The main content of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty was to reform the official system. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the central official system was greatly changed. This year was the third afternoon, so what happened again? Bingwu restructuring? Known as. The strength of this reform is unprecedented, and the institutional functions of the central ministries and institutes have undergone major changes, involving the following departments:
The Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; The household department was changed to a degree branch; Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple and Crack Temple were merged into the Ritual Department; The Ministry of War was changed to the Ministry of War, and Taibu Temple and the training office were merged; The Ministry of Punishment was changed to the Ministry of Law; Dali Temple was changed to Dali Courtyard; The patrol department was expanded into the Ministry of Civil Affairs; The Ministry of Commerce was changed to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce; The Ministry of Industry and Trade, which divides the duties of the Ministry of Industry and Trade into the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Civil Affairs; Li Fanyuan was changed to Li Fanbu; Add a postal department.
In the newly established department, a government office and a Senate office are added between Shangshu, Assistant Minister and other departments, and Zuo Cheng and You Cheng, who are the three products, are respectively set up to assist Shangshu Assistant Minister in handling ministerial affairs. This is also an important reform measure for each department.
The above is a general introduction to the implementation of the new official system in the late Qing Dynasty, and the following is a more detailed explanation of its important departments and officials.
1, Foreign Affairs Department
It was reorganized by the Prime Minister's Office for National Affairs. The Prime Minister's Office for Foreign Affairs was set up in December of the tenth year of Xianfeng (186 1 year). Its functions are to comprehensively handle westernization, such as exchanges with foreign countries, trade, customs duties, borders, contracts and religious affairs, as well as to set up westernization enterprises, border defense on land and sea, purchase and build weapons and ships, train westernization talents and send overseas students.
The Prime Minister's yamen is presided over by the Prime Minister's king and ministers in charge of national affairs, with Zhang Jing as the general manager and Zhang Jing as the deputy to assist in common affairs. There is a secretary's office, a file cleaning room and a telegraph office to handle official documents and chores. It is divided into Britain, France, Russia, the United States and the coastal defense unit. These five units are responsible for national affairs. Among them, the telegraph office was added after Guangxu opened the telegraph for ten years. Since then, the imperial edict issued by the emperor, as well as the ambassadors, governors, generals, commanders and imperial envoys in foreign countries, have been handled by the telegraph office in case of urgent business.
In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, after the Prime Minister's yamen was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was above the six departments. The following are the institutions or officials related to the Prime Minister's yamen and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
(1) Tongwen Museum, established in the first year of rule, was a school for training foreign language and westernization talents. There were English, French, Russian and German libraries in front and back. Five years later, there were astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, geography, medicine and other libraries. In the 22nd year of Guangxu, there was an oriental language library (Japanese). The tongwen library has a management minister, a general teacher, a foreign teacher and a Chinese teacher. In December of the 27th year of Guangxu, Tongwen Museum was merged into Jingshi University Hall.
(3) The General Taxation Department is an institution that appointed foreigners to take charge of the collection of foreign tariffs throughout the country. It was located in Shanghai during the Xianfeng period and moved to Beijing in the second year of Tongzhi. The General Taxation Department supervises the administration of foreign customs, the appointment and dismissal of staff and other personnel and related shipping affairs, and takes charge of postal services. There is a general tax department, always held by an Englishman, and the second Hurd has held this position for more than 40 years.
The General Tax Department is nominally subordinate to the Prime Minister's yamen, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Tax Department, which is independent. There are general affairs section, confidential section, statistics section, Chinese language section, civil service section and register section, and an overseas office in London and a domestic debt fund office in Beijing.
(4) Minister of South Beiyang Trade, Minister of Nanyang Trade for short, was established in the first year of Tongzhi, and later served as Governor of Liangjiang, taking charge of the negotiations between China and foreign countries in Liangjiang, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, and the customs clearance between Zhejiang and the Yangtze River. Beiyang minister of trade is referred to as Beiyang minister for short. At the beginning, the minister of trade affairs, who was in charge of Niuzhuang, Tianjin and Dengzhou, was abolished in the ninth year of Tongzhi, and was placed under the jurisdiction of Beiyang Minister of Trade, with the governor of Zhili concurrently holding the post. Minister Beiyang is in charge of the customs affairs of Beiyang Westernization, Haiphong, Tianjin Customs, East Customs and Shanhaiguan and foreign negotiations.
