1) The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and foreign aggression shocked the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

2) The Westernization School advocated "learning from the West" and maintained the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

3) die-hards stick to the old ways and blindly reject all foreign things.

4) After the establishment of the Prime Minister's yamen, the Manchu rulers headed by Ci Xi temporarily supported the Westernization School with post-strength and appreciated by foreign invaders.

5) The expansion of the industrial revolution and the formation of the situation of "reconciliation between China and foreign countries" made it possible to carry out the Westernization Movement.

[Edit this paragraph] Duration

186 1 From the end of the Second Opium War to the end of the Sino-Japanese War of 1895.

[Edit this paragraph] Production process

18601February Zeng Guofan said that at present, using foreign forces to help suppress and transport grain can reduce temporary worries; In the future, you can learn foreign skills and build processing ships, and you can also receive permanent benefits. In the second year, he gave full play to the above views, and advocated buying foreign ship guns, visiting skilled craftsmen, practicing first, and then trying to build them. However, in one or two years, the steamboat will become a thing of the people. At that time, it can be suppressed (referring to the Taiping Army) and twisted (twisting the army), which is the first priority when saving ("The Complete Works of Zeng Wenzheng", the first/kloc- 1862 After Li Hongzhang arrived in Shanghai, he was helped by foreign invaders to train the foreign artillery team and set up the foreign artillery bureau. In his view, the fighting of the Qing army is often several times that of foreign enemies, but it still can't win. The reason is that weapons are not good and guns (yǔ) are excessive. If firearms can be used to compete with the West, it will be "more than enough to pacify China, and there will be no shortage of foreign enemies". From now on, we can finally achieve autonomy (the draft of Friends of Li Wenzhong Gongquanshu, Volume 3). Yi Xin saw that Zeng and Li learned to build foreign naval guns and decided to send personnel to study. In the memorial, he said that self-improvement should be achieved in governing the country, and self-improvement should be based on training, and training should be based on making tools. "I can be self-reliant and live in peace with each other".

Hey? Some people think that as long as some advanced western technology is added to the feudal system, the people can be suppressed, and the feudal rule can be maintained for a long time. They also think that the preparation of Westernization will surely get the support of the great powers.

The die-hards, led by the great scholar Woren, sang "The way to build a country is to respect propriety rather than tactics, and the fundamental goal lies in people's hearts rather than skills" and advocated that "loyalty is the armor and propriety is the dry spirit" to resist foreign aggression. They attacked the Westernization School for learning advanced production technology from the West, saying that it was "very advanced and correct", but "taking propriety and righteousness as the backbone and loyalty as the armor" was not conducive to self-improvement. In the past 20 or 30 years, Chinese and foreign officials have failed to control the enemy, and they have only used empty words to fill their responsibilities, which has led to the change of Geng Shen. " Westernization and die-hards attacked each other, and the struggle was fierce. The Prime Minister's Office is the central organization to promote the Westernization Movement. However, the influence of the Westernization School is mainly not in the central government of the Qing Dynasty, but in the governors and governors who hold local real power. Cixi understood that in the situation of internal and external difficulties, to maintain the dominant position of the Qing Dynasty, we must rely on the Westernization School with strength and appreciation from foreign invaders. So she temporarily adopted the strategy of supporting the Westernization School.

[Edit this paragraph] Central and local representative forces

In the central government, the recently established Minister of the Prime Minister's Office, Prince Gong Yi? Become the representative force of the Westernization School in the central government.

Most of the local representatives are related to Zeng Guofan:

