(1) "monograph": for example, the "Beijing monograph" between China and Japan on "Shengfan" in Taiwan Province Province;
(2) "contracts" are mostly used to solve economic affairs such as railway loan and joint-venture railway, such as 1898, the Guangdong-China railway loan contract concluded between China and the United States;
(3) "Articles of Association", such as the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter signed in 1843;
(4) Appendix (Appendix): For example, the Sino-Japanese Conference Treaty signed in 1905 and the appendix on the three northeastern provinces;
⑤ certificate. Such as China and Peru's abolition of harsh cases certificate;
⑥ "Lease", such as Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty and Sino-German Jiaoao Lease Treaty of 1898.
These different forms of treaties and diplomatic documents are basically unequal. Among them, Li Hongzhang signed more than 30 unequal treaties.
Through these unequal treaties, the imperialist powers seized various privileges and interests in China.
These privileges and benefits include:
1. Garrison right: According to Article 9 of the Treaty of Xin Chou (190 1), imperialist countries enjoy the privilege of stationing troops in China. The article wrote: "The China family has promised to host the event alone and join other countries to station troops in several places to ensure that there will be no danger that the capital will be cut off from sea routes. This country is located in Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin, Junliangcheng, Tanggu, Lutai, Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli, Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan. "
2. Inland navigation rights: Ships of imperialist countries can sail freely not only in China's territorial waters, but also in China's inland waters. For example, Article 10 of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty10 stipulates that "British merchant ships can trade in ports along the Yangtze River". And "Brigadier General chooses no more than three places from the upper reaches of Hankou to the seaside, which must be the area where British ships trade."
3. Consular jurisdiction: Consular jurisdiction refers to the system that a country's consul exercises jurisdiction over its citizens living in the territory of the host country according to its own laws. This system is an important means for western powers to infringe on the sovereignty and plunder the interests of weak countries. China is the country that has been deeply influenced by the consular adjudication system for the longest time. 1843 "China-Britain Five Ports Trade Charter" stipulates that Britain enjoys consular jurisdiction in China. "If there is a negotiation lawsuit, ... how the British people commit a crime should be sent to the housekeeper by the articles of association and laws agreed by Britain." In other words, the British committed a crime on the land of China, and the China authorities could not punish him according to the laws of China, but only handed him over to the British consul to be governed by British laws. Since then, about 20 western countries have obtained this privilege in China. It was not until World War II that western countries were forced to give up this right.
4. Freedom to preach: 1844, China and France signed the Huangpu Treaty, which stipulated that France was granted the right to build churches, hospitals and schools at five trading ports. At the same time, it is stipulated that "local officials will severely detain and punish Franciscan churches and cemeteries if China people invade and destroy them". In fact, the Qing government was required to protect the freedom of legal persons to preach in China. 1846 under the threat of France, the Qing government officially lifted the restrictions on Catholicism and returned the confiscated Catholic church. Subsequently, other western countries also gained the freedom to preach in China. They built churches all over China. Many missionaries acted as advisers and spies of imperialism in China.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Customs administrative power: 1853, Britain, the United States and France used the Shanghai Knife Society uprising as an excuse to force Shanghai Daotai to conclude the Shanghai Customs Taxation Rules in June of the following year, and in the same year, the British, American and French consular notices were published, thus seizing the administrative power of Shanghai Customs. Since then, imperialism has taken control of the Shanghai Customs and controlled all the customs in China by appointing foreigners as the tax departments of local customs. Under the control of the imperialists, China lost all its tariff autonomy and tariff revenue and expenditure rights. Customs has long been a tool for western powers to invade China, and China's national economy has been seriously damaged.
6. Concession: 1843. According to the Humen Treaty between China and Britain, British people can rent land and houses at trading ports and live permanently. This provision later became the basis for western powers to establish "concessions" in China ports. 1853, Britain established a concession in Shanghai. Soon, the United States and France also established concessions in Shanghai. 1849, the Anglo-American Concession in Shanghai was merged into the public concession, with the largest area exceeding 80,000 mu. 1854, set up a "Ministry Bureau" in the public concession. At most, there were dozens of foreign concessions in China, which were distributed in Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Hankou, Jiujiang, Changsha, Shashi and Yantai. In the "Concession", imperialism invaded China's sovereignty, formed a country within a country, and gradually developed the Concession into a bridgehead for expanding its invasion of China.
Seven. Unilateral MFN treatment: 1843. The Humen Treaty between China and Britain specifically stipulates that Britain enjoys one-sided MFN treatment for China. The treaty said: "If the great emperor has a new country such as Enshi in the future, it will also be absorbed by the British to show tolerance." Later, other powers followed suit and brought endless harm to China.
