In the Ming History, A Record of Ming Taizu, A Record of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty, etc., from the scattered archives of ming dynasty, Suozhang extracts sentences, compiles a catalogue, and notes that in the nearly 50 years from the sixth year of Hongwu to the fifteenth year of Yongle, * * * immigrants 18 times (Hongwu years 10 times)

Immigrants moved to Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia respectively.

The great migration touched the most sensitive nerves of the people in Sanjin, so the Ming rulers had to draw up immigration rules and move according to the ratio of "one for a family of four, two for a family of six and three for a family of eight".

Mr. Wu Han wrote in Zhu Yuanzhang's Biography: "When the relocation order was first issued, people's resentment boiled, but as for the rate, people were shocked.

If you are afraid, you will be warned, and if you are threatened, you will be punished. "This shows that the immigration at that time was completely carried out under the coercion of power politics.

According to the records of official history, notes and historical materials such as Ming History, A Record of the Ming Dynasty, Beyond the Record of the Japanese Knowledge, as well as the incomplete statistics of genealogy, inscriptions, letters collected and consulted by the author, and the guest book of the pagoda tree ancestral garden, it is found that there were ***8 12 surnames of the pagoda tree immigrants in Hongdong, Ming Dynasty, and the distribution of immigrants was * * */kloc-0.

Among them: Henan 106 county (city), Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei 129 county (city), Shandong 92 county (city), Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan 62 county (city), Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia 5 1 county (city)

Henan's immigrants are mainly in the Yellow River basin and Huaihe River basin, which is consistent with the floods in the two river basins and the battlefield of peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

Immigrants of Sophora japonica in Hongdong of Ming Dynasty in Henan Province are mainly distributed in 106 counties (cities): Zhengzhou, Xingyang, Kaifeng, Pingdingshan, Luoyang, Jiaozuo, Hebi, Qixian, Weishi, Xinzheng, Dengfeng, Lankao, Zhongmou, Xinmi, Gongxian, Xinxiang, Weihui, Fengqiu, Huojia, wen county. Linzhou, Shangqiu, Yongcheng, Suixian, Ningling, Minquan, Zhoukou, Shangshui, Fugou, Xihua, Taikang, Dancheng, Xiangcheng, Xuchang, Luohe, Yanling, Yancheng, Xiangcheng, Lushan, Changge, Linying, Yexian, Baofeng, Shaanxi and Yuxian. Xixia, Sanmenxia, Yima, Yujin, Ruzhou, Ruyang, Luanchuan, Lingbao, Mianchi, Yanshi, Yichuan, Yiyang, Luoning, Lushi, Xin 'an, Qixian, Songxian, jia county and Wuyang.

At first, Shandong was mainly distributed in the northwest of Shandong, mainly because the war in Shandong and the flood of the Yellow River were in the northwest and southwest of Shandong at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, but after the re-migration in the early Ming Dynasty, immigrants were distributed in most areas of Shandong.

Immigrants of Sophora japonica in Hongdong of the Ming Dynasty in Shandong Province are mainly distributed in 92 counties (cities): Jinan, Licheng, Zhangqiu, Changqing, Qingdao, Jiaonan, Jiaoxian, Jimo, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Tengxian, Dezhou, Ningjin, Shanghe, Jiyang, Yucheng, Xiajin, Lingxian, Qihe, Wucheng, Guangrao, Binxian. Qixia, Yexian, Rongcheng, Laixi, Zhaoyuan, Huangxian, Linyi, Yishui, Rizhao, Pingyi, Yiyuan, Yinan, Juxian, Junan, Feixian, Taian, Laiwu, Xinwen, Feicheng, Pingyin, Ningyang, Dongping, Jining, Yanzhou, Yutai, Jiaxiang, Wenshang.

Immigrants of Sophora japonica in Hongdong of Ming Dynasty in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei were distributed in 129 counties (cities). Mainly: Beijing, Changping, Yanqing, Huairou, Miyun, Pinggu, Tongxian, Daxing, Fangshan, Tianjin, Jinghai, Wuqing, Baodi, Ninghe, Jixian, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Lingshou, Shulu, Jinzhou, Zhaoxian, Jingxing, Huolu, Xinle and Zhengding. Yutian, Laoting, Luanxian, Fengnan, Anci, Sanhe, Baxian, Gu 'an, Dacheng, Qinhuangdao, Anhu, Jiaohe, Suning, Wen 'an, Yongqing, Baoding, Laishui, Fuping, Tangxian, Xu Shui, Levin, Cangzhou, Qingxian, Haixing, Renqiu and Wuyi. Fucheng, Jingxian, Zaoqiang, Shenxian, Wuqiang, Handan, Yongnian, Quzhou, Weixian, Cheng 'an, Daming, Shexian, Guangping, Linzhang, Cixian, Wu 'an, Xingtai, Baixiang, Longyao, Nangong, Julu, Shahe, Lincheng, Xinhe, Qinghe, Guangzong and Neiqiu.

