Accounting statement is the final product of accounting, which can't show all the economic activities of the enterprise, and can't completely rely on it to verify all the accounting errors and disadvantages. It is to record and reflect the business activities that have happened, that is, the existing objective facts, rather than the economic activities that have not happened, that is, the accounting statements reflect the economic activities after the event, and it is impossible to predict and control them in the process and beforehand.
1 balance sheet review and analysis
Balance sheet is a financial accounting statement that reflects all assets, liabilities and owners' equity of an enterprise in a specific period (end of month, end of quarter and end of year). This is a static statement. The balance sheet is prepared on a monthly basis, based on the accounting equation of "assets equals liabilities plus owners' equity", according to certain classification standards and certain order, and according to the prescribed preparation requirements. The balance sheet provides the financial status of the enterprise at the end of the period, as well as the information of the financial status before and after, and shows the strength of the enterprise from the aspects of assets, liabilities and owners' equity.
1. 1 Review and analysis of equilibrium relationship. The format of the balance sheet is account type, with assets listed on the left and liabilities and owner's equity listed on the right. According to the principle of accounting balance formula, total assets should always be equal to the sum of liabilities and owners' equity. When reviewing and analyzing, if the left and right are found to be unbalanced, it can be judged that the enterprise has made mistakes in accounting; If it is found that the total number of items in the same column is not equal to the total count, it is generally that some items are miscalculated or the original data is unbalanced. After specific analysis, find out the key points of inspection, find out the reasons and adjust the accounts.
Check and analyze the correctness of data sources in table 1.2. On the basis of verifying the balance of the balance sheet, the correctness of the data source of the balance sheet should generally be checked and analyzed in the following four situations:
(1) Review of "opening number" and "closing number". Each item in the balance sheet has two columns: the number at the beginning of the year and the number at the end of the period. The data in the column of "the number at the beginning of the year" is filled in according to the figures listed in the number at the end of the balance sheet of the previous year; "Ending number" refers to the end of the month, the end of the season or the end of the year, which is filled in according to the ending balance of the relevant subjects of each project. During inspection, the data sources in the table can be recalculated by spot check to see whether the "year-beginning number" of each item is consistent with the "year-end number" of the balance sheet.
(2) Items directly filled in or calculated according to the ending balance of relevant general ledger accounts. Reconciliation should be made with the closing balances of all relevant general ledger accounts. Such as short-term investment, notes receivable, bad debt provision, original price of fixed assets, accumulated depreciation, short-term loans, paid-in capital, etc. When auditing, we should pay attention to whether to eliminate some factors that should be eliminated, such as the discount of bills receivable.
2 Review and analysis of the income statement
The income statement is a report that reflects the realization of the profit (loss) of an enterprise for one month, one quarter or one year, and is compiled on a monthly basis. Through the review and analysis of the income statement, we can fully understand the production and operation of the enterprise and determine its profits and losses; Analyze the economic benefits of enterprises. By analyzing the profit and loss items such as operating profit, investment income and non-operating income and expenditure reflected in the income statement, we can judge the development trend of enterprise profits and losses and predict the future profitability of enterprises. Through the analysis of various indicators in the income statement, we can understand the composition of realized profits of enterprises and the reasons that affect the increase and decrease of profits.
2. 1 product (commodity) sales revenue review and analysis. The factors that affect the change of product (commodity) sales revenue are sales quantity and sales price. When auditing, the sales quantity and sales unit price should be audited separately. When reviewing the sales quantity, it is necessary to compare the actual sales quantity of this period with the quantity of products (commodities) carried forward to see if they are consistent. If there is any discrepancy, it is necessary to check whether the products (commodities) are sold, fail to pass the accounting of "sales revenue of products (commodities)" and miss the sales quantity. The sales price can be audited according to the sales price in the "Calculation Table of Sales Profit of Products (Commodities)" to find out whether there is hidden sales income.
2.2 Review and analysis of product (commodity) sales cost. The cost of selling products (commodities) reflects the actual cost of selling products and providing services.
The main method to check the cost of sales is to check whether the cost of inventory products (commodities) at the end of the period is correct, because the incorrect carry-over of sales costs will inevitably lead to the untrue quantity and cost of inventory products (commodities). At the time of review, the product (commodity) cost in the inventory that should be kept at the end of the period can be calculated according to the verified average unit cost of the product (commodity) and checked with the book figures. If it is greater than the book number, it means that there may be a problem of multi-transfer sales cost, which needs further inspection.
