The official department is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment, promotion and demotion of officials;

The Ministry, in charge of land registration, taxation and finance;

Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, sacrifices and other things;

Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs;

Ministry of punishment, in charge of judicial prison;

The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other things. "

Ministers are ministers, and deputy ministers are assistant ministers. There are Langzhong, Yuanwailang with deputy titles, and subordinate officials are in charge.

temple

The temple is the official office. Jiusi is the official office of Jiuqing. In Han Dynasty, Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu were called the Great Qing of the Nine Temples. There were slight changes in the past dynasties, which were all due to the Qing Dynasty.

(1) Guanglu Temple: in charge of the palace guards and attendants, in charge of the catering tent after the Northern Qi Dynasty, and in charge of catering only after the Tang Dynasty.

(2) Taibu Temple: The matter of horse husbandry began in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was incorporated into the War Department when Guangxu reformed the official system.

(3) Taichang Temple: The Qin Dynasty served Taichang, the Han Dynasty changed Taichang, and the ancestral temple etiquette was in charge. Taichang Temple only existed in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.

(4) Zongzheng Temple: The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the ancestral houses, and they were in charge of the clan affairs of the sons of heaven.

(5) Dali Temple: in charge of the trial of criminal prison cases, Tingwei in Qin and Han Dynasties, Dali Temple in Northern Qi Dynasty, and Dali Courtyard in Qing Dynasty.

(6) Weiwei Temple: the head guard stationed troops, and the Northern Qi Dynasty changed to Weiwei Temple, and the Sui Dynasty changed to ceremonial weapons, tents and the like, which were abandoned in the open, and there were clear ceremonies and guards.

(7) crack hon temple: Qin yue dianke, Han changed crack hon, palm praise guide ceremony. Hong, sound, spread, spread praise and guide, so it is called Hong Hong. To the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called crack crack temple, which was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.

(8) Shaofu Temple: It took charge of the affairs of Yamazawa, and then the clothes and treasures in the palace, which were changed to prison in Sui Dynasty, and it was abolished in Ming Dynasty.

(9) Taifu Temple: that is, Dasinong, who is in charge of money, money and silk.

In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials who are responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi compiled and edited the national history of Hanlin.

2 local official editor

summarize

The main administrative region of Qin and Han Dynasties was the county. The chief of the county, Qin said the chief, Han said the satrap. The main administrative region of Sui and Tang Dynasties is Zhou, and the state officials call it secretariat, and the subordinate officials include Changshi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time is set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In the Song Dynasty, state officials were called Zhi Zhou, and county officials were called Zhi Zhou. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.

In addition, there were also prefectures in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen prefectures, which were basically monitoring areas. The central authorities sent officials to spy on the situation, which was called secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, which were also called monitoring areas. The central authorities sent officials to inspect them, which were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, with several departments in charge of all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called Hangzhongshu Province, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed Chengxuan Bureaucratic Department, and it is still called "Province" customarily.

Appointment, removal and elevation

After the emergence of the "three provinces and six departments" system, the promotion, appointment and removal of officials were in charge of the official department. The following words are commonly used in the appointment, removal and promotion of official positions: (1) Bye. Grant a certain official position or position with certain etiquette. (2) in addition. Worship the official, appoint a post, and promote the official position, such as "giving the right prime minister and a Tang envoy" ("except" in the sentence "(Introduction to Nan Lu (Postscript)" means granting an official position. And "left division" is demotion. (3) move. The transfer of official positions includes three situations: promotion, demotion and lateral transfer. (4) Chen. Demote officials or transfer to remote areas. (5) "Hu" and "strike, exemption and seizure" are both removal from office. (6) go. There are three cases of dismissal: resignation, transfer and dismissal. Resignation and transfer belong to the general situation and the adjustment of official positions, while dismissal is the demotion of people. (7) begging for bones. Ask for resignation and retirement when you are old. (8) promotion: promotion of official positions, promotion of people without official positions. (9) 舵: promotion. Refers to the promotion and employment of officials.

Brief introduction of official position

The title of knighthood is the title of knighthood and knighthood, which was bestowed by the ancient emperor on the noble and noble. [ 1]

The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages the national government affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes it is called Xiangguo, which is often referred to as the prime minister, and is referred to as "Xiang" for short. Generally, there is only one prime minister, commonly known as the big prime minister, and sometimes it is divided into two prime ministers, the right prime minister specializes in managing state affairs and the left prime minister is the "personal adviser" of the emperor. There is no need to manage state affairs.

