Content:
Content involved
The content of the Westernization Movement is very complicated, involving military affairs, politics, economy, education, diplomacy, etc., and in the name of "self-improvement", the main content is to set up a military industry and other enterprises around the military industry, and to establish a Lu Haijun with new weapons and equipment. Since 1960s, modern military industries such as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute have been established. Among them, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau is the largest government-run military factory in China. It was founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai in 1865. The whole factory has about 2,000 people, mainly manufacturing guns, ammunition, mines and other military supplies, and also manufacturing ships. After 1867, it began to manufacture ships. Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the largest ship repairing factory founded by the Qing government. It was founded by Zuo Zongtang in Fuzhou in 1866. The whole factory has about 1700 people, mainly manufacturing large and small warships. Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute was the earliest modern armory opened by the Qing government. 186 1 year1February was founded by Zeng Guofan in Anqing. The factory was small in scale and mainly manufactured bullets, gunpowder, shells and other weapons. In addition to establishing the above-mentioned factories, we also send overseas students to learn technology. However, in the process of establishing military industry, the Westernization School encountered some difficult problems, the most important of which were the difficulties in capital, raw materials, fuel and transportation.
Therefore, under the slogan of "seeking wealth", the Westernization School began to set up civil enterprises such as China Merchants Bureau, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Tianjin Telegraph Bureau, Tangshan Xugezhuang Railway, Shanghai Machine Weaving Layout and Lanzhou Weaving Bureau in the 1970s. At the same time, the Westernization School also began to plan coastal defense, and initially established the navies of Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian in 1884. After the Westernization clique took control of the naval yamen, it further expanded beiyang fleet and built Lushun Dock and ahava Military Port.
Important project
Anqing inner ordnance institute
186 1 year, Zeng Guofan established a military industry in Anqing to manufacture modern weapons, and it was also the first military industry founded by the Westernization School to imitate Western weapons. Mainly manufacturing bullets, gunpowder, blasting guns, etc. "Inside" means the setting in Anqing Army to which this ordnance belongs. 1864, after the Qing army captured Nanjing, the factory was moved from Anqing to Nanjing and renamed Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau.
Jiangnan manufacturing bureau
Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, 1865 was founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai. 1867, moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Temple, and became the largest military industry of the Qing government after continuous expansion. The technology and mechanical equipment of this factory mainly rely on foreign countries. In addition to manufacturing guns and ammunition, it also manufactures machines and ships. 1905 shipbuilding was partially independent, and it was called "Jiangnan Dock", while arsenal was partially called Manufacturing Bureau. Later, it was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard and Shanghai Arsenal respectively. It is the largest modern industry run by the Westernization School. It uses self-smelting steel to imitate the musket, catching up with the level of the new German musket in the late19th century, and the smokeless powder it developed has reached the world advanced level. However, the General Administration of Jiangnan Manufacturing is government-run, and the funds are allocated by the Qing government. The production does not count the cost, does not consider the economic benefits, and lacks the motivation for development. It adopts feudal yamen-style management and restrains workers by managing the army. Workers lack enthusiasm for production and the quality of products cannot be guaranteed.
Fuzhou shipping administration bureau
Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the most well-equipped new shipyard operated by the Qing government. 1866 was founded by Zuo Zongtang in Mawei, Fuzhou. Hire foreigners as technicians. It is mainly composed of three parts: the iron yard, the boatyard and the school. It was seriously damaged in the Mawei naval battle in 1884. Although it was restored, it was not as good as before. After the Revolution of 1911, it was renamed Naval Shipyard.
Hanyang iron works
1in the spring of 889, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, planned to set up an ironmaking plant in Guangzhou. In the same year, he was transferred to the governor of Huguang, and the planned ironmaking plant moved to Hanyang. 1890 started construction under the Dabie Mountains. 1893 Hanyang Ironmaking Plant was basically completed, with six large factories, four small factories and two ironmaking furnaces. 1894 was put into production, and it was all government-run at first. From the preparation to 1895, * * * spent more than 5.8 million yuan. After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1896, the Qing government changed to "official supervision and commercial office" in 1896 because it was unable to raise funds. On the eve of the Revolution of 1911, there were about 3,000 workers in Hanyang Iron Works, with an annual output of 70,000 tons. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, some equipment of Hanyang Iron Works was moved to Chongqing by the Kuomintang government to set up Dadukou Iron and Steel Works. After liberation, it was owned by the people.