Hey? (1832-1898), Ai Xinjue Roche. The sixth son of Daoguang Emperor, the half-brother of Xianfeng Emperor, was made Prince Gong in 185 1 year (the first year of Xianfeng). 1In September, 860, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol after the British and French allied forces captured Tongzhou Bali Bridge. Stay in Beijing and "supervise the peace bureau." 1October 24th and 25th, Yi? Successively exchanged the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty with the representatives of Britain and France, and concluded the Beijing Treaty. 186 1 year 1 month, the Prime Minister's Office for National Affairs was established. Gui Liang and Wen Xiang were appointed ministers of the General Administration. In August, Emperor Xianfeng died in Jehol. 1 1 month, game? In collaboration with Cixi, she took advantage of Shengbao, which was heavily stationed in Beijing, to launch a coup, and removed the eight ministers of Zanxiang government affairs with Su Shun as the core in power. Since then, empress dowager cixi has listened to politics, huh? As the king of deliberation, he is in charge of military department and the Prime Minister's yamen. Hey? Advocating "borrowing foreign soldiers to help suppress" and suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution; Support local powerful schools such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang to organize modern military industry and carry out westernization activities, and become the leaders of the Qing court center to preside over westernization. 1865, due to the suspicion of Cixi, he was dismissed from the position of the king. 1884 During the Sino-French War, he was removed from all posts. 1894, he was re-employed as the minister of the Prime Minister's yamen, and was later ordered to supervise military affairs. 1898 Died at the beginning of the Reform Movement of 1898.

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872), a native of Xiangxiang, Hunan, was born in a landlord family. 1838 Jinshi, 1839 assistant minister. He advocates Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism. 1853, Emperor Xianfeng appointed him as the deputy Yong ying minister to supervise the landlord's armed Yong ying in Hunan. He established a landlord's armed forces, and all the soldiers and generals used Hunan people, so he was called "Xiang Army" or "Xiang Yong". Xiang army consolidated its interior with regional and feudal relations as a link; Take Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism as the ideological arm; Boost morale with looting and official titles; Most of the generals are selected from the so-called landlord intellectuals such as "staying in Confucianism" and "students". 1February, 854, the Xiang army became an amphibious army with about 17,000 men.

After the collapse of the camp in the south of the Yangtze River, the Qing government was promoted to Zeng Guofan as the governor of the two rivers to control the military affairs of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. Zeng Guofan advocated "catching more people and killing faster". This murderous executioner is called "once shaved his head". He organized Westernization, established a new arms industry, made weapons and armed the Xiang army. 1864, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed. The Xiang school headed by Zeng Guofan became the most powerful school in the local area. Soon, he died of illness.

Li Hongzhang (1823— 190 1 year) was a minister in the late Qing Dynasty and a local representative of the Westernization School. The word Shao Quan, from Hefei, Anhui Province, is Daoguang Jinshi. 1853, he organized Yong ying in his hometown, helped suppress Taiping rebels, and repeatedly failed, taking refuge in Zeng Guofan as his staff. 186 1 year organized Huai army in Anhui according to Xiang army. 1in April, 862, Li Hongzhang and his Huai army were transferred to Shanghai. On April 25th, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the agent of Jiangsu Governor. In Shanghai, Li Hongzhang hired foreign invading army leaders to train the Huai army, recruited foreign craftsmen to make arms, and strengthened the reactionary forces of the Huai army. 1862, Huai Army cooperated with Chang Shengjun to slaughter Taiping Army in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. 1865, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the governor of the two rivers. In the following year 1 1 month, he was appointed as an imperial envoy to suppress the nian army. After the suppression of the Nian army uprising, the Huai army became more and more powerful. A large number of Huai troops were entrenched in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and another part of them were stationed in Zhili and Shandong. Li Hongzhang's influence spread all over the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. 1870, recommended by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang replaced Zeng Guofan as governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, and took charge of military, economic and diplomatic powers, becoming a pivotal figure in the reactionary ruling class. Since the 1970s, he has successively set up arms factories and built up the Beiyang Navy. At the same time, he has also set up some civilian industries, such as China Shipping Bureau, Kaiping Coal Mine, Tianjin Telegraph Bureau, Jinyu Railway and Shanghai Textile Layout. For foreign aggression, he has always compromised and surrendered and betrayed the country. From/kloc-0 to his death in the 1970s, the Qing government signed a series of treaties with foreign invaders, most of which he directly participated in or signed personally.

Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885) was a minister in the late Qing Dynasty and a local representative of the Westernization School. The word season is high, Hunan Xiangyin people. /kloc-recommended by Zeng Guofan in 0/860, he was in charge of some Xiang armies. He once raised about 5,000 people to form the "Chu Army", and the left Xiang Army was formed. At the beginning of 1862, recommended by Zeng Guofan, he was promoted to the governor of Zhejiang, and organized the "Changjie Army" with France, and was trapped in Ningbo and Shaoxing. 1866 Established Fuzhou Shipping Bureau as Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. The following year, he was transferred to the governor of Shaanxi but Gansu. "Although I went west, my heart was still in the east." During the period of supervising Shaanxi and Gansu, Lanzhou Manufacturing Bureau was established, and Lanzhou Weaving Bureau was established because of the abundant wool in the northwest. 1875 served as an imperial minister to supervise Xinjiang military affairs. The following year, he led troops into Xinjiang to attack the reactionary regime of Agubo. 1878 Recovered the whole territory of Xinjiang except Yili, and proposed to establish Xinjiang provinces and develop Xinjiang. 188 1 was promoted to minister of military affairs and transferred to governor of liangjiang. 1884 In the Sino-French War, it was the main war faction and supervised the military affairs in Fujian. The following year, he resigned due to illness and died. The Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, which he founded, abolished foreign workers after the 1970s, which was different from the situation that Li Hongzhang's Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration said that foreigners had to be foreign craftsmen, reflecting his ideological characteristics of running westernization on his own. Zhang Zhidong's statue

Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909) was born in Nanpi, Zhili (now Nanpi, Hebei). /kloc-he became a scholar in 0/863, and successively served as a scholar in Hubei, a scholar in Sichuan, and a lecturer in the Hanlin Academy. 1882 served as the governor of Shanxi. When the Sino-French War broke out, Zhang Zhidong argued for a decisive battle with France. The Qing court granted him the post of Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Zhang donated 3,200 silver prizes to Liu Yongfu, a general who fought against France, and called on the former prefect of Guangxi, Feng Zicai Dushi. Feng Zicai defeated the French army in Nanguan and lang son, and Zhang Zhidong gained great fame. He was appointed Governor of Huguang in 1889, and built Hubei Weaving Layout, Hanyang Ironmaking Plant and Hanyang Arsenal in Hubei, becoming a westernization figure on par with Li Hongzhang. In the Reform Movement, Zhang Zhidong joined the "Strong Society". When he learned that Empress Dowager Cixi opposed the political reform, Zhang Zhidong withdrew from the "Strong Society". And ordered the ban on Shanghai's "Strong Journal" to suppress the Hunan Reform Movement. After the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, Zhang Zhidong advocated the suppression of pain. After the Qing court issued a declaration of war, Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang, and other people entered into a so-called "Southeast Mutual Insurance" charter with Britain. 1908, Zhang Zhidong was ordered to supervise the Guangdong-Han Railway and the Sichuan-Han Railway in Hubei, and died in the following year 10. Posthumous title's "Wen Xiang", whose manuscript series is The Complete Works of Zhang Wenxiang.

[Edit this paragraph] Practice process

"Middle school as the body and western learning as the application" is the guiding ideology of the Westernization Movement.

In the early stage of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School established a number of modern military industries under the banner of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" and adopted advanced western production technology.

186 1 year, the Anqing ordnance institute founded by Zeng Guofan employed China craftsmen to imitate western-style guns, which was the earliest modern military industry in China. From 1862, it took three years to successfully develop China's first ship "Huanggu".

In the later period of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School set up a number of civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth" in order to solve the difficulties in capital, fuel and transportation of military industries.

The following timetable can help us understand some of the most important contents of the Westernization Movement:

186 1 year, the Qing government established the "Prime Minister's Office for International Affairs", which was a newly established diplomatic institution of the Qing government.

1862, a "tongwen museum" was set up in Beijing to train translators, which was the earliest "Westernization School" in Qing Dynasty (1902 was merged into Jingshi University Hall).

1863, the "Cantonese Pavilion" was established in Shanghai; In the second year, a "Cantonese Pavilion" was set up in Guangzhou. The main purpose of "Cantonese Pavilion" is to cultivate talents who are proficient in foreign languages.

1865, the jiangnan manufacturing bureau was established in Shanghai with a translation hall; In the same year, Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was established in Nanjing.

1866, Mawei Shipping Bureau was established in Fuzhou.

1870, the General Bureau of Arms Machinery was established in Tianjin (later renamed Beiyang Machinery Manufacturing Bureau).

1872, established China Merchants Bureau for Ships in Shanghai; The first batch of overseas students sent by China officials went abroad and were selected under the guidance of Yung Wing.

