(1) Textual research on the concepts of "police" and "public security".

China has had police behavior since ancient times. The words "police", "cha" and words related to "police" appear repeatedly in Chinese pre-Qin classics and later history books. However, in ancient times, "police" was mostly a verb, and no public security organ named after "police" was found. In ancient Chinese, "police" mainly refers to warning, warning, alert, urgent situation or news, keen and sensitive; [1] "Inspection" mainly refers to observation, careful observation, investigation, recommendation after investigation, election and other meanings. [2] In short, as a verb, warning it in advance is called warning; Finding out the cause afterwards is called inspection, that is, "the police are first, and the inspection is later." There are three verbs related to "police" in ancient China: first, there is a word "Fa Cha" in the pre-Qin classic "Zhou Li" ("When you are just old, you can observe the law and guard the officials"); Second, Yan Shigu, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, used the word "police" at the beginning of his annotation for Hanshu ("the emissary police don't want to disclose it"); Third, the word "police inspection" is used in the biography of Cai Tingzhuan in the Song Dynasty ("Hebei is full of thieves, so we can know Bozhou well by carefully choosing the county guards. Zhongzhou belongs to Yan Baowu, a county, and has several people who stop raping and stealing, and they make up for the officials, so that they can inspect the police and steal every hair. ").

In ancient China, the use of terms related to "police" to name public security organs was first seen in the "Police Patrol Courtyard" in Liao Dynasty. The People's Republic of China was founded in the Liao Dynasty in 907, and the "Police Patrol Court" was established in the capital in 9 16, with police patrol officials, deputy envoys and judges. They wore special uniforms to handle prison proceedings, police patrol and inspection. Jin and Yuan dynasties inherited and attacked it. The official naming of public security organs by "police" in China began in the late Qing Dynasty and after the Revolution of 1911. 1840 After the Opium War broke out, the imperialist powers carved up China and set up concessions in coastal trading port cities. The administration, industry and commerce, taxation and public security in the concessions were dominated by colonial countries. China people call the power of maintaining social order established by imperialism in the concession "patrolling". 1900 After China's war against Eight-Nation Alliance failed, the Qing government established the "Patrol Police Department" in 1905. After the Revolution of 1911, the Beiyang warlord government and the Republic of China government formally followed Japan's example to establish a public security organ named "police". In modern Chinese, "police" refers to "the armed forces of the state to maintain social order and public security. It also refers to members who participate in such armed forces. " [2]

In the west, the word "Police" is called police in English, LaPoLice in French and DiePoLizei in German, which mostly comes from Greek ∏oλlTεα and Latin Politia. In ancient times, this word refers to the state affairs, including politics, religion and other extensive contents, meaning organized management, civil administration and so on. In the Middle Ages, politics and religion were separated, so the word Politia specifically referred to politics and excluded religion, but the political concept at that time included military and justice. /kloc-after the 0/7th century, the police gradually separated from the military and the judiciary, and the word "police" in the western language only specifically refers to "internal administration", but it is still different from the later "police". The word "police" in modern Spanish only refers to a specific part of internal affairs administration, not all of it. Now, according to its broadest concept, it can be interpreted as the process of policing in English, that is, the process of maintaining social order, which refers to the process in which the government controls, restricts and regulates citizens' behavior. In the Oxford English Dictionary, there are two definitions of Police organization: (1) The police organ is the government law enforcement department responsible for maintaining social order and security, and its terms of reference are very different in different countries and different periods; (2) Police organs are administrative forces that maintain social order, prevent and punish illegal acts and investigate criminal acts; It also refers to all members of the police department or all police or security forces in a certain area.

In ancient China, there was no concept of "public security" in the sense of police or public order, but only the name of the county (namely, public security county in Hubei Province) and the name of the literary school in the late Ming Dynasty (namely, the literary school headed by three brothers Yuan Zongdao, a public security county in Hubei Province at that time). In Modern Chinese Dictionary, "public security" refers to "the public security of the whole society (including social order, public property, civil rights, etc.): ~ bureau ~ personnel." Literally, "public security" mainly refers to "public security" and "public peace". In Modern Chinese Dictionary, "Gong * * *" means "belonging to the society; Public and public. " "Peace" means "normal order, no harassment"; "(The mood) is stable and quiet." "Safety" means "no danger; Free from threats; There is no accident. " Generally speaking, a stable state of development in which social order operates normally and national security, public property and civil rights (including citizens' personal safety, personal freedom and legal property, etc.) are not threatened and infringed upon is "public security". However, since the revolutionary war years, especially since the liberation of the mainland, our party has unified the naming of police organs and public security work with "public security". Therefore, in the society and within the police organs, it is given the customary meaning of "public security" to refer to "police" or "public security".