Immigrants of Sophora japonica in Hongdong of Ming Dynasty in Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei and Hunan were distributed in 62 counties (cities). Mainly: Hefei, Maanshan, Changfeng, Bengbu, Lu 'an, Mingguang, Dingyuan, Huaibei, Anqing, Tongling, Suzhou, Dangshan, Xiaoxian, Lingbi, Huaiyuan, Chuzhou, Fengyang, Hexian, Jingxian, Shouxian, Boxian, Mengcheng, Lixin, Suining, Funan and Nanjing.

Immigrants from Shaanxi and Gansu are distributed in Guanzhong area, Baoji area and neighboring Shanxi area are more, and a considerable part of them are indirectly migrated from Shandong and Henan.

It is mainly distributed in Xi 'an, Tongchuan, Baoji, Qishan, Wugong, Meixian, Sanyuan, Huxian, Pucheng, Hancheng, Dali, Heyang, Baishui, Chengcheng, Yinchuan, Qingtongxia, Shizuishan, Linyou, Lanzhou, Gangu, Tianshui, Zhangye, Zhenyuan, Fufeng, Binxian and Miyuan.

There are 34 counties (cities) in Shanxi, 8 counties (cities) in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning 1 1 county (city), 3 counties (cities) in Jilin, 3 counties (cities) in Heilongjiang and 0/county in Guangxi.

Its distribution is: Taiyuan, Wutai, Pingding, Shouyang, Daixian, Jiaocheng, Qixian, Yangcheng, Lingshi, Pingyao, Qingxu, Xinzhou, Datong, Hunyuan, Yingxian, Shuozhou, Yuci, Taigu, Jiexiu, Yangqu, Yangquan, Dingxiang, Yushe, Yuanping, Pinglu and Yushe.

In order to prevent immigrants from living together in the place where they moved, forming new family forces and affecting social stability, the immigration laws of the Ming Dynasty also stipulated that people with the same family name could not move to the same place.

Immigrants who pay attention to "whether to change their names or not to change their surnames" are forced to change their surnames painfully in order to avoid the separation of their flesh and blood again, so they separate multiple surnames from some families.

According to the records: "In the second year of Hongwu in Daming, the people moved to the village, and the terms were available and the law was strict. Anyone with the same surname was not allowed to live in a village.

Those who don't want to change their names can only be separated from each other and be resettled in different places.

For example, according to the genealogical data, the Gu clan in Guangrao Chenguan Township, Changle Zhuliu Town, Shouguang Tianma Township and Wulian County in Shandong Province all came from the Gu clan in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province.

Most of them were forced to change their surnames because they could not bear to be separated.

For example, Wei and Liu, the first two brothers, could not bear to leave their brotherhood for a while, but changed their surnames to Wei and Liu, and the bronze Buddha was remembered. "(Cao county" Wei Liu's genealogy ")

In Huangxian County, Henan Province, there are Wei and Ma, Chen and Shao, Zhou and Shan, Wen and wang xing.

Similar to this situation, it is also too numerous to mention in Hebei and Shandong.

In Hejian County, Hebei Province, there are still sayings that Hui, Zhai and Chang are one mother, Wei, Liang and Chen are family members in Shandong, Chong, Liu and Gu are one family, and Cui, Xie, Zhang and Chen are brothers in Yongcheng, Henan Province.

In eastern Henan and northern Shandong, the legend of "beating a pot of cattle" is also widely dispersed.

According to legend, there are five Niu brothers in Hongtong County. After gathering under the big locust tree, they know that they can't move to the same place with the same surname.

The five brothers knew that Lao Yan would be separated from each other from now on, so they hurriedly smashed a cauldron into five pieces, each holding one piece, in order to be used as a sign of finding relatives for their ancestors in the future.

Time is the best medicine to heal the trauma.

However, after 600 years of wind and rain, some elderly people in rural areas of Henan and Shandong who have never met each other still ask "Do you want to beat the pot?" If both sides say "playing the pot", they will recognize the same family ...

In Hebei, Henan and Shandong, legends about "beating a pot cow, beating a pot often, beating a pot Zhang, beating a pot Guo and beating a pot Shen" are also widely circulated.

Sun Shi, Yiyang County, Henan Province, and Yang, Luochuan County, Shaanxi Province, also have legends of ancestors beating pots.

Bai Yang, a well-known writer in Taiwan Province, wrote in one of his books: "Modern Huixian people, especially those surnamed Guo who live in Changcun, six kilometers northeast of the county seat, have all their memories as far back as the disgusting early years of the Ming Dynasty 500 years ago.