1875, suggesting the establishment of foreign schools in various provinces; Establish the item of "westernization and enterprising" in the imperial examination.

1878, Lanzhou Weaving Bureau was established in Lanzhou, the earliest machine woolen mill in China.

1880, the machine-woven layout was established in Shanghai, which was the earliest machine-woven cotton textile factory in China; In the same year, the Jingshi School was established in Tianjin to purchase warships; Set up a north-south telegraph office.

188 1 year, Kaiping Mining Bureau was established.

1882, Lushun military port was established.

1885, the Qing government established a new naval yamen; Set up an army armament school in Tianjin.

1890, Hubei Gun Factory was established in Hanyang; In Hubei and Jiangxi, Hanyeping Coal and Iron Factory and Mine Company was established.

Of course, these are not the complete contents of the Westernization Movement, but only some of the most important and representative contents. In fact, there were many smaller factories and mines at that time.

Anqing inner ordnance institute

186 1 year, Zeng Guofan established a military industry in Anqing to manufacture modern weapons, and it was also the first military industry founded by the Westernization School to imitate Western weapons. Mainly manufacturing bullets, gunpowder, blasting guns, etc. "Inside" means the setting in Anqing Army to which this ordnance belongs. 1864, after the Xiang army captured Nanjing, the factory was moved from Anqing to Nanjing and renamed Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau.

Jiangnan manufacturing bureau

Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, 1865 was founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai. 1867, moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Temple, and became the largest military industry of the Qing government after continuous expansion. The technology and mechanical equipment of this factory mainly rely on foreign countries. In addition to manufacturing guns and ammunition, it also manufactures machines and ships. 1905 shipbuilding was partially independent, and it was called "Jiangnan Dock", while arsenal was partially called Manufacturing Bureau. Later, it was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard and Shanghai Arsenal respectively.

Fuzhou shipping administration bureau

Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the most well-equipped new shipyard operated by the Qing government. 1866 was founded by Zuo Zongtang in Mawei, Fuzhou. Hire foreigners as technicians. It is mainly composed of three parts: the iron yard, the boatyard and the school. It was seriously damaged in the Mawei naval battle in 1884. Although it was restored, it was not as good as before. After the Revolution of 1911, it was renamed Naval Shipyard.

Hanyang iron works

1in the spring of 889, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, planned to set up an ironmaking plant in Guangzhou. In the same year, he was transferred to the governor of Huguang, and the planned ironmaking plant moved to Hanyang. 1890 started construction under the Dabie Mountains. 1893 Hanyang Ironmaking Plant was basically completed, with six large factories, four small factories and two ironmaking furnaces. 1894 was put into production, and it was all government-run at first. From the preparation to 1895, * * * spent more than 5.8 million yuan. After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1896, the Qing government changed to "official supervision and commercial office" in 1896 because it was unable to raise funds. On the eve of the Revolution of 1911, there were about 3,000 workers in Hanyang Iron Works, with an annual output of 70,000 tons. During the War of Resistance against Japan period, some equipment of Hanyang Iron Works was moved to Chongqing by the Kuomintang government to set up Dadukou Iron and Steel Works. After liberation, it was owned by the people.

Ship investment promotion bureau

Referred to as "China Merchants". The earliest ship shipping enterprise established in China. 1872 (11th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty) Li Hongzhang invited investment to organize. 1873 1 month was established. The General Administration is located in Shanghai, with branches in Yantai, Hankou, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Yokohama, Kobe, Luzon and Singapore. 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu) was changed to official supervision and commercial office. 1909 (the first year of Xuantong) was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Postal Communication. 19 12 was changed to commercial office, renamed as commercial China merchants steamship company, and later renamed as commercial China merchants steamship co., ltd. 1932 The Kuomintang government was nationalized, renamed the State-owned China Merchants Bureau, and belonged to the Ministry of Communications. During War of Resistance against Japan, the General Administration moved to Hongkong first and then to Chongqing. Moved back to Shanghai after the war. 1947 * * * has 460 ships with more than 330,000 tons. 1948 China merchants steamship co., ltd was established. 195 1 changed its name to China People's Steamship Corporation, and Hong Kong still kept its old name. 1985 China merchants (group) co., ltd was established.

