Generally speaking, "exemption, credit, and refund" have different meanings:

①. "Exemption" means that production enterprises exporting self-produced goods are exempt from production and sales links. Value-added tax;

②. "Offset" means that the tax refundable amount of the company's export products in the current period is used to offset the tax payable of domestically sold products.

③. "Refund" means that when the actual amount of tax refund determined according to the above process meets certain standards, that is, when the amount of input tax that should be deducted from the self-produced goods exported by the production enterprise in the current month is greater than the amount of tax payable, the tax refund will be refunded. The unfinished portion will be refunded.

You should focus on understanding the following aspects:

①. The amount of tax exemption, offset and refund for the current period, that is, the amount of input tax that should be offset for the current period calculated according to the exemption, offset and refund policy, can also be understood It is the nominal tax refund amount calculated based on the enterprise's current export volume and the applicable nominal tax refund rate. Why do we say it is the nominal tax refund amount? Because there is an actual tax refund amount later.

②. Zero tax rate for exports. In fact, my country implements a zero tax rate for export links for qualified export goods. For VAT, the actual meaning of a zero tax rate for sales links is that the tax payable in this link is A negative number, that is: output tax - input tax < 0, which means that the input tax included in the corresponding goods must be refunded at this stage.

③. Refund rate. The taxation principle of value-added tax determines that in each circulation link, only the value-added amount of this link is taxed according to the applicable tax rate. However, the theoretical value-added amount is difficult to determine in practice. , so a practical collection method is adopted in which the output tax is deducted from the input tax to determine the tax payable. However, because the production and circulation link of the enterprise is a continuous but not one-to-one process, the purchase of raw materials, spare parts, fuel, Power is not necessarily consumed in the current period, and the input tax included in the actual consumption of these things in the current period may not be consistent with the input tax that can be deducted in the current period. Therefore, due to the needs of tax collection management, the tax law adopts the method of setting the assumed export tax refund amount to solve this problem, that is, artificially setting the tax refund rate to calculate the tax exemption and refund amount (nominal tax refund amount), regardless of the consumables. How much input tax is actually included in materials and materials;

④. Adjustment of the tax refund rate. Based on the aforementioned reasons, the adjustment of the tax refund rate actually reflects the country’s fiscal and industrial policies rather than exports. Changes in the actual input tax included in the product;

5. Deduction system. In practice, most companies sell both exports and domestic sales, so the actual consumption of export products in the current period It is difficult to accurately analyze the actual amount of input tax that should be refunded on raw materials, parts, fuel, power, etc. In tax practice, the tax refund rate is artificially determined, and first the calculated tax exemption and refund amount for the current period (i.e. the nominal tax refund amount for the current period or It is said that the amount of input tax that should be offset in the current period) can be used to offset the value-added tax payable on domestically sold products. This process actually simplifies the tax collection and tax refund process in the value-added tax collection process.

So "Finance and Taxation [2002] No. 7" is interpreted as: "The "tax credit" that implements tax exemption, credit, and refund methods refers to the raw materials and parts consumed by production enterprises for exporting self-produced goods. The refundable input tax on goods, fuel, power, etc. shall be offset against the tax payable on goods sold domestically.” This can actually be understood as that in practice, the two steps of "exemption and credit" are carried out simultaneously. After exemption and credit, it is determined whether and how much tax should be refunded.

⑥. The ending tax credit amount. It needs to be explained here that the ending tax credit amount has two concepts: "actual ending tax credit amount" and "nominal ending tax credit amount". "Actual ending tax credit" is the amount of input tax that can be deducted in later periods. In terms of amount, actual ending tax credit = nominal ending tax credit - the actual tax refundable amount for the current period; and the "nominal ending tax credit" is calculated An intermediate concept between tax exemption and refund and the actual end-of-period retained tax credit, the amount is equal to the absolute value of the current tax payable when the current tax payable is less than zero. The following situations may exist:

Ⅰ. If the calculated tax payable for the current period is greater than zero, it means that the input tax refundable for exports in the current period is insufficient to offset the tax payable for domestically sold goods (that is, it is insufficient to offset the tax payable for domestic sales), and there is still tax payable for the current period. The amount of tax that needs to be paid. In this case, there should be no ending tax credit. When the calculated tax payable for the current period is less than zero, the following two situations may exist:

II. If the "absolute value of the tax payable for the current period" is less than or equal to the "nominal tax refund for the current period", the actual tax refund will The amount is limited to the “absolute value of the tax payable for the current period”. And "The actual amount of tax refund at the end of the current period = the nominal amount of tax refund for the current period - the actual tax refund amount for the current period = the absolute value of the tax payable for the current period - the actual tax refund amount for the current period = the absolute value of the tax amount payable for the current period - the absolute value of the tax amount payable for the current period = 0, In other words, there is actually no tax that can be set aside!

III. If the "absolute value of the tax payable for the current period" is greater than or equal to the "nominal tax refund for the current period", the actual tax refund will be the nominal tax amount for the current period. Tax refund amount.

And "actual residual credit amount at the end of the current period = nominal residual credit amount - actual tax refund amount for the current period = absolute value of tax payable for the current period - actual tax refund amount for the current period > 0, it can be said that the "actual residual credit amount at the end of the current period" is the real amount at this time. In this sense, the amount of tax retained at the end of the period is the input tax that has not yet been deducted (note that it is not fully deducted, not fully offset), but because the company's production and operation activities are continuous input , so it cannot be determined whether this part of the retained tax credit corresponds to export or domestic sales, because it may also correspond to export or domestic sales in the future period

⑦. The actual tax refund amount is the same as the nominal tax refund amount. That is, the amount of tax exemptions, credits and refunds for the current period is relatively speaking. Why do you say this? Because assuming that the management method for exemptions, credits and refunds is not implemented and instead the tax exemptions, credits and refunds that should be paid are refunded, this part of the so-called tax exemptions, credits and refunds is what the enterprise should receive. Under the tax offset system, this part of the input tax that should be refunded must first be used to offset the tax payable on domestically sold products. If there is any remaining tax after the offset, the remaining tax will be refunded.

As for the actual calculation, another comparison needs to be made, that is, whichever is the lower of the enterprise's nominal tax refund at the end of the current period and the nominal tax refund amount, and then the actual tax refund shall be limited to the lower. The process is actually the process of confirming whether there is a tax deduction amount and the amount of the tax deduction amount, so as to further determine the tax refund amount.

The principle of this comparison process will be introduced in the analysis of the calculation method and formula. /p>

⑧. Tax exemptions, offsets and refunds are not allowed. If the exemption, offset and refund management methods are implemented, the tax refund rate is stipulated by the state, so there is a difference between the nominal tax rate and the tax refund rate for exported goods. For example, the nominal tax rate is 17%, the refund rate is 13%, and the difference is 4%. This part is actually neither tax-free nor deductible. In other words, it is an increase in the tax payable, which can also be calculated from the tax payable.

⑨. Brief analysis of the principle. The principle of the "exemption, offset and refund" management method is mainly to use the export tax exemption amount to offset the tax payable of domestic products. The offset process is called For “exemption and credit”, the amount of exemption and credit is called “exemption and credit amount”. The process of exemption and credit connects the two businesses of domestic sales tax and export tax exemption and refund, simplifying the tax collection process that needs to be grasped in this process. Several points are: tax payable, tax exemption, credit and refund amount, actual tax refund amount, end-of-period retained tax credit amount, etc.