Extortion of huge reparations: In modern China, imperialism launched a war of aggression against China, forcing China to sign numerous unequal treaties and extorting huge reparations. According to statistics, the total compensation is about 65.438+95.3 million silver dollars, which is equivalent to 654.38+06 times of the Qing government's fiscal revenue in 654.38+090654.38+0 and 82 times of the total national industrial and mining capital in 654.38+090654.38+0.
9. Occupation and occupation of China's territory: 1843 The third paragraph of Sino-British treaty of nanking stipulates that the Qing government "Hong Kong Island is under the permanent control of the Brigadier General of the British Empire and those who later succeeded to the throne, so they can govern by legislation." The signing of treaty of nanking and the cession of Hong Kong to Britain began to undermine the territorial integrity of China. Since then, other western powers have poured in, and a large area of land in China has fallen into the hands of imperialism. Russia alone occupied about 6,543,800+5,000 square kilometers of territory in China.
PS:
Since Britain forced China to sign the first unequal treaty treaty of nanking in 1842, western powers forced China to sign 709 unequal treaties in 1842 ~ 19 19.
These include:
163 in Britain,
Japan 153,
104 in Russia,
In France,
In Germany,
4 1 In the United States,
In Belgium,
Portugal 13,
Seven in Italy,
Five in Holland,
Five Austro-Hungarian empires,
Four in Spain,
68 in other countries.
There are mainly the following types:
(1) treaty of nanking (1August 842)-Indemnity, opening five trade ports, cutting Hong Kong Island and negotiating tariffs.
(2) The annex to treaty of nanking (1843) includes the Charter of Five Ports Trade and the Humen Treaty-consular jurisdiction, unilateral MFN treatment, and the privilege of leasing land, houses and permanent residency at trading ports.
(3) Sino-US Wang Xia Treaty (1844)-US warships can "inspect trade" at China trading port at will; The United States has the right to "open hospitals and build churches" at treaty ports. (Including the main provisions of treaty of nanking)
(6) The Huangpu Treaty between China and France-allows French Catholics to preach freely at trading ports.
(7) Tianjin Treaty-Merchant ships and foreign warships with foreign ministers stationed in Beijing and 10 trading ports can sail freely in the ports of the Yangtze River, and foreigners can move in the mainland and pay remuneration.
(8) Beijing Treaty-Tianjin was opened, Kowloon was divided, and Chinese workers were allowed to go abroad and pay reparations.
(9) Sino-Russian Ji Hui Treaty, Beijing Treaty, Sino-Russian Northwest Border Reconnaissance and Ili Treaty-land division (omitted).
(10) Sino-French New Testament-The Qing government recognized French colonial rule over Vietnam and opened commercial ports on the Sino-Vietnamese border. China will build railways in Guangxi and Yunnan in the future, while France will withdraw its troops from Keelung and Penghu.
(1 1) treaty of shimonoseki, China and Japan cut Liaodong Peninsula (triple intervention), Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands gave Japan compensation of 220 million taels of silver, opened Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japan to set up factories at trading ports. The circulation of products in the mainland was exempted from domestic tax.
(12) The Treaty of Xin Chou-compensation of 450 million taels of silver; Designate Dongjiaomin Lane as "embassy boundary"; Dismantle the fortress from Beijing to Dagu and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; Punish officials who participated in the anti-imperialist movement in the Boxer Rebellion, forever prohibit China people from organizing or participating in anti-imperialist organizations, and dismiss officials who failed to suppress the anti-imperialist movement; Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking first among the six departments; Modify the contract.
(13) Article 21-Admit that Japan has taken over all the power enjoyed by Germany in Shandong and expanded it. It is required to extend Japan's lease period of Lushun, Dalian, Nanman Railway and Anfeng Railway for 99 years and recognize Japan's special rights in the south of the three northeastern provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia. It is stipulated that Hanyeping Company be changed into a Sino-Japanese joint venture. It is stipulated that the coastal ports and islands of China shall not be leased or ceded to other countries. China government hired Japanese as political, military and financial advisers; China Garrison Arsenal is a joint venture between China and Japan.
(14) Russia-Mongolia agreement-Russia signed with the authorities of outer Mongolia, stipulating that Russia should foster the "autonomy" of outer Mongolia and enjoy extensive privileges at the same time.
(15) Sino-Russian Statement-Yuan Shikai signed with Russia, stipulating that the Russian government shall not establish government, garrison or emigrate in outer Mongolia.