off cannot be operated.
(VII) The role played by local governments and relevant functional departments in the process of receiving and realizing debts to be treated has had a great impact on the Bank.
The investigation found that our bank was greatly influenced by the policies and practices of local governments and functional departments in the recovery, storage and disposal of debt to be treated, and proper handling of cooperative relations could greatly help to preserve our credit assets. For example, the A county means of production service company was guaranteed by the A county finance bureau to make a cross-regional loan to the B county sub-branch. Because the loaner was unable to repay the loan and the guarantor refused to perform the repayment obligation, the B county court sent more than 40 bailiffs to the A county finance bureau for more than 20 days. After being exposed by the news media, the A county government came forward, which not only compensated our debts with 4.02 million yuan of land and real estate, but also handled all the transfer procedures for free, thus preserving our assets to the maximum extent. However, the initiative to deal with cooperative relations is not in the hands of the Bank to a large extent. Due to the interests of departments and local protectionism, the policies and practices of local governments and functional departments tend to focus more on lending units. For example, a city trade city group company borrowed from our bank for the preparation of a trade city, but later it was unable to repay the loan due to poor management. In order to solve the urgent needs of the trade city, the local government determined the reserve price of some houses in the trade city in the form of documents, and based on this, urged the trade city to sign housing transfer contracts with banks and handle the formalities of paying debts in kind. Otherwise, it will be regarded as giving up the creditor's rights, and all actions will prevent the creditor's rights from being suspended, so they can only be forced to accept it. The appraised value of Tianshan Building allocated to our bank is 1680 yuan/square meter, but according to the calculation of our intermediary department, the square meter was only 1200 yuan at that time. Similar phenomenon is very common in the process of receiving debt to be treated.
Third, some suggestions
(1) Improve the system and strengthen management. In view of the problems existing in all aspects of the bank's outstanding debt management, it is suggested that the Head Office should formulate a more systematic management method as soon as possible, and make clear provisions from evaluation, recovery to custody, realization and write-off. First, in the receiving link, as far as possible, make clear the types of assets that can be used as debt repayment, and urge the handling bank to carefully calculate the input and output and selectively receive debt repayment. Second, in the storage link, the responsible department and storage method should be clearly defined to minimize the loss. Third, in the treatment process, the corresponding authorization scope is determined according to the double standards of loss amount and loss proportion, so that the handling bank can timely deal with the debt repayment in accordance with the authorization scope. Fourth, formulate specific write-off methods for debt repayments to be processed, and specify the specific conditions, procedures and time range for write-off, so as to urge the handling bank to write off in the current period when the discount loss occurs as much as possible, so as to avoid the excessive impact of centralized write-off on the annual profit and loss. Fifth, establish a complete debt repayment reporting system, regularly compile debt repayment statements, and comprehensively reflect the management and treatment of debt repayment.
(2) Improve and perfect the accounting methods. From the point of view of standardizing accounting and improving efficiency, it is suggested that the Head Office should improve and perfect the accounting method of debt to be treated on the premise of complying with relevant financial laws and regulations.
First, adjust the accounting method of operating income to be transferred involved in debt repayment, and suggest adding a transitional subject, such as "income from debt repayment to be transferred", to hedge the operating income to be transferred when the debt repayment is recorded. Accounting entries:
Borrow: debt to be treated
Loan: loan principal
interest receivable
Collect interest;
At the same time, according to the collection interest charged, the operating income to be transferred is reversed.
Debit: Operating income to be transferred
Loan: income from debt service to be transferred and processed.
When the debt is realized, if the mortgage bonds are fully recovered, accounting entries:
Debit: realized amount of xx account (bank deposit, etc.)
Loan: the secondary subject of debt repayment to be processed.
At the same time, increase income
Debit: income from debt to be transferred to be processed; loan: interest income.
1, if the liquidation loss occurs in the process of liquidation, but the loss amount is less than the offset amount of collection interest, accounting entries:
Debit: ×× realized amount of account
Income from debt service to be transferred and treated
Loan: debt service to be treated
At the same time, the following accounting entries are made according to the difference between the realized loss and the reduction of the collection interest:
Debit: income from debt to be transferred to be processed; loan: interest income.
2. If the realized loss is equal to the amount of interest charged, the accounting entries are as follows:
Debit: the realized amount of ×× account (such as cash) is to be transferred to the income of debt repayment to be processed.
Loan: debt service to be treated
3. If the realized loss is greater than the offset amount of collection interest, the following treatment shall be made: debit: ×× realized amount of account (such as cash).
Discount loss of debt service to be written off
Loan: debt service to be treated
When writing off, accounting entries:
Debit: Income from debt service to be transferred to be treated.
Expense account (reserve)
Loan: Discount of debts to be written off.
Second, it is suggested to add two secondary accounts, namely, 7544 (income derived from debt to be treated) and 7545 (expenditure derived from debt to be treated), to set up an account according to the original debtor, and specifically account for the income and expenses incurred by debt to be treated before it is realized. After it is realized, the insufficient compensation will be written off as the debt discount, and the net income will be included in "86 1 non-operating income".
(3) Strengthen cooperation with relevant departments to create a better external environment for minimizing the loss of debt repayment. Due to the close contact with local governments and relevant departments in all aspects of receiving, managing and realizing debt repayment, banks at all levels should be required to actively strengthen coordination and cooperation with local governments and relevant departments, strive for their understanding and support, and create a good external environment for further reducing losses. However, at the same time, due to many policy issues involved in the process of debt repayment, which cannot be solved by the handling bank and branches, it is suggested that the head office should do a good job in the work of the Ministry of Finance and the Audit Office on the one hand, and strive to recognize the improvement and adjustment of the accounting method of debt repayment by the Bank; On the other hand, we should strengthen coordination with State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, and the land and housing management departments, so as to strive for appropriate reduction and exemption of transfer fees, transaction tax, property tax and other related taxes and fees during the transition period, so as to reduce our losses in the process of preserving credit assets.
(4) Pay attention to giving full play to the overall advantages of CCB. In view of the wide variety of debt repayments received by the Bank, and many of them are received across regions, it is difficult to handle them only by the handling bank, such as geography, information and other aspects. We should give full play to the overall advantages of the first-class legal person of the Bank, and all banks and departments should cooperate closely and strengthen cooperation in the handling of debt repayments to be handled. First, give full play to our network advantages and strengthen communication in supply and demand information. Second, it is suggested that the Head Office allow banks to give priority to the debt repayments to be processed in the bank in terms of the purchase and construction of fixed assets and other consumer needs, especially to ensure the urgent need for business development, and allocate them uniformly to minimize losses. Third, the handling of cross-regional debt repayments should be based on the principle of seeking truth from facts, and the method of whoever is convenient to handle it should be arranged reasonably, and their respective responsibilities and obligations should be clarified. Fourth, it is suggested that provincial branches or local behavioral units should entrust evaluation agencies in a unified way and establish long-term cooperative relations, so as to get rid of the influence of local protectionism as much as possible and save evaluation costs on the other hand. Fifth, give full play to the role of the Bank's customer groups, strengthen publicity through the media, and strive to revitalize the debt repayment assets to be processed.
Keywords: unrepentant paper model essay teaching plan, investigation report on debt repayment to be handled