The content of global e-commerce business is complicated and data exchange is frequent, which requires the e-commerce system to be strict, accurate, safe and reliable, and the world-wide unified e-commerce standards and e-commerce (trade) agreements should be formulated.
Basic Introduction Chinese Name: global e-commerce mbth: Global E-commerce Part of Speech: Nouns Main Features: Unbalanced development. Brief introduction: The main characteristics, relative comparison, development and problems of electronic trading activities in the world, and the main characteristics1.btob are dominant. In 2000, the B2B transaction volume was184.85 billion US dollars, accounting for 79% of the total global online trade, while the B2C transaction volume was 48.5 billion US dollars, accounting for only 2 1%. In the next few years, the proportion of B2B in global online trade transactions will further expand and will reach 87% in 2003. By 2005, the global inter-enterprise e-commerce transaction volume will exceed 545.8 billion US dollars, that is to say, in the next five years, B2B will develop at an annual growth rate of 66%. 2. Uneven development. Mainly manifested as unbalanced regional development and unbalanced industry development. (1) The regional development is unbalanced, and the developed countries, led by the United States, Europe and Japan, take the lead. The United States is one of the countries with the earliest development of e-commerce in the world, and it has an absolute advantage in global online trade by virtue of its network technology, market advantages and good business foundation. 17 billion dollars, accounting for 69% of the total global online trade of $50 billion in 1998. Followed by developed countries such as Canada, Japan and the European Union. Online retail sales in North America have tripled every year. Japan, Singapore and South Korea, which have developed information industries in the Asia-Pacific region, have also developed rapidly in e-commerce. Developed countries accounted for 96% of the total global online trade in 1998. E-commerce in developing countries, including China, is still in its infancy. It is predicted that in 2003, China's online trade will reach US$ 4 billion, only equivalent to 23.53% of the US 1998. (2) The development of the industry is unbalanced. In terms of industry distribution, e-commerce is mainly concentrated in the tertiary industry. Especially in the financial industry, tourism, computer software, audio-visual products and information consulting industries. According to the statistics and forecast of Business Weekly in198, the total amount of online transactions in financial services in197 was1200 million dollars, and it will reach 5 billion dollars in 200 1 year; The total online transactions of computer software also increased from $863 million in 1997 to $3.8 billion in 200 1 year; The total amount of online transactions in tourism has also increased from $654 million in197 to $7.4 billion in 200 1 year; 1In 1997, the total online transactions of audio-visual products, entertainment and ticketing services were156 million, 298 million and 79 million respectively, but they will reach 1 1 billion, 2.7 billion and 2 billion dollars respectively in 201year. The e-commerce transaction volume of computer and electronic products accounts for the highest proportion in the total trade volume of this industry, reaching 8.2%, followed by aviation and national defense (3.5%) and hydropower (2.9%). Among all online sales services in France, cultural products account for the largest number of transactions, followed by electronic products and tourism services. Compared with general e-commerce, global e-commerce has its particularity, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects:1.General e-commerce refers to the electronic process of all business activities, mainly domestic business activities, while global e-commerce mainly aims at e-commerce in global business activities. 2. General e-commerce includes all types of e-commerce activities, such as business to consumers, business to business, business to administrative and consumer to administrative. However, in global trade activities, transactions generally involve government administrative departments, trading partners and related commercial departments such as settlement, transportation and commodity inspection, and the transaction behavior and process of global trade itself are not directly aimed at consumers in the market. Therefore, global e-commerce only includes business-to-business and business-to-administrative e-commerce activities. The transmission of orders and related documents and files between trading partners and between trading partners and related banks, transportation departments, insurance departments, commodity inspection, customs and government departments has become one of the main contents of international e-commerce activities. 3. Although general e-commerce enables enterprises to directly face the global market, they can directly conclude transactions on the Internet by adopting the online transaction mode, but the global business activities that enterprises engage in are not only the transaction itself, but often involve all aspects of transactions from preliminary preparation to contract performance. After all, these activities are different from general trade activities. They are subject to the foreign trade policies and measures of different countries, and at the same time, they should be incorporated into international norms. The specific operation of global e-commerce involves more departments and scope than general e-commerce, and its related coordination work and legal practices are global. Therefore, global e-commerce activities still have its particularity. The development of global e-commerce has gone through two stages: (1) from 1960s to 1990s, e-commerce based on EDI. EDI came into being in the United States in the late 1960s. When traders used computers to process all kinds of business files, they found that 70% of the data manually input into one computer came from the files output from another computer. Due to too many human factors, the accuracy of data and the improvement of work efficiency were affected. People began to try to exchange data automatically on computers between trading partners, and EDI came into being. EDI(Electronic