Other surname families, according to genealogy, can be known.

For example, in the Preface to Mu Family Tree in Huixian County, Henan Province, it is said that Mu family moved to Weihui, Henan Province from Luanchaigou in Hongtong County for several generations.

During the Wanli period, he moved to Mujiaying, fifteen miles away from the city in the northwest corner of Huoyi.

The immigrants who moved to Shandong mainly distributed in Dongchang, Jinan, Yanzhou, Qingzhou and other provinces in the Huangpan District, involving more than 60 counties and cities in Shandong today.

After immigrants move in, most of them take their surnames as villages and villages, and some take the names of their native counties as names, such as Dingguantun, Suiguantun, Huguantun, Li Ying, Tunliu Camp and Changziying.

The Preface of Wei Liu's Synopsis written by Liu Zhuang, Cao County, Shandong Province, also records that Yu was a native of Hongdong County, Pingyang Prefecture, Shanxi Province. In the second year of Ming Hongwu (A.D. 1369), he moved to the people's court, with all the provisions and strict legal calendar, and anyone with the same surname was not allowed to live in a village.

The two brothers, the first ancestor, could not bear to leave their brotherhood for a while, but changed their surnames to two, and the bronze Buddha was remembered. It has been handed down for more than 500 years and still exists.

According to later generations' memories, the ancestor brothers were named Guangzu and Liangzu, while the bronze Buddha may be two similar Buddha statues.

In the Preface to Wang Family Tree in Cao County, Shandong Province, the story of "One Gun King" was also recorded.

Wang Liang, the ancestor of the Wang family, moved here from Hongdong in the 25th year of Hongwu (AD 1392).

Because Wang Liang always carried a spear along the way, he named Zhuangzi "One Gun King".

This Zhuangzi Feng Shui is really good. "Left Shandong and right Zhili are the boundaries of the two provinces; Qianshui and Housha Mountain are the resorts of one side. "

So Wang built Yang Zhai (village) in Hebei, Yin Zhai (graveyard) in Henan, and his brothers lived together in the east and west.

"After more than 20 generations, it is still resplendent in clothes and flourishing in clans, and it has changed from" one gun king "to" a thousand kings ".

However, although the portal is different, it is a person of the same family. Although there are many descendants, "I don't forget the king of one gun."

The ancient pagoda tree has grown up with people's reproduction, and it has also become a witness of history.

Ancient Huai immigrants even remembered commemorative words on the foreheads of temples and ancestral temples at home to express their feelings of missing.

The wall tablet of Gudui Yuanjia Ancestral Temple in Heze, Shandong Province was once engraved with Yuan Gongzheng's homesickness poem in the second year of Hongwu: "In the past, I drove the Tatars from Rong, but now I am heading for the east.

Hongdong branch is an old family, and Cao Zhou has an old family style of living in peace.

Three or five plants of Sophora japonica were planted in Gugang, bearing in mind the feelings of the elders in Jinzhong.

The legend of lying snow has flowed through the ages, and after that, Kunxia Wei Sai Jinsong. An inscription on the Liu's Ancestral Temple in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province: "Paiyan Hongdong." The couplets in the hall of Niu Family Temple in Yanshi County, Henan Province read: "The eighteenth ancestor Pingyang Shize was a famous family in Boxi for 500 years." The couplets on both sides of the ancestor statue in Hu's ancestral temple in Huzhai Village, Xicheng Town, Puyang County, Henan Province write: The first couplet is "Always say filial piety", the right couplet is "I missed my ancestors when riding a horse in Hongdong", and the left couplet is "Huai Shizong lives in Cao Zhou and is flourishing today".

Sun Shi's memorial tablet couplet in Datao Village, Xiaodong Township, Wuzhi County, Henan Province: "Zu Hongdong moved to Qinzuo and was born in Shanxi and extended to Henan." Zhao's Genealogy in Hanzhai Village, Koudian, Yanshi County, Henan Province, said: The four ancestors were named Jing, Ying, Huai and Xian, which means "hometown", and together they are "managing Huaixiang".

At the foot of Jinli Mountain, about 10 kilometers northeast of pucheng county City, Shaanxi Province, there is a village-Shanxi Village, which maintains the style of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

This is a rectangular village that retains the original city wall. The village faces east and west, and there are two east and west gates. After hundreds of years of wind and rain erosion, the city wall has collapsed for tens of meters, but most of it has been preserved.

Especially the walls in the east and north are basically well preserved.

Among them, the entrance of Xicheng is about six meters high, and there is a blue stele embedded above the lintel. The words "Three Huai's are flourishing" are written in red, and the words "Reconstruction in the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty" are beside it.

