(A) the research status of fiscal and taxation to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements
Many scholars believe that China's preferential tax policies lack incentive mechanism and it is difficult to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
Liu Rongcang (2000) believes that most of the current preferential policies for enterprise income tax in China give tax relief to the income of scientific and technological achievements, but the support for tax in advance for scientific and technological development activities is not enough. In this way, high-tech enterprises that already have strong scientific and technological strength and units that convert income from achievements will benefit, while those enterprises that are backward in technology and in urgent need of upgrading and transformation, as well as enterprises engaged in scientific research and development activities, lack due tax incentives. Liu Haitao and Shao Bing (2006) also pointed out that China's current preferential tax policies mainly focus on direct preferential tax rates and tax quota reduction, and there is no tax preference for enterprises that have not yet formed or are developing technology. In order to improve the effect of tax incentives to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, we should pay attention to the combination of direct incentives and indirect incentives, especially indirect incentives, such as accelerating the depreciation of fixed assets used in scientific and technological research projects, adopting investment credit for enterprises to invest in scientific and technological research projects, and establishing a scientific and technological research and development reserve system. Tang Haiyan (2006) believes that China's current preferential tax policies focus on giving certain tax relief to the profits made by enterprises in developing new products, but lack tax protection for enterprises that may close down due to risks. This undoubtedly reduces the enthusiasm of some enterprises, especially those with weak financial strength, for independent innovation. We should learn from the practice of innovative countries and adopt a preferential way based on taxation and focusing on the transfer of interests afterwards.
Gu (2003) thinks that the current value-added tax system based on "production" restricts the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Because the productive value-added tax cannot be deducted from the input tax included in the purchase of fixed assets by enterprises, the phenomenon of double taxation has not been eliminated, and the tax burden borne by enterprises has increased with the increase of the value of fixed assets purchased by enterprises, which has dampened the enthusiasm of enterprises to some extent. It is suggested that the value-added tax can gradually transition from the current "production-oriented" value-added tax to "consumption-oriented" value-added tax, and the tax paid for the investment in purchasing fixed assets and machinery and equipment can be deducted.
Yang Chunmei and Yang Zhihong (20 10) believe that the existing tax incentive policies for science and technology in China focus on tax support for technological transformation and technology introduction of enterprises, but not enough support for commercialization and industrialization of technological innovation achievements. It is suggested that tax incentive policies should be formulated in the industrialized production stage of enterprise technological innovation. For example, expand the scope of equipment VAT deduction and increase the equipment VAT deduction for small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, implement zero tax rate for the export of technological innovation products, and refund the tax paid by the tax authorities for enterprises that introduce major technical equipment to digest, absorb and innovate to form innovative products.
Song and Bian (2002) pointed out that for many years, the application of China's tax policy has been focusing on regional preferences, while weakening industrial preferences, resulting in different tax burdens for industries of the same nature in different regions, which is not only incompatible with the national industrial policy, but also violates the principle of tax fairness, greatly limiting and weakening the role of tax means in promoting national scientific and technological progress. In the long run, we should increase the scope and intensity of industrial tax preferential policies to achieve the goal of fairness and efficiency. Yan, vice president of China Academy of Sciences, also pointed out that the taxation of high-tech industries in China is unfair. The main manifestations are: the tax rate difference between regions; Differences in tax rates between enterprises; Tax officials have too much power and lack of restraint. These phenomena have both policy reasons and management reasons, but they are still the latter.
Luo Jing pointed out from the perspective of human capital investment that China lacks preferential tax policies to encourage human capital investment (Luo Jing, 2002). Most of the preferential users are enterprises that apply high-tech achievements, but it is difficult for scientific and technological workers in scientific research units specializing in R&D to benefit from them. Liu Rongcang also pointed out that there are almost no preferential tax policies for high-tech talents in China's current tax law, which are limited to "science and technology bonuses" and "special government allowances" issued by governments at or above the provincial level. It is suggested that improving personal income tax and strengthening tax incentives for scientific and technological human capital are of great significance to promote personal human capital investment, improve the quality of workers and transform scientific and technological achievements in China (Liu Rongcang, 2000).
Liang Kai and Li Lianshui (2005) pointed out that the legal tax exemption of enterprise income tax in China is related to whether the enterprise is recognized as a high-tech enterprise. As long as enterprises are recognized as high-tech enterprises and registered in high-tech development zones, they can enjoy preferential income tax for high-tech enterprises for life. If you can't be recognized as a high-tech enterprise, you can't enjoy this preferential policy, and it is impossible to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. This kind of preferential tax policy is out of touch with the growth law of high-tech products or projects, and the incentive effect of preferential tax policy is weakened. It is suggested that tax support should adhere to the product and project orientation of scientific and technological achievements, and tax concessions cannot be given to those who do not meet the requirements.
(B) the research status of fiscal expenditure to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements
Corresponding to the national fiscal revenue is the national public expenditure. There are mainly the following views on how the state gives financial support to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
Huo Bin (2004) thinks that the transformation of scientific and technological achievements has strong external economic characteristics. However, due to the limited transformation funds in China, most of the scientific and technological achievements are idle, which makes the potential productivity unable to be transformed into real productivity and cannot give full play to the great advantages of science and technology. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively increase financial support for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Mao Zhixiong also believes that the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, as a decisive link in the process of scientific and technological innovation, needs more funds, but it can not produce economic benefits in the initial stage, and there is widespread difficulty of insufficient funds, which requires the government's support of start-up funds (Mao Zhixiong, 2002).