Taishi refers to the official position, also known as Taizai.

In ancient times, Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were called "three publics", and most of them were high-ranking officials, indicating their favor without real duties.

Prince Taishi Prince Taishi belongs to the "East Palace Third Division" and is a nominal prince teacher. Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao were the "Three Divisions in the East Palace", while Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao were called "Three Orphans", which gradually became empty titles.

Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the paper memorial. Six departments were set up in the Sui Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty, six departments were identified as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, with Shangshu and Assistant Minister as the chief and deputy officers.

The bachelor's degree was an official position in charge of ceremonies and compilation in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to the academician as a bachelor, became the secretary and consultant of the emperor, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although they were also academicians of Hanlin, such as serving orders, reading, lecturing, editing and editing, and Jishi Shu, their positions and duties were different from those of Hanlin in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the official system of Shang Qing Zhou Dynasty, both the emperor and the vassal had Qing, which was divided into upper, middle and lower levels, and the most distinguished one was called "Shang Qing".

General was the highest title of general in the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. After Wei and Jin dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The official position of general was established in the Ming and Qing Dynasties during the war, and it was abolished after the war.

Participating in political affairs, also referred to as "participating in politics", was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was called "Zaizhi" together with Tongping Zhang, Tang Tang's envoy and Tang Tang Tang's deputy envoy.

Military department, Minister of Military Affairs, was an administrative organization built by Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty to assist the emperor. The incumbent has no fixed number of employees, and is usually a prince, a university student, a minister of history, an assistant minister or a Beijing hall, and is called a minister of military aircraft. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers".

The censor was originally a historian, and after Qin, he was appointed an censor, whose position was second only to that of the prime minister, and he was in charge of impeachment and picketing officials' faults.

The head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs, and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of a Tang dynasty envoy is equivalent to that of a prime minister. Military ministers in the Qing dynasty are often addressed as "Tang secretaries".

The official name of Chu State in the Warring States Period of Zuotu was comparable to that of later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents.

Qiu's official title before Yuan Dynasty. It was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor, and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. Song dynasty as the highest military attache.

The official name of the doctor in the pre-Qin period is lower than that of Qing.

Doctors refer to different contents in different dynasties, and sometimes they can refer to important positions in central organs.

Scholar-officials used to refer to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status.

Taishi Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period was a high-ranking court minister, who was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and also in charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices and other things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Order was set up, and its scope of duties was gradually reduced and its status was gradually lowered.

In the Qin Dynasty, he was the prime minister's official, and after the Han Dynasty, he became the general's official and was the chief of staff.

The assistant minister is a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, assistant minister was the deputy of the ministers (ministers) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu).

The assistant was originally one of the officials outside the regular official position. Because of the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds that of assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister.

Langzhong was a court bodyguard during the Warring States Period. From Tang to Qing, he became a senior official below Shangshu and Assistant Minister, taking charge of the affairs of each department.

The abbreviation of "Staff Military Affairs" for joining the army was originally the military staff of the Prime Minister. After Jin Dynasty, its status gradually declined and it became the staff of kings and generals. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, it gradually became a local official.

During the Warring States Period, Ling Yin was the chief officer of the Chu State in charge of military and political power, equivalent to the prime minister. In Ming and Qing dynasties, it refers to the county magistrate.

Governor refers to the places visited by Beijing officials in the early Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial local governor, taking charge of military affairs, official administration, prison and other matters in a province, and his position was slightly lower than that of the governor, and he was nicknamed "Fu Yuan", "Fu Tai" and "Fu Jun".

A captain was second only to a general in the Han Dynasty.

The magistrate is "the satrap", also known as "the magistrate".

The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate".

Lizheng is an ancient township official, that is, a mile long.

Li Xu's tolerance in managing village affairs.

A captain is a military attache after a general. "Chen She Family": "Chen She is a general and Wu Guang is a captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has gone out, and Chen Ping, the ambassador of Xiang Wang, called Pei Gong."

Tong Qing, another name for Taipusi Qing, was in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. In the epitaph of the Five Tombs, the words "a wise scholar and a scholar, for which Tong Qing was Wu Gong" and "for which" are Mok Ng's words.

The official positions referred to in different dynasties of Sima are not the same. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Sajima and Cao Wushang said it." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official of the prefecture and county satrap (secretariat), such as Pipa Xing: "Yuan and ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of the state and county.

Our general manager in charge of military and political affairs in several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally only located in border States; After that, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it "the buffer region." The fourth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Yucun hastily wrote two letters with Jia Zheng and Wang Ziteng, our envoy to Beijing."

