Neither the two river basins nor the Indus River basins.

The social system is divided into several important aspects, which are roughly divided into: government system, labor system, legal, economic, religious system and so on.

Among them, the labor system is to look at the social status of workers who are the main body in a society. For example, it cannot be said that the Qing Dynasty was slavery just because there were slaves, but the southern States during the Civil War were indeed slaves. After all, most of the farm workers were slaves.

Let me briefly cite a few civilizations as examples:

The earliest known civilization is called Sumer, which is in today's Iraq, a little earlier than ancient Egypt, and the starting point of this civilization is very high:

The degree of urbanization is surprisingly high. They have a legend that there was nothing in the world, and then there was the first city, Elidu.

If there is prehistoric civilization, Sumer must have inherited something, such as the legend of creation, such as the legend of the great flood, such as the first invention of words, history books, and even the number of sheep in a flock in each season should be recorded (the side reflects a high literacy rate). We have established a system of seven days a week and one day off (which is accepted by all ethnic groups and religions in the world, which is amazing). We have a highly developed ability to build cities, and we can burn bricks, irrigate, build canals and lay national highways. The cities we build are very steep. For example, there is a professional army (this China came into the Warring States period). According to these historical materials, it is basically not worse than China's Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the second renaissance, it was destroyed by civil strife around 2000 AD. About 100 years later, under the nourishment of this civilization, the ancient Babylonian kingdom was born.

Government system: city-state system, city-state has three political institutions: city-state leader, aristocratic meeting and people's congress. The famous Epic of Gilgamesh reflects this power system. Labor system: citizen system, or citizen system, is easier to understand. This is a highly developed civilization.

After reading this civilization, we know that slavery is not the only way.

Let's look at a familiar one:

In ancient India, around 300 BC, Ashoka basically unified the whole territory of India.

What was the government system at that time: bureaucratic monarchy. Ashoka used a large number of bureaucrats to help him manage this huge empire.

His decrees spread all over the empire.

Under the king, there was an advisory meeting composed of nobles called Palishad. In administration, the Prime Minister presides over the daily affairs. Under the prime minister, there are various institutions that manage administrative, military, economic, judicial, urban and rural affairs.

On Politics by Didier laid out the political, economic, judicial and military systems of the Peacock Empire, and also talked about the positions and responsibilities of the chief tax officer, agricultural director and city governor.

This is also a highly developed civilization, and it has not gone through any slavery stage.

The above historical materials can be verified in Wikipedia. Baidu Encyclopedia is seriously controlled by domestic scholars, so don't look at it.

Slavery, as a necessary stage of human society, is just the words of Soviet scholars (funny thing is, there were no slaves in Soviet history, only serfs), which was regarded as an imperial edict by Russian political scholars and political academicians and written into textbooks. The Soviets corrected this mistake after 10 years. It seems that there are only China and North Korea in the world, and they should not be, insisting on the theory of five stages of human beings.

Finally, China is also a country without slavery. From any known historical data, it is impossible to draw the conclusion that there is a slave society in China. Huang Xianfan's book "There is no slave society in the history of China" (mimeographed version of Guangxi Normal University, 198 1 year 10) makes an in-depth exploration of the theory of "no slavery".