In western languages, there is no word directly corresponding to "public security (personnel, ranks, organs, work)" in the sense of modern people's police in China. According to the English version of French Police, the so-called "Public Security Committee" in French history, its original text is General Safety. General is general and general, and Safety is safe and free from danger. The two words are merged into "overall security" and "overall peace". This is related to and different from the word "public security" that China used to use in the sense of police. As for the unique Constable in Britain, some scholars think it can be translated as "public security", and at the same time, because Constable is the name of the British grass-roots police, it should be translated as "public security officer". However, when consulting most English-Chinese dictionaries published in China, Constable(=Policeman) is generally translated into police, police officer and patrolman. The word "Public Security" in our country is unified as public security when translated into English, that is, public security. In modern western languages, the General safety officer (that is, "public security officer") mainly refers to the personnel engaged in environmental protection work. In order to avoid misunderstanding in foreign communication, the word "public security" in the sense of Chinese Police is generally directly translated into English "police". For example, the English symbol of the word "public security" in the armband of the 89-style uniform of Chinese public security POLICE is "police". The 99-style police uniform simply changed the Chinese word "public security" in the armband to "police", making its English and Chinese symbols more standardized and unified. In fact, as early as 1950, when Chinese mainland began to establish a unified public security organ, with the approval of Premier Zhou Enlai, the public security personnel were uniformly named China People's Police for short. Since then, China's public security organs have also been called "people's police organs". 1957 China promulgated the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on People's Police. 1992 "China Police Institute" was established. 1992 and 1995, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) successively passed and promulgated the regulations on the police rank of the people's Republic of China and the police law of the people's Republic of China.

(2) The connection and difference between the concepts of "police" and "public security".

The above investigation shows that there are both connections and differences between the two concepts of "police" and "public security". Its contact point or similarity lies in that the term "public security (personnel, team, organs, work)" used in the sense of police in China, like "police", refers to the specialized institutions, personnel forces and their action practices of the state in managing and maintaining social security. The difference is mainly manifested in two aspects:

1. Meaning difference. Looking at the concept of "police" in ancient and modern China and abroad, it can be used as both a noun and a verb. As a noun, "police" refers to the specialized institutions and personnel forces established by the state or government to be responsible for social security administration and criminal law enforcement functions. As a verb, "police" refers to the professional behavior or practical activity process of specialized institutions and personnel forces responsible for social security administration and criminal law enforcement functions in the country or government. The concept of "public security" is just a state noun, which means "public security" or "public peace", indicating the state of social order and peace. In this sense, it is connected with "public security". Not only can "public security" not be used as a verb, but it is hard to say that it refers to "police" without subject words such as "personnel", "team", "organ" and "work". In other words, "police" can be used as an independent and clear concept in any country and any place. The word "public security" can refer to "police" only when it forms a corresponding phrase with "personnel", "team", "organ" and "work". In fact, in China's public security organs, it is much more scientific to refer to public security personnel as "public security policemen" than "public security policemen". For a long time, the word "public security policemen" has been used in the documents of public security organs and leaders' speeches in China, and its meaning is "cadres of public security organs and (ordinary) policemen". After careful investigation, this idiom has two obvious disadvantages: first, the professional identity of cadres in the establishment of public security organs is first of all the police; The (ordinary) policemen in the establishment of public security organs are also customarily called national cadres in their political identity. Secondly, artificially dividing the whole police force into cadres and (ordinary) police officers will easily lead to the psychological imbalance of the majority of (ordinary) police officers. Therefore, we should stop using the term "public security policemen".