2.3 product (commodity) sales tax and additional review and analysis. Product (commodity) sales tax and surcharges refer to the consumption tax, business tax, urban construction tax, resource tax, land value-added tax and education surcharge that should be borne by the main business such as selling products (commodities) and providing labor services. The change of product (commodity) output tax and additional amount is mainly caused by three reasons: first, the change of tax law and the adjustment of tax rate; Second, the output structure changes of products (commodities) with different tax rates; Third, the enterprise's declaration is false. When reviewing, the amount of "average unit tax" in the calculation table of product (commodity) sales profit can be compared with the amount of the previous year. If there are differences, and the tax rate and product (commodity) structure have not changed, it means that there is an error in tax calculation, and the reasons should be further identified.
2.4 Review and analysis of product (commodity) sales profit. The sales profit of products (commodities) is the main component of the total profit. Should check whether the enterprise has completed the profit plan, whether there is any increase or decrease compared with the previous period, and whether the calculation in the income statement is correct. During the inspection, the sales profit rate of this period can be compared with the sales profit rate of the previous period and the same period of last year. If there is a big change, but the scale of production and operation of the enterprise has not changed much, there may be an inaccurate calculation of income cost, which needs further inspection.
2.5 Audit and analysis of management expenses. Management fee is the management fee that reflects the organization and management of production and business activities by the administrative department of the enterprise. Such fees are usually relatively fixed. If the inspection suddenly increases, we should focus on reviewing the business activities of enterprises.
3. Review and analyze the statement of changes in financial position
The statement of changes in financial position, also known as the statement of sources and utilization of funds, is based on the income statement, balance sheet and other relevant materials and is compiled on an annual basis. It reflects the source, channel and destination of funds obtained by enterprises in a certain period of time, can provide the reasons for the current working capital flow and financial situation changes of enterprises, and can find out whether the raising and use of enterprises' funds are reasonable.
3. 1 Check the source of liquidity. Check the "net profit this year" with the "net profit" in the income statement; Check the subjects of "depreciation of fixed assets" and "accumulated depreciation"; "Amortization of intangible assets, deferred assets and other assets" is checked with the credit amount of the subjects of "intangible assets" and "deferred assets"; Check the related contents of "fixed assets inventory deficit (inventory surplus reduction)" with the subjects of "non-operating income" and "non-operating expenditure"; Use the account of "Clearing Fixed Assets" to account for the items of "Clearing Fixed Assets Loss (Less Income)" and "Clearing Fixed Assets Income (Less Cleaning Fee)"; Check the project of "increasing long-term liabilities" with the credit amount of the subjects of "long-term loans", "bonds payable" and "long-term payables"; Check the accounts of long-term investment, fixed assets and intangible assets in long-term investment projects: check the net capital increase by the total difference between the paid-in capital, capital reserve and surplus reserve accounts at the end of the year and the beginning of the year.
3.2 check the working capital application project. Check each item of profit distribution with each secondary account of profit distribution account; Check the net increase of fixed assets and construction in progress with the accounts of fixed assets and construction in progress; Check the items of "adding intangible assets, deferred assets and other assets" with the subjects of "intangible assets" and "deferred assets"; Check the items of "repaying long-term liabilities" and "increasing long-term investment" with the items of "long-term liabilities" and "long-term investment" respectively.
3.3 Whether the changes of liquidity items on the right side of the review form are true and reliable. Changes in liquidity items shall be shown as the difference between the ending number of relevant items in the balance sheet and the beginning number. In order to fully reflect the reasons for the change of enterprise liquidity and facilitate financial analysis, some projects that do not directly affect the increase or decrease of liquidity can not be ignored without audit.
3.4 Analysis of the financial situation of the enterprise. By reviewing the correct report data, investigate and evaluate the changes in the financial status of enterprises, and analyze the reasons for the changes in financial status. First, review the source and application of funds, and analyze whether the major financial activities of enterprises meet the requirements of relevant financial regulations and financial systems, whether the use of funds is reasonable and improper; Causing financial strain on enterprises; The second is to analyze the reasons for the increase or decrease of liquidity this year, mainly to evaluate whether the reasons for the increase or decrease of current assets and current liabilities of enterprises are reasonable and justified; The third is to analyze the solvency of enterprises, focusing on the increase or decrease of working capital, that is, the difference between current assets and current liabilities. The bigger the difference, the stronger the solvency of the enterprise.