Data Interchange) is an electronic transmission method that transmits business files from one computer to another according to a recognized standard. Because EDl greatly reduces paper bills, people also call it "paperless trade" or "paperless transaction". Before the 1990s, most EDI was realized on a private network not through Inter, but through leased computer lines. This kind of private network is called VAN (Value-Added Network), and the main purpose of this is to consider security issues. However, with the improvement of El security of Inter, as a system with lower cost, wider coverage and better service, Inter has shown the trend of replacing VAN and becoming the hardware carrier of EDI. Therefore, some people directly call EDI realized through Inter Inter EDI. (2) Since 1990s, e-commerce based on the Internet. Because of the high cost of using VAN, only large enterprises will use it, which limits the expansion of the application scope of e-commerce based on EDI. In the mid-1990s, the Internet (Inter) gradually moved from universities and scientific research institutions to enterprises and people's families, and its function has also evolved from information sharing to a popular information dissemination tool. Since 199 1 year, commercial and trade activities that have been excluded from the Internet have officially entered this kingdom, and e-commerce has gradually become the biggest hot spot in the application of the Internet. In May, 1998, the online sales of American Dell Company 1998, which is famous for its direct online sales model to consumers, reached US$ 5 million, and by 2000, the online revenue accounted for half of the company's total revenue. The operating income of Amazon．com, another upstart online bookstore, soared from15.8 million US dollars in 1996 to1400 million US dollars in 1998, making it the largest book retailer in the world. EBay is the largest person-to-person auction website on the Internet, and the sales of this flea market 1998 in the first quarter reached 1 000 million dollars. The number of commercial websites like this in the United States has soared from 2,000 in 1995 to 424,000 in 1998, and now there are more than two million websites. By 2006, the number of Internet websites had exceeded 1 100 million, and the total number of websites that were frequently visited and kept updated was about 47 million to 48 million. By 2005, the global B2B network transaction volume alone reached 8.5 trillion US dollars, and increased by more than 20%. Faced with the rapid development of e-commerce, all countries have made a series of policies and regulations to promote the development of e-commerce according to their specific conditions. Among them, the governments of developed countries were the first to adjust their relevant policies. In 1997, the United States launched the Global E-commerce Policy Framework; 1998 also declared e-commerce as a duty-free zone and internet as a global trade zone; 1999 began to implement all government procurement online, which seized the commanding heights of e-commerce. Europe, Japan and other countries are not far behind, and have successively put forward the European E-commerce Action Plan, the EU Declaration on Supporting E-commerce, the Guide to the Legal Framework of E-signature in the EU, and the archives of Improving the E-commerce Environment in Japan. Under their active promotion, the United Nations Council on International Trade Law (UNCI-TRAL) launched the Model Law on Electronic Commerce. The member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) signed the Declaration on Electronic Commerce, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) reached the landmark file "A borderless world: giving full play to the potential of global electronic commerce" at the ministerial meeting held in Ottawa. Celebrities from the business circles of various countries also held an influential "e-commerce Global Businessmen Dialogue Conference" in Paris. In the change of international trade mode caused by this information technology revolution, developing countries are in an embarrassing situation. They hope to seize the opportunity to gain the advantage of being late-comer, but they are helpless with the inherent shortage of funds and technology. Therefore, except for a few countries such as Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia, which have published their own E-commerce Policy Framework, Basic Law of E-commerce and Development Strategy of E-commerce, most countries still cannot occupy the leading position of E-commerce in the field of international trade. Facing problems The development of global e-commerce faces the following new problems: (1) Legal issues E-commerce, especially EDI, as a trade method, has its own characteristics that can bring considerable economic benefits to users, but as a carrier different from traditional technologies and concepts, it challenges the existing civil and commercial laws. The technical platform of global e-commerce is improving day by day. In the construction of global e-commerce laws and regulations, the international community is also trying to break the boundaries between regions and countries, establish a set of international unified trade norms and legal framework, including the recognition of electronic contracts, the acceptance of electronic signatures and other similar authorization procedures, the formulation of dispute settlement mechanisms, and the formulation of fundamental principles with clear rights and responsibilities. 1In June, 1996, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law issued the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, which stipulated the time and place of the establishment of electronic contracts, the validity of contracts and the validity of electronic evidence. E-commerce involves authentication issues such as electronic files, contracts, notarization and signatures, as well as dispute settlement in business. Participants in the e-commerce market, including consumers, enterprises, financial institutions and Internet service providers, need to establish a set of business rules that they should abide by. The United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce provides a good example in this respect, but it needs the efforts of governments and relevant international organizations to bring it into their own legal systems. 