The strategy is also called "strategy" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy envoy of Shaanxi Economy. When there were important military tasks in Ming and Qing dynasties, they were specially run, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Running Hong Chengchou has something old with it", after the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou served as running seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.

The secretariat was originally the official name of the inspector, and became the highest military and political chief of the county after the Eastern Han Dynasty, sometimes called the satrap. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.

The coach was an officer who coached martial arts in the Song Dynasty. Lin Chong in Water Margin was the gun and stick coach of the 800,000 imperial troops in Beijing.

Administer the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs. For example, Lu Ti governs Lu Zhishen in Water Margin.

The family members who are engaged in the appointment of the central or local governors themselves are also called "employees". "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Jing's fame is still worthy of Cao's engagement."

Three provinces and six provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally, the Chinese book was in charge of decision-making, the provincial government was in charge of deliberation, and the ministers were in charge of implementation. The chiefs of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Order, and there are official positions such as Zhongshu Assistant Minister and Zhongshu Sheren. Under the door, the provincial governor called Shi Zhong, and under the door, there were assistant ministers and middle-ranking officials. The governor of Shangshu Province is Shangshuling, and there are officials such as left and right servants. Shangshu Province has six departments: the official department (in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, equivalent to the current organization department), the household department (in charge of land registration, taxation and finance, etc.), the ritual department (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), the Ministry of War (in charge of military affairs, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), the criminal department (in charge of judicial prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice) and the Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, etc.). Ministers are called ministers, assistant ministers with deputy titles, and there are officials such as doctor, foreign minister and principal. The six-part system was implemented from the Sui and Tang Dynasties until the end of the Qing Dynasty. [ 1]

3 list editor

Yin Shiqing killed the commandant and made Cheng.

Qing Shi Tai Shi Zuo Shi You Shi Situ Sima Sikong Sikou's position

Tai Shi Tai Fu Tai Bao Shao Shi Shaofu Shaobao Taizai Shaozai Liuqing

The seal-sealing worker is in the prime minister's office, and the princess of Yin Zhuguo is in charge of the three fairs.

Prime Minister Prime Minister Imperial Advisor Taiwei Jiuqing Taifu Tingwei Zong Zheng Shaofu

General, Dr. Sima, Doctor, Langzhong Assistant, Langzhong Negotiating the History of Langling.

Shangshu Liu Cao Hege servant shot Shi Zhongshi secretariat Zhou Mu don't drive.

Chief thin prefect prefect long history engaged in Du You county magistrate and county commandant.

Tingchang Liehou is in charge of the three provinces, and the governors are in charge of protecting the army Khan.

Marshal of bachelor's general manager of six departments and three museums left behind the judge for inspection and punishment.

Jurisdiction over Confucius and Yasi's adult, cabinet factory guards and eunuchs.

Magistrate's Prince, Governor, Governor, Supervisor, Prefecture, Magistrate's Prefect, Company Commander.

The generals are scattered and the officials flow in and out.

Da Liang Zao Zuo Prime Minister Right Prime Minister Da Situ Da Sikong Yushitai

Fu Langzhong ordered Da Sinong's general to hold the post of Jin Wu Langzhong.

Shangshu province Shangshu made it clear that Jing Zhaoyin left Feng Yi and you helped the wind.

Hou Guanzhong, secretary of the province, secretary of the province, and ambassador of the province.

Yuan Wailang wrote Lang, and imperial academy, our envoy, recruited all the envoys for inspection.

Observation makes the judge Duke Yansheng University Xuan Yuan Ji Xian Yuan.

Military department Hanlin Academy Qin Tianjian's Minister of Internal Affairs did not flow in.

The State Council Privy Council, Advisory Council, Tax Division.

Dr. San Lv, Dr. Yushi, Dr. Si Li, a captain, will be a master to advise the doctor.

Dr. Guanglu embroidered clothes, pointing to the supervision of the empire and the affairs of Pingzhang.

In the Hanlin bachelor's book, Sheren commanded the imperial envoy Niu Lu to be true.

Counsellor minister general taxation department naval yamen

Diannong corps commander Beiyang trade minister Nanyang trade minister Xi Ma Tong Qing

Li Zheng Li Xu Wen Yuan Ge University

4 Comparative editing of past and present

The satrap was called the county chief in the Warring States period, and the satrap in the Han Dynasty was the chief executive of a county. Thirty-six counties in Qin Fen are bigger than counties. It is equivalent to the mayor of the current provincial city.