5] Ambassadors and consulates abroad
Embassies abroad, which were established in the first year of Guangxu, were imperial officials, and generally changed for three years. They were in charge of the foreign affairs of the host country and the host country, and were responsible for investigation and interview, and conveyed the political situation, economy and military affairs of the host country to the Prime Minister's yamen or the later Foreign Affairs Department.
The envoys are divided into three classes, and the first class is dispatched for business. The resident envoys are all second-class and third-class. At the beginning, there was a deputy envoy, which was gradually abolished after Guangxu seven years. The countries in which he was stationed were more than a dozen countries, including Britain, France, Russia, the United States, Germany and Japan.
Consulates abroad, established in Guangxu for three years, were stationed in a city in a certain country to protect overseas Chinese and check and restrain their labor and trade activities. Under the supervision of the ambassador. After the first year of Xuantong, the consul was also responsible for investigating the industry and commerce in the country where he was stationed and telling it to the country. Consuls are divided into consuls, chief consuls and vice consuls.
2, the degree of branch
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, it was changed by the Ministry of Housing. To comprehensively manage the national financial revenue, expenditure, warehousing, public debt, currency, banking and other affairs, the relevant institutions are as follows:
(1) Clean up the Finance Department. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, the branch was established to investigate the accuracy of national income and expenditure, formulate new rules for funds, and make national budgets and final accounts. There are twelve departments, namely, transfer department, transfer department, general office and deputy office, which are responsible for the financial affairs reported by each province. Each province has a clean-up finance bureau, which is responsible for cleaning up the finances of each province, auditing and reforming the province's revenue and expenditure. Each provincial bureau has a general office and a meeting office. The branch sent positive and deputy supervisors to inspect the cleaning up of the Finance Bureau in this province.
(2) Tax Office. Guangxu was established in the thirty-second year and was in charge of national taxation. Set up a supervisor minister, a meeting minister and a transfer. There are four shares, each with a general office and a deputy office, in charge of various taxes.
(3) Supervise the Salt Administration Department and the Salt Administration Institute. Supervise the salt administration department, which was established in the first year of Xuantong, and was in charge of the national salt affairs. The governors of salt-producing provinces were awarded the title of Minister of Salt Administration, and the governors of salt-producing provinces were also awarded the title of Minister of Salt Administration. In August of the third year of Xuantong, it was changed to the Institute of Salt Administration, and the title of Minister of Salt Administration was abolished.
3. Ceremony Hall
In June of Xuantong three years, it was changed by the Ministry of Rites. Only the ceremonies and music of the imperial court, the temple altar of Jingshi, the mausoleum, etc. are in charge, and other matters are originally managed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the academic department, the Li Fan Yuan and other institutions. Bachelor's degree, deputy bachelor's degree, bachelor's degree and straight bachelor's degree in the palm college. There are four departments, each with a director in charge of various affairs.
4. Faculty
Guangxu was established in the thirty-first year, and imperial academy was incorporated, taking charge of national education. There are five divisions: General Affairs, Specialization, General Affairs, Industry and Accounting, which are in charge of the educational affairs of various industrial schools, such as university halls, institutions of higher learning, normal schools at all levels, middle schools, primary schools, agricultural schools, industrial schools and commercial schools, as well as the compilation of books, library affairs and education-related finance. There are also more than ten academic officers who patrol the capital and local academic affairs.
5. War Department
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, it was reorganized by the Ministry of War. In charge of the national army, in charge of the selection and promotion of officers, as well as military school education, weapons and ordnance manufacturing and other matters. There are ten divisions to handle various affairs. These divisions are the Military Balance Division, the Military Planning Division, the Military System Division, the Military Reality Division, the Military Science Division, the Military Ride Division, the Quartermaster Division, the Military Animal Husbandry Division, the Military Law Division, and the Military Medical Division, which are in charge of the selection and supplement of officers, the assessment and rewards and punishments, the compilation and training of soldiers, the organization and recruitment of arms, the production and storage of weapons and uniforms, the education of various schools in the Army, and the training of officers and men.
The war department has officials, and the former department members and pen posts are used with army personnel. In the second year of Xuantong, the minister of the War Department was changed to minister and assistant minister to deputy minister. In charge of the Eight Banners, green camp, and the promotion, promotion, awards and shirts of defense officials. In the third year of Xuantong, the war department changed to the secretary of the army and the deputy secretary of the army, and changed to various departments and other institutions, with the secretary of the war department as the commander-in-chief of the army and the deputy secretary of the army as the deputy commander-in-chief. Army officers and assistants are employed in all departments.