According to reports, Shanxi Village was the first day of the Ming Dynasty when the wang xing family moved to the village from under the big pagoda tree in Hongtong County, Shanxi Province.

There are three brothers in this wang xing family. The eldest one stays in Shanxi, the second one moves here, and the third one moves to Baishui.

On the lintel, it is written that "three trees are flourishing" means that the three brothers' families are prosperous and their careers are developed.

Sophora japonica refers to Shanxi Sophora japonica.

Therefore, Shanxi village in Pucheng is also a historical witness of the great population migration in Ming Dynasty.

According to the records of the village history, shortly after the village moved, bandits and robbers often came to harass the village. Later, at the initiative of an old man in wang xing, the villagers in the village had money to pay, but no money to contribute. Qi Xin worked together to build the city wall for five years.

In the ninth year of Xianfeng, Qing Dynasty, a pair of iron gates were set up, which made the west gate with two gates indestructible.

There are three big rooms above the west gate. Before liberation, there were township offices.

The gate of Shanxi Village is opposite to the east and west, and the doorway is about seven meters deep. There are two original doors in the doorway. Because of the long time, the door has disappeared, but the bluestone door pier, the post hole and the door bar jack for installing the door are still well preserved.

Entering the village through the doorway, a central road divides the village into two parts, north and south. The village is small and about 200 meters long from east to west.

There are 28 households in the castle, and the rest have moved to live outside the city, mainly in wang xing.

This village is commonly known locally as Shanxi Fort (b incarnation).

Outsiders call entering the village "entering the city", while villagers call leaving the village "leaving the city".

Fifty meters outside the west gate of Shanxi village, there is an old ancestral hall of the Wang family, which is the place where villagers hold annual parties and hold annual worship.

There is a stone tablet in the ancestral hall of Wang, which clearly records that the ancestral hall was built in the 43 rd year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty.

This record also shows that by the forty-third year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, the Wang family had become a large family in this area.

In Caizhang Village, Fukan Township, Nanle County, Henan Province, Yang's ancestors moved from under the pagoda tree in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province during the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty.

At that time, the two young brothers, the eldest brother moved to live on the grave in the north of the county, and the second son was only now.

After the second child arrived at his new house, he planted many poplars around his residence. I hope that Yang, like poplars, can take root and grow sturdily here.

Under the careful cultivation of the second child, the poplar soon grew into a timber.

The second thought that this was just the beginning of a new life, and there was still a long way to go. He hoped that the mature poplar trees would continue to grow, so he named his village "Material Chief".

By the end of the Qing dynasty, it had evolved into a famous scholar.

Yang, a talented man, has been passed down for 24 generations, with more than 200 families.

When Shanxi immigrants came to the east in those days, most of them walked together with different surnames, and * * * built villages together, so the newly built villages were often given surnames.

At that time, several families named Yang settled in Sanhuali, north of Chaocheng, and took the village name Yangzhuang. Later, people named Shi built a village nearby. Because of its low-lying land, they took the village name "Shijiawa".

When you first build a village, it is inevitable that you will lack this and that, and you will encounter many difficulties.

When immigrants come, they usually bring only some clothes, pots and bowls, and agricultural tools are nothing.

Later, I bought some slowly, and it was difficult to complete it at the moment.

In particular, large farm tools are expensive and difficult to buy, and it often takes three to five years or even seven or eight years to buy one.

At that time, after several years of hard work, the people of Yangzhuang tied a cart, and they couldn't afford cattle for a while, so the people from other villages called Yangzhuang "Yang has no cattle".

Shijiawa only bought a cow, but after years of failure to hitch a car, people in other villages dubbed it "no car in history".

Fortunately, one has a car without a cow and the other has a cow without a car, but this "lame" phenomenon has contributed to the spontaneous alliance between the two villages.

The two villages matched the carts and cows, pulling soil, delivering manure, transporting crops and visiting relatives in turn, and coordinated like a village. In the busy season, the two villages gave way to each other and tried to let each other use them first.

When the Yang family used it, he always fed the cows of the historian with good grass and good fodder, and even refused to hit them with a heavy whip, for fear of losing a hair of the cow. When using the house, historians should load as little as possible and take a good road. When encountering rough roads, they will slow down the cattle for fear of damaging the Yang family's car.

After several years of cooperation, the cattle have been fattened and strong, and the car has been maintained as good as new.

The close cooperation between the two villages of Shiyang is a much-told story in Chaocheng area.

Because the historian is located in a low-lying area, whenever there is a flood, he goes to Yang's house to take refuge.

Later, the historian moved to a neighboring village, and the address of yanggang changed.

No matter how the geographical location changes, the Shi and Yang families have always maintained a friendly and good-neighborly relationship, which has lasted for a long time.