The secretariat of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided the whole country into thirteen states, and the secretariat was in charge of the military and political power of one state. It is equivalent to the provincial (city) governor and the commander of the provincial (city) army (sub-district).

Jing Zhaoyin, local chief executive of Gyeonggi, Western Han Dynasty. Equivalent to the mayor of Beijing.

Qiu Qin to Song Dynasty were all set up, and he was the head of the national military and political affairs. Equivalent to the Secretary of Defense.

Ting Wei is the minister in charge of law and presiding over important cases. Relative to the President of the Supreme Court.

The official minister is in charge of the examination, reward and punishment of civil and military officials throughout the country. Equivalent to the minister of organization department.

Doctor Guanglu, the advisor to the emperor. Equivalent to the Standing Committee of the Central Advisory Committee.

The secretariat is in charge of the issuance of emperor's orders. Equivalent to the "two offices" secretary-general.

Shang Shuling participates in major policies, and looks at government affairs comprehensively. Equivalent to the prime minister.

The status of the general riding a car is respected, equivalent to the rank of marshal.

Duchayuan was the highest supervisory institution in ancient times. Equivalent to the Minister of Supervision.

Magistrate local chief executive. Equivalent to the mayor of a provincial city.

Zhizhou is the same as the "magistrate".

Magistrate of a county. Equivalent to the county magistrate.

The deputy of the general court. Equivalent to the deputy mayor.

Xian Cheng assisted the county magistrate in managing a county. Equivalent to the deputy county magistrate.

The main thin palm money, household registration. It is equivalent to the director of food or the director of household registration.

The professor's office is in charge of discipline and assessment of students. Equivalent to the director of the provincial education department.

Under the guerrilla position, he led the troops to defend. A divisional officer in charge of defense.

An official who attends the emperor. An official of the Central Guard Bureau (said to be equivalent to the current deputy minister).

5 official introduction editor

brief introduction

Main book: the personnel of Wei who protected all kinds of written materials for the monarch during the Warring States Period.

The Imperial Physician: During the Qin Dynasty, he was responsible for supervising officials, accepting officials' performance on behalf of the emperor, managing important national albums and books, and drafting imperial edicts on behalf of the imperial court. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Imperial Physician, the Prime Minister and Qiu were called the Three Kingdoms. When the prime minister is absent, he is often replaced by an ancient official. After the Jin Dynasty, the censor was no longer responsible for paperwork.

Lingshi: the official position in charge of clerical work under Lang in Han Dynasty. Points: the history of Lantian order and the history of Shangshuling. Sui: After the Tang Dynasty, Lingshi became the title of junior clerk in three provinces and six Yushitai.

Prime minister: in feudal times, "the prime minister was the chief of staff of the monarch." Equivalent to the current Secretary-General.

Advice doctor: The Western Han Dynasty was called the advice doctor of the secretary staff. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed Doctor of Advice. Sui and Tang Shilu belong to the province under the door, and their duties are attendants and admonition. An admonition court was set up in the Song Dynasty, along the Liao and Jin Dynasties, and abolished in the Ming Dynasty.

Huangmen Assistant: A Langguan who served in the palace in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the assistant minister of Huangmen was full-time, and his duty was to attend the emperor and convey the imperial edict. After the Southern Dynasties, Assistant Minister Huang Men was in charge of confidential documents.

Zuoyou Cao: the official position of handling emperor's documents in Han Dynasty. This kind of official position is not full-time, but an addition. If the minister can get Cao Jiaguan, he can handle the emperor's documents.

Translator's Order Nine Translation Orders: Translators set up in the Han Dynasty were responsible for translating the languages of foreign letters. Equivalent to the contemporary foreign language secretary.

Fu Baolang: The official in charge of the seal of the Emperor and Fu Jie in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Cheng Zhong: A subordinate official of the Imperial Examiner in the Han Dynasty, responsible for the central library and library, handling all the memorials directly to the monarch, and supervising the secretariat of various ministries exercising the right of inspection outside. In the imperial history after Han Dynasty, Cheng was the chief of the imperial history, and together with Si Li, a captain, Guo was the most authoritative inspector.

Engaged in: the assistant officials of the secretariat of the Han Dynasty, such as Biejia, Zhizhong, and the main book, are engaged in. At that time, all counties and countries also engaged in it.

Book assistant: a petty official in charge of documents in Han Dynasty. Like Gong Cao Shu Zuo and Dian County Shu Zuo, they are responsible for drafting and writing documents.