1In February, 1999, the European Union put forward a proposal to establish an international charter aimed at coordinating global communication, especially e-commerce; 1in may, 1999, the United States and Japan issued a joint statement, in which the two sides established the principle of * * * in terms of tariffs, taxes, privacy, identity confirmation, etc. (2) Standardization is the key and difficult point in the popularization of e-commerce. According to the definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), standardization refers to the activity of obtaining the best order within a certain range and formulating the same and repeated rules for actual or potential problems. Standardization can be divided into two categories: one is de facto standardization and the other is de jure standardization. Because the implementation of e-commerce can not be separated from the development of network technology, the standards adopted in the standardization of e-commerce are actually based on the standardization of network technology, mainly including network standardization and data transmission standardization. International standardization organizations that play an important role in network standardization include the International Organization for Standardization, ITU-T, ANSI, IEC, IEEE and IAB. At present, there are many existing or developing industry standards related to e-commerce at home and abroad, and the relevant standards that are suitable for China's national conditions and can be passed should guide domestic enterprises to actively apply them in a timely manner; If it is not feasible, it should be reformed on the basis of reference, so as to promote the development of domestic related industries and achieve international integration. When conditions are ripe, we should organize industry forces to directly participate in the research and formulation of international standards for e-commerce. Existing industry standards include: UNSPSC: (United Nations standard products and service classification) United Nations standard product and service classification standard, which is used for international trade, especially international B2B business and service. UUDI: short for Universal Discovery, Description and Integration Protocol. UDDI is used by Web service providers to publish their own registration, let applications find specific web services and implement connection and interaction. EBXML: The United Nations (UN/CEFACT, Center for Trade Promotion and Electronic Commerce) and OASIS (Organization for the Development of Structured Information Standards) * * * are the specifications advocated, developed and used globally. As a global standard of e-commerce, it is a set of norms supporting modular e-commerce framework and global electronic market, which enables enterprises of any size to contact and handle business without geographical restrictions by exchanging information based on XML. CnXML: On the basis of absorbing EBXML, the E-commerce Research Center of the Institute of Software of China Academy of Sciences, as the initiator, joined with domestic enterprises such as China Institute of Electronic Information Development, 8848, Lenovo Digital China, Founder Digital, UFIDA Software Group, etc. to form a CnXML alliance, and developed an e-commerce transaction specification language and its supporting platform with independent intellectual property rights in China. It is estimated that if China generally adopts CnXML standard to implement ERP and e-commerce system, the scale effect can reduce the cost of ERP by 10%, and the integration cost of ERP and e-commerce can be completely eliminated, and the cost savings will be considerable. CnXML software can save10.5 trillion RMB for China in three years. Logistics standardization system: China has done some work in the construction of logistics standardization system, such as the formulation of national standards such as Logistics Terminology, Commodity Barcode, Storage and Transportation Unit Barcode and Logistics Unit Barcode, but there are still problems in promotion, standardization level and application scope. For the above standards or specifications, as well as other standards and specifications that will be used in e-commerce but not mentioned here, we should study them, establish our own views on these standards, and guide the relevant industries to gradually apply, study and develop correctly. The future global trade is an intelligent business based on the application of e-commerce. If we don't actively participate in the formulation of international electronic trade service standards and game rules now, we will be subject to people in the future global trade, which is unfavorable to the national economic development. Just like the WTO, we want to join it because we can have a dialogue in it and lead the formulation of some rules that are beneficial to our country. The international e-commerce standard is just like the e-WTO, and we must not take it lightly. On the other hand, we should actively establish China E-commerce Association and China E-commerce Standardization Organization, and invite domestic enterprises, experts and relevant management departments that have already done some work in this field to participate. We also actively welcome units and individuals who are willing to do some work in this field to participate, actively follow up the development of relevant standards, and start to study related standards. At the very least, we should be able to correctly guide Chinese enterprises how to use these developing standards to obtain operating benefits and avoid detours. (3) Tax Issues Internet users are generally not very clear about the path of information running on the Internet. The registration requirement as user identification is only the minimum requirement, and it is easy to arrange an untraceable site on the Internet, which makes the connection between the Internet address (computer domain name) and the actual location of supply fulfillment or consumption activities quite subtle. Although the website can let you know who is in charge of the maintenance of that outlet, it will never let you know anything about the computer associated with the Internet address, or even the location of that machine. In this case, it is difficult for the tax authorities to track the transaction, and it is impossible to determine the location of the trader and the place where the transaction took place, thus adding considerable difficulty to the tax work. Internet has opened up a new way for enterprises and individuals to avoid taxes. Consumers in a country with a high tax rate can buy goods from another country with a low tax rate that are much cheaper than their own prices through the Internet, and trading companies or enterprises can also evade taxes in the same way, which will have a very adverse impact on countries with relatively high tax rates and cause financial and tax losses. However, governments all over the world are facing various practical difficulties in online taxation. If the policies are improper, it is likely to hinder the application of the Internet and the development of e-commerce, and the result will be wasted. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the maximum economic benefits from the Internet and ensure sufficient tax sources, without hindering the development of this new technology. This is a thorny issue for governments all over the world, and it is also a challenge for countries to carry out e-commerce. Internationally, in terms of online transaction tax, 19971February, the EU and the United States issued a joint declaration on e-commerce, reached an agreement with the United States on the guiding principles of global e-commerce, and promised to establish a "tariff-free electronic space"; 1In May 1998, 32 members of the WTO/kloc-0 signed the Declaration on Electronic Commerce, which stipulated that all trade activities on the Internet would be exempted from tariffs for at least one year. Subsequently, OECD countries also accepted the proposal of tariff exemption, and the WTO also recognized this principle. 1In February, 1999, the European Union put forward a proposal to establish an international charter aimed at coordinating global communication, especially e-commerce. The United States has signed the Joint Declaration on Electronic Commerce with Japan, France, Canada, the Netherlands, Ireland, Australia, South Korea, the Philippines, Chile, Egypt and other countries in accordance with the principles stipulated in the Global Policy Framework for Electronic Commerce. (IV) Security Issues In terms of global e-commerce security certification system and security guarantee system, many countries are making efforts to establish a complete security guarantee system. The international CA security certification and guarantee system based on public key system (PKI) has been generally recognized. Most countries are establishing their own CA security certification and guarantee system, but there is no international unified certification body at present. In terms of the development of technical standards and standardization modes, in order to solve the problems of interconnection, interoperability and interoperability, many large international companies put forward B2B e-commerce architectures, which aim to provide the function of efficient interaction among enterprises through the Internet. Many international organizations, such as international standardization organizations (such as ISO, IEC, ITU), Internet Association (ISOC) and enterprise alliance standardization organizations, have also studied and analyzed the e-commerce standardization modes. From the perspective of the security of global e-commerce, there are generally three requirements to be met:1.Safe and reliable telecommunication network; 2. Effective methods to protect information systems related to the network; 3. Effective methods to verify and ensure the confidentiality of electronic information and prevent unauthorized use of information. Faced with the dangers of Web servers on the Internet, enterprise managers or security personnel will pay full attention to security issues and network configuration issues that make enterprise networks potentially dangerous. According to a survey of 428 managers in charge of information security conducted by the San Francisco Computer Association, 42% said that their systems had been illegally used, 37% thought that they had never been illegally used, and 2 1% admitted that they had no idea whether their systems had been illegally used. On the whole, setting up a home page on the Internet is a corporate image established by enterprises to the outside world. For many enterprises, the online homepage is the enterprise. The damage to the corporate homepage image by intruders is the damage to the corporate image. The third party spreading rumors such as merger and false press conference on the Web homepage will influence the market, thus adversely affecting the enterprise. At present, the behavior of hackers is constantly becoming systematic and organized. Enterprises, groups and financial circles hire hackers with high salaries to fight behind the scenes of commercial espionage, and commercial espionage has become more and more a problem. If there are no sensitive files in the Wed server, intruders will enter the intranet again to seek information, in order to gain an advantage in the fierce competition. At present, the opening of the internal network to the third party has a growing trend, which will inevitably bring opportunities to online hackers. Therefore, enterprises must take adequate security precautions in the connection between Internet and intranet. For example, using ordinary devices such as modems can also be a means of security protection. According to the figures provided by the federal government of the United States, the annual loss of stolen information is as high as10 billion dollars in the United States alone. In addition to intruders entering the enterprise from the outside to spy, employees in the enterprise also made many security mistakes. From the perspective of security requirements, it is necessary to have effective methods to protect network information systems. These effective methods are realized through a series of technical means. No technical means can accomplish this arduous task alone, and they must be realized by different levels of security methods. For example, firewall technology, a properly installed firewall can greatly reduce the possibility of unauthorized intrusion from the outside, but it cannot protect the enterprise network from computer viruses.