2. Differences in the scope of use. "Police" is a concept commonly used in many historical periods and most countries. However, "public security (personnel, teams, organs, work, committees)" is only used in a few countries represented by China and Japan. That is to say, "police" is the title of public security specialized institutions, personnel strength and their action practice in most countries in the world (including the history of China). However, "public security (personnel, team, organs and work)" in China only refers to the modern people's police organs, people's police teams and their functional work established since the establishment of the socialist system in the mainland. Therefore, the relationship between "police" and "public security (personnel, ranks, organs and work)" is a whole and part. The "public security (personnel, ranks, organs and work)" in modern China is a part of the world's "police" and a special form of the world's "police".

Respondent: zhxr63-Magic Tutor Level 10 5-8 16:02

Other answers *** 2

The origin of the names of public security organs and police

In our country, every department, especially the official department, has its own customary and legal name, such as people's governments at all levels, corresponding to civil servants; People's procuratorates at all levels, corresponding to prosecutors; And the people's courts and judges in charge of the trial, etc. An exception is that the public security system has always maintained two names: public security and police. The mixing of the two names not only confuses ordinary people, but also makes many people in the system unable to explain why.

There are also differences in the specific use of the two names. 1995 The People's Police Law of the People's Republic of China uses the name "police"; Public security organs at all levels have been using the names of "Public Security Department" and "Public Security Bureau"; Some police cars are painted with the word "public security", while others are "police" plus "police" or "public security plus" police "; The armbands of police uniforms are unified into "police" at the top, "police" in the middle and "public security" at the bottom; Some people say "we are policemen" and others say "we are from the Public Security Bureau" when they need to identify themselves when performing their tasks. When writing documents, reports and other materials inside the system, the term "the vast number of policemen" is generally used. In society, members of the public security system are commonly referred to as "policemen" and "public security personnel", while those engaged in police work in other systems, such as courts and prisons, are simply called "policemen".

Someone once defended the parallel phenomenon of the names "public security" and "police". They believe that publicsecurity refers to public security or socialsafety, that is, the stability, security and order of human society. The police refers to the guardian of the stability, security and order of human society, that is, the prevention, detection, alarm and immediate resistance to things that infringe social security, that is to say, only the person in charge of public security administration is the police ("public security" here is broadly speaking). Therefore, generally speaking, "police" is a sub-concept of "public security". All policemen are public security personnel, but those engaged in management and research in the public security system are not policemen. Although the supervision department, the Commission for Discipline Inspection and even some security companies are not included in the police sequence, they have been engaged in some police functions.

Some of the above painstaking explanations are too far-fetched, and some, such as the statement that "security companies also undertake police functions", are even more incredible. In fact, at least from the reality of China's public security system, there is no substantial difference between "police" and "public security", and there are various historical and practical factors that cause the two names to coexist.

In the history of our Party, the name of "public security" appeared for the first time in February 1939. In order to distinguish it from the police organs of the puppet regime in terms of name, the Decision on Establishing the Ministry of Social Affairs issued by the Central Secretariat requires that public security bureaus or security offices be set up in border areas and public security bureaus be set up in counties. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the first national public security conference held on 1949 10/5 decided to use the name "public security". After the reform and opening up, due to the adjustment of the functions of relevant institutions, international exchanges, contacts and other reasons, the title of "police" began to be used again in some occasions and was quickly popularized until the People's Police Law promulgated in 1995 was confirmed in the form of law. The second paragraph of Article 2 of the Law defines the scope of the people's police, that is, "the people's police include the people's police of public security organs, state security organs, prisons and reeducation-through-labor administrative organs, and the judicial police of people's courts and people's procuratorates". It can be seen that all members of the public security organs belong to the people's police. From the legal point of view, due to the clear provisions of the law, "public security" is only used in the name of the organization, and the accurate name of individual members of the public security organs should be "police", and "public security" and "public security personnel" are not standardized.

Even if the name of the organization is understood literally, the name of "police station" seems to be more intuitive and easy to understand than "public security bureau", which can avoid lexical obstacles in communication, especially in international communication; At the same time, it is more logical and can accurately define the connotation of this group composed of many people's police individuals with different functions and responsibilities. I hope that in the near future, "public security" will become the former name of "police" instead of the current alias.