Shangshu: Shangshu means in charge of documents. In the Han dynasty, the official in charge of documents in the court was called Shangshu.

Two Thousand Stones Cao Shangshu: In the Han Dynasty, the official Dai of the county was two thousand stones, and it was customary to call the local chief executive two thousand stones. At that time, Shang Shu was in charge of Cao affairs, and the Shang Shu, who was in charge of the documents of the county and the country, was called the 2000 stone Cao Shangshu.

Cao Shangshu: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tai Wei, Situ and Sikong were three. At that time, Shangshu was in charge of Cao affairs, and the Shangshu who was in charge of the documents of Sangong was called Sangong Shangshu.

Shangshuling: Shangshuling is in charge of Shangshu. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of taking Shangshu as the provincial governor of Shangshu was gradually formed, so that Shangshuling was not the official in charge of documents, but the highest head of the central administrative supervision departments.

Prime Minister: The system established in Qin and Han Dynasties. The most important administrative officer who assisted the emperor with the prime minister was slightly inferior to the position of Qiu and the imperial historian. In the early Han dynasty, there were sometimes one prime minister left and one prime minister right. Generally, there is only one person, regardless of left and right. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was also said that the Prime Minister was left and right, and it was soon abolished. Since then, there is no longer the name of the Prime Minister.

Secretariat order: When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty served as a eunuch, he was in charge of publicizing imperial edicts. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, he set up a Chinese book supervisor and a Chinese book order. The supervisor and the order are the same, and his power is equivalent to that of the prime minister. It is customary to supervise before the order. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Chinese Book Supervisor was abolished and only the Chinese Book Order was kept.

Zhongshujian: It was established after Cao Pi ascended the throne in Wei Dynasty, and it has the same power as Zhongshuling.

Zhongshu Province: After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the power of ministers was replaced by Zhongshu Supervisor and Zhongshu Order, and Zhongshu Province began to be the central general organization. By the time of Liang and Chen, there were five officials in the internal affairs of Zhongshu Province, ten in charge of lords and two hundred in charge of bookkeepers.

Zhongshushen: In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Zhongshushen was a very distinguished official position. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a Chinese calligrapher in the Chinese calligraphy department, who was only in charge of writing and other things, and his official rank was from seven grades. At first, it was named "The Provincial Sheren of Zhongshu", but later it was renamed as "The Sheren of Zhongshu Branch". The Chinese calligrapher is not taken seriously, but only as an appearance decoration. Among them, there are those who are actually writers after the name of Gongshu, and they still have their own system. Generally speaking, they are called Zhongshu, which is an official who is not a light person.

Secretary's Order: Cao Cao was Wang Wei at the end of the Han Dynasty. At the beginning, he set up a secretary's order and asked for documents. After Cao pi acceded to the throne, he was changed to the supervisor of Chinese books and the order of Chinese books.

Deng Shilang: Wen San official name. Tang dynasty began to set up, which was the 27 th order of civil servants, and was under the ninth grade. Song Zheng's nine products. In the second year of Huizong Chongning (1 103), it was used to serve as a clerk to join the army and magistrate's order, and in the sixth year of Zhenghe (116), it was changed to a post-repairing lang, which was the 36th rank of civil servants. Jin zhengjiu pin Shang. Yuan was promoted to Zhengbapin, who was in charge of Zongjuan and Qian Yi's subordinate officials. "History of the Yuan Dynasty: A Hundred Officials' Records": "According to the eight products of a member, we can grind and explore the examples of money-making, and count the things of books." Mingzheng Jiupin was awarded the rank of general at the beginning, and was promoted to be an official. Zhengzheng Jiupin was awarded an official position.

Level and management authority

There are nine categories, each of which is divided into positive and negative categories, with * * * 18 grades.

Prime minister (the highest administrative officer who assists the emperor)

Zhengyipin-(Wen) Taishi, Taifu, Taibao, University Student, Taiwei, Situ and Sikong. (5) to lead the minister in the bodyguard.

From Yipin-(Wen) Shao Shi, Shaofu, Shaobao, Taizi Taishi, Taizi Taifu, Taizi Taibao, governors, ministers of various ministries, Douchayuan Youdu Yushi, Zuodu Yushi, County King and Lord protector. (5) General, commander-in-chief and prefect are generals in title of generals and heirs.

Positive two products-(text) Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao, provincial governors, left and right assistant ministers of various ministries and institutes, and founding county magistrate. (5) The general, deputy commander and company commander of the auxiliary country.