Tianjin machine building bureau

1872, Li Hongzhang's China Merchants Bureau was the first modern shipping company in China and the first civil enterprise set up by the Westernization School. When it was founded, it bought three ships, and by 1877, it bought the American flag Chang steamship company, with more than 30 ships, forming a strong merchant fleet.

China Navy's new warship "Nanchen"

Beiyang navy is the most powerful. 1888, beiyang fleet was formally formed, with 25 warships and more than 4,000 officers and men, with Ding Ruchang Ren Haijun, the general of Huai army as the prefect. At the same time, two naval bases in Lushunkou and ahava were completed, and the construction of the whole Beiyang coastal defense system was declared complete. Li Hongzhang proudly said: The Beiyang Navy "has a strong momentum ... it can be stationed in Liaoning and Bohai, and it can be supported elsewhere, supplemented by the stationing of various battery armies, and it is good enough to defend Gyeonggi."

In order to meet the needs of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School also held some new schools, such as Jingshi Tongwen Museum and Fuzhou Ship Administration School, to train translators, military personnel and scientific and technological personnel. First, several groups of international students were sent abroad for further study.

The establishment of tongwen museum

People have been engaged in translation for a long time in the history of our country, but the formal establishment of foreign language schools was late 1862, when the Qing government set up the Tongwen Museum in Beijing. When the Qing government concluded the treaty of nanking, the Tientsin Treaty and the Peking Treaty with foreign countries, even China people who knew foreign languages could not be found, and they were deceived by the invaders.

186 1 year? Please set up a foreign language school to train foreign language talents and diplomatic talents. 1862 In August, Emperor Tongzhi officially approved the establishment of the "Jingshi Tongwen Pavilion". Students mainly study foreign languages besides Chinese. There are foreign teachers, such as British Paul Teng, French Smiling and Biligan, Russian Berlin, Americans Ding Weiliang, john fryer and Harrington. Ding Weiliang was the general teacher from 1869, and was in charge of educational affairs for 30 years. Hurd, the chief tax officer, also serves as an inspector, actually controlling the power of funds and personnel.

Tongwen Library is completely run by regular schools, with English Library, Russian Library, German Library and Oriental (Japanese) Library opened one after another. Only the children of the Eight Banners under 13 and 14 were recruited, and then the Manchu-Chinese students aged15-25 were recruited, as well as Manchu-Chinese students of any age. The study period is initially set at 3 years, and by 1876, it can be divided into two types: first, students from foreign languages and astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other subjects have an academic system of 8 years; First, older students who study astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other subjects only by Chinese translation have a schooling of five years. In 1867, mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics, foreign history and geography were added. The maximum number of students is 120. Most of the graduates were interpreters, diplomats and officials of other westernization organizations in the Qing government. There is a printing house to translate and print the Law of Nations and books on mathematics, physics, literature and history. 1902 Tongwen Museum was merged into Jingshi University Hall.

[Edit this paragraph] Causes, results and nature of failure

Reason for failure:

The failure of Westernization Movement in China at that time was inevitable. First, on the premise of not touching the decadent feudal system, the Westernization School tried to use some advantages of western capitalism to maintain feudal autocratic rule. The contradiction between this means and the foundation made the Westernization Movement doomed to be impossible. At the same time, the Westernization Movement was obstructed and destroyed by die-hards everywhere, thus increasing the resistance to the development of the Westernization Movement. Second, the class limitations of the Westernization School itself determine that they are not only the founders and operators of modern industry, but also their destroyers and destroyers. Their feudal yamen and bureaucratic system will inevitably lead to the failure of Westernization enterprises. Third, one of the purposes of the Westernization Movement was to resist foreign aggression. However, in hosting diplomatic activities, the Westernization School insisted on "harmony with foreign countries" and compromised and surrendered to foreign countries. The modern enterprises they founded had the function of resisting foreign aggression and "benefiting foreigners a little", but they could not change China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status. In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the goal of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" advertised by the Westernization School failed to be realized, and the Westernization Movement basically failed.

The Westernization School advocated "middle school as the body and western learning as the application", hoping to use advanced technology to maintain feudal rule, and the reform would not touch the feudal system. Because the reform only absorbs western advanced technology, but does not learn from western advanced technology, it is bound to fail.