Gao Guoshun (2003) believes that the government should not only increase the investment in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities, but also especially improve the efficiency of the use of the invested funds. For scientific and technological achievements that have passed the appraisal or obtained patents, it is necessary to organize scientific and technological experts and entrepreneurs to fully demonstrate the feasibility of their transformation, and give key support to projects that do have market prospects and economic benefits.
The relevant research of the Ministry of Finance shows that the investment structure of science and technology in China is unreasonable, with more investment in R&D stage and less investment in pilot and industrialization stage, which leads to the failure to achieve the maximum transformation effect of a large number of scientific and technological achievements. Therefore, we must optimize the investment structure of science and technology. In terms of structural adjustment of investment in science and technology, first, scientifically and reasonably adjust the structure and proportion of funds in scientific research, pilot and industrialization stages, and gradually increase the proportion of investment in the latter two stages; Second, R&D funds should be mainly used to tackle key technical problems of major projects, and be inclined to key projects related to the national economy and people's livelihood, industrial development and improving international competitiveness; Third, in terms of pilot funds, it will be inclined to introduce, digest, absorb, popularize and apply major scientific and technological achievements and key technologies and processes in the industry; Fourth, in terms of funds for the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, we will focus on supporting the transformation of major scientific and technological achievements and the construction of trading platforms. Liu Haitao and Shao Bing (2006) believe that in the theory and practice of modern public finance, the role of the government is mainly to make up for the failure of the market. Therefore, it should play an active role in areas where enterprises are unwilling or unable to invest. The government should change from the existing functional pattern covering all aspects of scientific and technological research to a supply pattern focusing on ensuring basic research and public welfare research, and strive to improve the national industrial competitiveness by supporting financial scientific and technological expenditures; In the field of industrial technology, the government should focus on supporting scientific and technological research projects with great social benefits, pre-competition research and development that does not affect the fair competition of domestic enterprises, and strategic industries that help improve the country's comprehensive strength and form competitiveness; Scientific research outside the above-mentioned fields should be gradually introduced to the society and provided by the market. Li (2008) also holds the same attitude, and thinks that the state finance should give sustained and stable basic research funding support to scientific research projects and units engaged in basic research, pre-competitive strategic high-tech research, major public welfare research, and industrial technology research and development, so that they can normally allocate their research strength and research direction, enhance their original innovation ability and level, and accumulate pre-research reserves for undertaking national strategic tasks.
Many experts and scholars have given their own suggestions on how national finance can promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
Sun Jiahua (1986) thinks that there are many links from the production of scientific and technological achievements to the transfer and diffusion of their popularization and application. Due to the lack of investment in the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements in China, the utilization rate of scientific and technological achievements in the production field is quite low. It is suggested that a "fund for the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements" should be set up by financial investment, and the fund should be used with compensation, mainly for the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements with short development cycle and high economic benefits. At the same time, it is necessary to implement follow-up investment in scientific and technological achievements to meet the funding needs of research, development and re-creation respectively.
Huang (20 1 1) believes that in the period of achievement transformation, we should give full play to the role of bank loans in scientific and technological development, guide their investment in scientific and technological innovation, broaden the sources of funds for enterprises, and provide financial support for the later development and maturity of scientific and technological enterprises. This can effectively improve the quantity and speed of the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, avoid the waste and potential loss of scientific and technological resources, and promote the formation of a virtuous circle of "scientific research-production-benefit-capital-scientific research", thus effectively improving the independent innovation ability of science and technology.
Xie Fuji and Wang Xudong (2008) think that the financial investment in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China is single, and most of the funds are mainly free investment. They suggested giving full play to the guiding role of fiscal policy and fund allocation, and establishing a diversified and multi-channel science and technology investment system through "government purchase", venture capital, interest discount, paid use and compensation. Wang Yuanye, executive vice president of China Academy of Science and Technology Development Strategy, pointed out that to solve the problem of investment and financing in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, we should give full play to the leverage of financial investment while maintaining financial investment in science and technology, lay a scientific and technological support foundation for the whole society, actively innovate financing products, develop various investment and financing institutions, and promote venture capital companies in China to invest more in the front end, so as to create a good policy environment for capital to find technology instead of technology (Feng Dan, 20 10
(3) Other related research.
Some scholars put forward their own views from the perspective of transfer payment and government procurement. The main points are as follows:
Du Jianfeng (2007) pointed out from the perspective of transfer payment that China's science and technology funds are mainly allocated by the central government, and the level of science and technology investment between regions is quite different. The central government should increase the intensity of local transfer payments, on the one hand, standardize and strengthen the special transfer payments for science, technology and education, on the other hand, reasonably emphasize the gap between science, technology and education in the calculation of the factor method of general transfer payments.
Zhou Bo (2004) thinks that government procurement can strengthen the role of intermediary structure in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The operation idea is: the government's scientific and technological functional departments collect the achievements with industrial prospects from the society; After evaluation, the projects that are in line with the industrial direction of the region and can promote industrial upgrading (including those that have already belonged to the government's science and technology plan) will be included in the government procurement target, and then the public bidding will be conducted to social intermediary institutions by adopting the bidding system, and the successful bidder will receive government funding for the expenses in the project financing process. Du Jianfeng (2007) proposed that the government procurement market should be gradually opened, and at the same time, the government procurement should be used differently at home and abroad, so as to realize the inclination to the high-tech field in China. The following three ways can be adopted: ① Directly restrict the government from purchasing overseas products. (2) to implement preferential price policies for domestic products, allowing a certain price difference. (3) Trade compensation policy, that is, the successful foreign supplier must transfer some technologies or establish an R&D center in China. Xie Fuji and Wang Xudong (2008) also pointed out that a government procurement system should be established to support independent innovation in science and technology, so as to encourage buyers to consciously buy independent innovation products.