From the second product-(text) provincial governors, cabinet bachelors, provincial envoys, Jingzhao, Henan, Taiyuan and other seven government shepherds, governors, daduhu, and Guanglu doctors. (Wu) the general and deputy general of the town army.

Zhengsanpin-(text) Duchayuan right vice suggestion, left vice suggestion, General Political Affairs Department General Political Envoy, Dali Temple Secretary, Zhan Shifu Zhan Shi, Taichang Temple Secretary, Shuntianfu prefect, Fengtianfu prefect, provincial judges, Shi Zhong, Zhongshuling,, door assistant minister, Zhongshu assistant minister, prince guest, Taichangqing, Zong Zhengqing. (Wu) Zuo You Wei, Zuo You Xiao Wei, Zuo You Wu Wei, Zuo You Wei Wei, Zuo You Leader Wei, Zuo You Jin Wu Wei, Zuo You Supervisor, Zuo You Yu Lin Jun, Zuo You longwu, Zuo You Yingwu Sixth Army General, Zuo You Qian Niu Wei General, Zuo You San Riding Regular Attendant, Inner Attendant Supervisor, Lieutenant General and General.

From the three products-(text) Guanglu Temple Secretary, Taibu Temple Secretary, provincial salt transporters, ancient censors, secretary supervisors, Guanglu, Wei Wei, Taifu, Dali, crack hon, Sinong, Taifu, Guozi wine offering, temple supervisor, Shaofu supervisor, general supervisor, and Zhu Weiyulin. (military) guerrilla warfare.

Positive four products-(text) Assistant Secretary of the General Political Department, Shao Qing of Dali Temple, Shao Zhan of Zhan Shifu, Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, Shao Qing of Hongcrack Temple, Shao Qing of Taibu Temple, various provincial guards, assistant ministers of the door, assistant ministers of Zhongshu, Zuo Cheng of Shangshu, assistant ministers of the official department, Shao Qing of Taichang, Zuo Shu of Prince, and Shao Zhan of Prince. (Wu) Dusi.

From the four products-(text) Bachelor of Attendance at the Imperial Academy, Bachelor of Attendance at Lectures, imperial academy's Wine Offering, Bachelor of The Cabinetshi Read's, and provincial magistrates. (Wu) Chengmenling

Positive five products-(text) About Chunfang, about the bastard, Guanglu Temple, Shao Qing, Qin Tianjian Supervisor, six departments to give things, all ministries and hospitals, all governments, and Zhili Prefecture. (military) garrison.

From the five products-(text) crack hon temple shaoqing, each supervision suggestion, the academician courtyard Shi read, foreign ministers, the provinces know the state. (Wu) Defending the headquarters of Qian Zong and riding a captain.

Positive six products-(text) imperial academy Division Industry, The Cabinetshi Read, Zuoyou Chunfang Zuoyou Zhongyun, heads of various ministries and institutes, the official verdict of Beijing government, the official verdict of Jingxian county magistrate, and the official verdict of all provinces. (Wu) the door is always thousands, and the camp is always thousands.

From the six grades-(text) about Chunfang about Zanshan, Hanlin Academy, Guanglu Temple, Zhili Prefecture, Tongzhou, Tongzhou. General Qian of the Ministry of Armed Forces.

Zhengqipin-(text) Edited by Hanlin Academy, Seven-pin calligraphy and paste style in various ministries and institutes, professor of Shuntianfu studies, discipline, county magistrate of Chengwai County in Jingxian County, and professor of various government studies. (Wu) general manager.

From seven categories —— (text) Review of the Hanlin Academy, Chinese Book in the Chinese Book Division, Chinese Book in the Cabinet, Dr. imperial academy, State Judgment in Zhili Prefecture, and State Judgment. (Wu) Deputy Commandant of Shengjing Nomadic.

Zhengbapin —— (Text) Imperial Physician of Tai Hospital, Eight-pin calligraphy and paste style of each department and hospital, experience of foreign government, teaching instructions from other counties, counties, states, and counties. (military) outsourcing thousands of managers.

From the Eight Grades-(Text) The Imperial Academy Canon Book, Government, State and County Discipline. (5) appoint a xiaoqi commandant.

Zhengjiupin-(text) Nine-pin calligraphy and paste style in various ministries and hospitals, and county main book. (5) the general manager of the outsourcing Committee.

From the nine grades-(text) Imperial Academy waits for imperial edicts, Xing Department supervises prisons, state officials watch, and makes inspections. (5) Additional outsourcing.

Not inflow-(text) The officials of the Dian Shi, Yi Cheng and He Bo Institute in Beijing and other counties (military attache not inflow).