Results:

The purpose of Westernization Movement was to maintain the rule of Qing Dynasty, but it failed to make China prosperous, save the fate of failure in foreign wars and prevent the semi-colonization of China society. However, it introduced the machinery industry of western capitalist countries, trained a number of scientific and technical personnel and skilled workers, objectively stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China, resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces, and promoted the process of China's modernization.

Nature:

The nature of the Westernization Movement is a self-help movement of the ruling class from top to bottom.

[Edit this paragraph] Evaluation of Westernization Movement

When the Westernization School set up modern industry, it put "calming China" and "opposing foreign countries" together. The former reflects the domestic class contradiction, while the latter reflects the contradiction between the Qing rulers and foreign invaders. However, after the Second Opium War, when the corrupt rulers of the Qing Dynasty were in frequent "internal worries" and "foreign invasions", the Westernization School could only maintain its crumbling regime by relying on western powers and suppressing the people together. Therefore, the result of the practice of Westernization Movement inevitably negates "the enemy of foreign countries". If the Westernization Movement is a reform, it can only be a "reform" in the direction of semi-colonization. This is proved by the fact that all the great powers are willing to support the westernization. Li Hongzhang said that the Huai army was confident of winning when it met with "bandits from the mainland", and when it met with foreign attacks, "the outcome was unknown". Ding Richang, the official of Westernization, said that his naval gun "can calm bandits inside, but can't defend foreign aggression". The Westernization Movement has been going on for 30 years, but it has not made China prosperous, but it has enriched the first generation of warlord groups in China under the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth".

The Westernization School subjectively did not want capitalism to appear in China. Even when it founded civil industries, it repeatedly said that private enterprises of the same kind were not allowed, which hindered the emergence of capitalism to some extent. However, under the feudal system in China, the Westernization School introduced a new productive force, advanced science and technology in the West, which was incompatible with the feudal relations of production, which inevitably accelerated the disintegration of the feudal relations of production objectively, thus stimulating the emergence of Chinese national capitalism, which was independent of the subjective will of the Westernization School. In order to solve the problem of funds, the Westernization Group set up civilian industries, adopting the methods of "official supervision and commercial operation" and "official-commercial joint operation" to absorb private capital. This "commercial stock" part is the factor of national capitalism. Since the 1970s, a group of bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen have directly invested in modern civil industries, which has finally enabled China to have a little advanced production capacity and promoted the emergence of national capitalism, which has also promoted the emergence of the bourgeoisie and the expansion of the proletariat. In fact, the Westernization Movement was a complete failure. It didn't lead China to capitalism, just to maintain the corrupt rule of the crumbling Manchu government. It was precisely because of this class limitation that the Westernization Movement finally became a complete failure.

In addition, the argument between the Westernization School and the die-hards and their incomplete criticism of the die-hards have somewhat shaken the absolute authority position of adhering to the tradition of ancestral training and standardizing the famous religion, and opened a good atmosphere for learning from the West. Because the Westernization School has translated many foreign scientific and technological books and sent overseas students of different ages and qualifications, it has trained a group of diplomatic and scientific talents, and introducing western social science knowledge has also played a pioneering role in promoting the spread of democratic ideas. On this basis,1In the 1970s and 1980s, a group of early bourgeois reformists in China were separated from the westernization bureaucrats.

Finally, the establishment of westernization civil industry partially resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces. For example, in 1872, Li Hongzhang founded the China Merchants Bureau for steamships, so that "the benefits of Neijiang's offshore waters will not be taken up by foreigners". In more than three years, the foreign ships lost more than 13 million yuan, and the American flag company was returned to the well by China Merchants Bureau because it was unbearable. After the layout of official weaving in Hubei Province was opened, the import of foreign cloth in Jianghan Customs decreased by more than 100,000 pieces every year. China's capital can defeat foreign businessmen, which was once regarded as an "original thing".

[Edit this paragraph] The influence of Westernization Movement on China society.

The focus of the debate is whether the Westernization Movement promoted or delayed the semi-colonization of China society, thus forming two tit-for-tat opinions.

1.accelerated the process of semi-colonization of China. Those who hold this view are Qi Longwei (then signed "han sheng"), Mou Anshi and others.