6 Tang Dynasty official editor

After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, counties and counties were merged to form counties and counties. However, in the Tang Dynasty, the world was divided into 23 roads, and the troops were stationed separately. In the 13th year of Zhenguan, there were 358 states in China, 155 1 county. In the first year of Tianbao of Xuanzong, the state was changed to county, and the secretariat was changed to satrap. Later, it was called the state.

Shangzhou secretariat is from the third grade, and its subordinate officers are Biejia 1 person, from the fourth grade, Changshi 1 person, from the fifth grade, Sima 1 person, from the fifth grade, recording military service 1 person, from the seventh grade, recording 2 people, from the ninth grade. There are also marketing, honesty, literature, medical knowledge and so on; The secretariat of the Middle and Lower States are all under the four categories, and its subordinate officials imitate those of the Upper State, but they are not all set. Don't drive (Zhongzhou didn't say anything), Changshi and Sima are called "Shangzuo". According to the Tang system, when the secretariat is short of staff or the prince is in charge, Shangzuo can act on behalf of the state affairs. Cao Cao joined the army to take charge of the military and political affairs, finance, criminal law, farmland and household grain affairs of the state capitals, which is called "judgment division" Without the state of Sima, the clerk joined the army as the assistant of the secretariat and was in the position of comprehensive inspector.

The judges of the state government and the book and commandant of the county, although their positions are not high, are generally officials who started as scholars and later officials. If there are officials to support them and the counties to recommend them, after several moves, they may enter the DPRK as lang officials, censors, and even be sent to the state secretariat until they are handsome in San Francisco. Therefore, most senior civil servants in the Tang Dynasty have held such positions at the grassroots level. [2]

7 Appointment and removal terminology editor

Regarding the appointment of officials, there are: appointment, conferment, removal, worship, sealing (for title), gift (for posthumous sealing of the deceased), levy, creation, recommendation, promotion (mostly for cloth as an official) and point (for oral English).

About the promotion of posts, there are: deciding or (for changing from junior to senior), advancing (for adding higher posts), resuming (restoring original posts) and overstaffing.

About demotion and dismissal: strike, exemption, dismissal (dismissal due to non-serious negligence), demotion, demotion (demotion due to negligence), reform, resignation (dismissal for investigation), vacancy opening (dismissal on orders or at one's own request), official appointment (retirement with post) and left relocation (demotion).

On the transfer of posts: transfer, transfer, apprenticeship, quantity transfer (transfer is slightly better than the original post), supplement (formal appointment from standby)

Part-time job: collar (with this official as a lower post), photo (temporarily holding a post higher than this official), power (temporary post), travel (acting for a certain post without this official title), (replacing a post without this official), and protection (the original official leaves his post for a short time, and he is on the verge of guarding the seal).

Eight pounds. "(name line: fame and virtue)

Pull out (promote people without official positions) Li Bai's Book of Jingzhou with Han: "Shan Tao worked in Jizhou and pulled out more than 30 people."

In addition, there are:

Seal (the emperor granted the courtiers land, titles or titles) Kong Congzi's Questions and Answers: "(Chen She said) I can't seal the monarch after the six countries." Biography of Li Si in Historical Records: "Make Wu Qin a ruler, not make his children king." (The name of the last example of "sealing" action is used)

Gift (used to posthumously title the deceased) "History of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu and Wu Zhuzhuan": "Madam Bu died, posthumously bestowed on the queen."

Give (give the meritorious minister a title) "Han Su Wu Biography": "Wu used two thousand stones and made a plan to establish Xuan Di and gave it a title.

Neihou "

Reward (issued by the emperor's special decree, giving official positions, titles or titles) "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of August, I summoned Yuan.

Shikai, a special assistant minister. "

Two, about the promotion:

"Promotion, promotion, promotion (used for promotion from lower level to higher level)" Han Zhao Chongguo Biography ":"Promotion as a post-general. " (post-general: name of military attache. ) Li Mi's Chen Qingbiao: "If you are promoted, you will be pampered."

Enter (for a higher position) Biography of Historical Records of Sun Bin: "So avoid entering the grandson Yu Weiwang."

Resume (resume the original post) The fourth time in A Dream of Red Mansions, The case of a poor woman who meets a poor husband and a gourd monk judges the gourd: "Yucun said," You are right. However, it is a matter of human life, and it is really unbearable to be re-appointed by the Emperor Long En. At a time when he is trying his best to repay the kindness, how can he bend the law for personal gain? "

"Tan Sitong": "The emperor surpassed the four ranks of military aircraft Zhang Jing, and participated in the New Deal with Yang Rui, Lin Xu and Liu Guangdi." Biography of Historical Records of Jia Yi: "Emperor Xiaowen said that he moved to a doctor at the age of one."

Three, about the transfer of positions are:

Transfer, transfer, transfer, transfer (general transfer, transfer) "Han Yuan Ang Biography": "Transfer to a captain in Longxi." "Historical Records Biography of Huaiyin Hou": "The king of Qi moved to believe in the king of Chu." Song Shi Li Zong Ji: "Cheng Dayuan, Li and the following 613 soldiers were transferred to official positions."

Move (transfer official position, generally refers to promotion) "Han Shu Zhai Fang Jin Chuan": "Fang Jin became a doctor. A few years, moved to the north to stab.

History. "Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty": "Andy heard about Heng Shan's skills, the characteristics of the bus, worshiping the doctor, and then moved to Taishiling."

Out (pointing out that Beijing was appointed) Zhang Hengchuan: "At the beginning of Yonghe, it was the Hejian phase" (referring to the phase when Zhang Heng left Beijing to be the king of Hejian) )

Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's List": "In the palace, everything is integrated, and it is not appropriate to punish and conceal whether it is the same or not."

Supplement (to fill the vacancy or be formally appointed by the alternate) The Biography of Han Xiao Wangzhi: "It is time to choose a doctor to advise the doctor to fill the position of the county and the country, so as to make it a plain satrap."

Four, about part-time jobs are:

Collar (in addition to his own job and a lower position) "The Book of Jin Xie An Biography": "Also collar Yangzhou Secretariat." Biography of Fan Ye in Song Dynasty: "(Fan Ye) served in the end, in order to recruit Tandao Ji Sima, the general of the south, and lead the new Cai Taishou." (End of service, end of mourning for father)

Photographed (temporarily taking a higher position outside the job) "Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Thirteen Years": "The sheep tongue is photographed by Sima." (sheep tongue, name. )

Right (temporary post) Chen Liang's "The First Book of Emperor Xiaozong": "With the power of Beijing officials, it is easy to change every three years." (Quan Zhi, Acting Director)

Fake (temporary agent) "The Biography of Han Su Wu": "Wu and the deputy corps commander John Zhang and the fake official Chang Hui have more than 100 recruiters and scouts."

Line (acting official position) "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu and Wu Di Ji": "Taizu is a general who prepares for war." Ouyang Xiu's "Long Gang Qian Biao": "The bachelor of Guanwen Hall specially carries out the history of the Ministry of War."

Department (also means "acting as an agent", which means acting as an agent without an official position) "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu and Zhuge Liang Chuan": "Take Liang as the strategist and general, and take charge of the affairs of the left general."

Protecting (the former official left his post for a short time to temporarily guard the seal, and "protecting" means "governing and commanding") "Historical Records of the Prime Minister Chen's Family": "Today, the king respects the official and orders to protect the army."

Five, about demotion and dismissal are:

Stop, forgive, solve, deny, and seize (the official was dismissed due to negligence) "Historical Records Wei Qiwu's Biography of An Hou": "Dou Taihou was furious, but he stopped chasing Zhao Wan and Wang Zang." "History of Han Gong Yu Biography": "Exempt from official rank." "Mandarin": "The public general will stand up for Prince Shen Sheng." Han Yu's preface to seeing Li Pangu off: "I don't know if I am confused, but I don't smell it." "Book Bo Chicken Things": "The emissary was arrested and threatened to seize his official."

Release (meaning "appointment", sometimes referring to the transfer of Beijing officials to other places) "Tan Sitong": "That is, release the magistrate of Ningxia and be promoted to Ningxia Road."

Demote, demote (demoted due to negligence) "Biography of Liu Yuxi in Old Tang Dynasty": "Demote Lianzhou secretariat." "Yueyang Tower": "Teng Zijing is guarding Baling County.

Leather and leather (both mean "get rid of", referring to dismissal for investigation. Xie Zhuang's "Shang Sou Cai Biao": "Zhang Bojin went to Chen Tang and sat down to pay his respects." (Zhang Bo was knighted for recommending Chen Shang)

Move to the left (demote, demote the official) "The History of the Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Lu Yuchuan": "I still hate it, so I moved to the left."

There are also vacancies (the official leaves his post or dies for some reason, the position is vacant for a while, and someone else is selected to fill it), and the official (retirement with post) and so on.