Qi Longwei believed that the Westernization Movement "promoted China society to the semi-colonial road". There are two reasons: first, "the troops trained by the Westernization Movement and the military industries held by them are semi-colonial. First, under the control of foreign invaders, it became a "good place" for the western bourgeoisie to sell surplus military equipment and suck China people's grease; Second, it can only be used to suppress the domestic people's revolution, but not to resist foreign aggression. " Secondly, "the economic enterprises developed by the Westernization School are first" government-run ",then" government-supervised commercial enterprises "and" government-business joint ventures ". The right of operation and management is held by the' official', which is directly related to the feudal regime and serves the feudal rule. These enterprises are closely dependent on foreign capital both economically and technically, which has opened a "convenient door" for the western bourgeoisie to plunder China's economy. This determines their nature, but it is feudal and comprador bureaucratic capitalism. "

Mou Anshi believed that the Westernization Movement accelerated the process of China's semi-colonization. First of all, "during the Westernization Movement, commercial ports developed from five ports to thirty-six ports. They spread all over the coastal and frontier areas of China, and went deep into the mainland of China to varying degrees. This "actually shows the expansion of the snare of unequal treaties and the deepening of China's semi-colonization". Secondly, Hurd, the General Tax Department of China Customs, strengthened his control over China's financial power during this period, and the Westernization School also relied on foreigners everywhere in its diplomatic activities during this period to implement the policy of traitorous surrender. " Thirdly, "the deficit of import and export trade is getting bigger and bigger under the condition of unequal exchange", which seriously affects the national economy and people's livelihood. In a word, "the Westernization Movement was the formation period of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Westernization Movement did not delay the process of China's semi-colonization, but accelerated it".

2. Delayed the process of China's semi-colonization. This theory is represented by Kong Lingren, Li Shiyue and Dennies Hu.

Kong Lingren believed that the Westernization Movement had delayed the semi-colonization of China. Because: China will be reduced to a semi-colony, "there are two main reasons, one is that the foreign invaders who entered China are too powerful, and the other is that China is too backward". Under the circumstances at that time, "it is inevitable that China will become a semi-colony, and even think that it is possible to become a colony and be carved up. In the face of such bad luck, all classes have their own attitudes. " "The Westernization School is not as resolute as the broad masses of people in its resistance, but it is an effective and fundamental way to resist foreign aggression in the long run by engaging in Westernization, developing capitalism, stressing the skill of becoming rich and strong, and improving armaments", although its achievements have been greatly weakened due to various reasons. However, through the Westernization Movement, China established a new type of army after all, and a number of modern enterprises emerged. This army has made some efforts in resisting foreign military aggression, and these modern enterprises have also played some positive roles in resisting foreign economic aggression. Therefore, I think that the Westernization School's role in China's semi-colony has not played a promoting role like the Qing government and the die-hards, but has played a delaying role like the broad masses of people. ".

[Edit this paragraph] Westernization movement figures

centre

Aisin Giorro Yi Xin

place

Li Hongzhang: Ship Investment Promotion Bureau of Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration)

Zuo Zongtang: Fuzhou Shipping Bureau

Zeng Guofan: Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration of Anqing Internal Machinery Institute

Zhang Zhidong: Hubei Weaving Layout of Hanyang Iron Works

……

With the slogan of self-improvement and seeking wealth, we will build China Merchants Bureau, Anqing Internal Machinery Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, Hanyang Iron Works, Hubei Textile Layout and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, and build a new navy (including Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian navies)

It is a self-improvement movement that does not touch the feudal foundation and maintains the Qing rule.

Failure sign: 1895, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated and defeated in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

[Edit this paragraph] Similarities and differences between Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898

(1) In terms of nature, the Westernization Movement was a self-help reform movement implemented by the feudal landlord class in the Qing Dynasty in order to maintain its dominant position; The Reform Movement of 1898 was not only a bourgeois reform movement, but also a patriotic and national salvation political movement, and it was also the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China.

(2) From the point of view of purpose, the fundamental purpose of establishing Westernization by Westernization School is to maintain the rule of Qing Dynasty; The fundamental purpose of the reformists is to develop capitalism.

(3) From the standpoint: everyone advocates learning from the West, but the former only learns advanced western technology, while the latter also learns the political system and develops capitalism.

(4) In terms of activities, the Westernization School started the Westernization Movement; The reformists set off the bourgeois reform movement.