Ship investment promotion bureau
Referred to as "China Merchants". The earliest ship shipping enterprise established in China. 1872 (11th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty) Li Hongzhang invited investment to organize. 1873 1 month was established. The General Administration is located in Shanghai, with branches in Yantai, Hankou, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Yokohama, Kobe, Luzon and Singapore. 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu) was changed to official supervision and commercial office. 1909 (the first year of Xuantong) was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Postal Communication. 19 12 was changed to commercial office, renamed as commercial China merchants steamship company, and later renamed as commercial China merchants steamship co., ltd. 1932 The Kuomintang government was nationalized, renamed the State-owned China Merchants Bureau, and belonged to the Ministry of Communications. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the General Administration moved to Hongkong first and then to Chongqing. Moved back to Shanghai after the war. 1947 * * * has 460 ships, with more than 330,000 tons. 1948 China merchants steamship co., ltd was established. 195 1 changed its name to China People's Steamship Corporation, and Hong Kong still kept its old name. 1985 China merchants (group) co., ltd was established.
Tongwenguan
People have been engaged in translation for a long time in the history of our country, but the formal establishment of foreign language schools was late 1862, when the Qing government set up the Tongwen Museum in Beijing. When the Qing government concluded the treaty of nanking, the Tientsin Treaty and the Peking Treaty with foreign countries, even China people who knew foreign languages could not be found, and they were deceived by the invaders.
186 1 year Please set up a foreign language school to train foreign language talents and diplomatic talents. 1862 In August, Emperor Tongzhi officially approved the establishment of the "Jingshi Tongwen Pavilion". Students mainly study foreign languages besides Chinese. There are foreign teachers, such as British Paul Teng, French Smiling and Biligan, Russian Berlin, Americans Ding Weiliang, john fryer and Harrington. Ding Weiliang was the general teacher from 1869, and was in charge of educational affairs for 30 years. Hurd, the chief tax officer, also serves as an inspector, actually controlling the power of funds and personnel. Tongwen Library is completely run by regular schools, with English Library, Russian Library, German Library and Oriental (Japanese) Library opened one after another. Only the children of the Eight Banners under 13 and 14 were recruited, and then the Manchu-Chinese students aged15-25 were recruited, as well as Manchu-Chinese students of any age. The study period is initially set at 3 years, and by 1876, it can be divided into two types: first, students from foreign languages and astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other subjects have an academic system of 8 years; First, older students who study astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other subjects only by Chinese translation have a schooling of five years. In 1867, mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics, foreign history and geography were added. The maximum number of students is 120. Most of the graduates were interpreters, diplomats and officials of other westernization organizations in the Qing government. There is a printing house to translate and print the Law of Nations and books on mathematics, physics, literature and history. 1902 Tongwen Museum was merged into Jingshi University Hall.
Start sign: 186 1 year after the Taiping Army and the Nian Army were wiped out.
End sign: 1894 The Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated in Weihai Port, and the expeditionary force was returned to China.
Introduction to sports
The Westernization Movement was formerly called "Tongguang New Deal". 1860 years later, in the process of jointly suppressing the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, a number of comprador and modern bureaucrats and warlords gradually formed in the feudal groups of the Qing Dynasty. In the process of dealing with foreign capitalist powers, they not only thought that the contradiction between the Qing government and foreign invaders could be mediated and compromised, "using foreign countries to help suppress" and suppress the resistance of the domestic people, but also adopted some capitalist production technologies to achieve the purpose of maintaining the crumbling feudal rule. These people were the westernization faction in power in the Qing government at that time. The westernization they engaged in from/kloc-0 to the 1990s was called the westernization movement in history. The so-called "Westernization" refers to all things related to foreign relations and foreign exchanges, such as foreign affairs negotiation, signing treaties, sending overseas students, buying foreign guns and guns, and training troops (Beiyang, Fujian, Nanyang Fleet) in accordance with the "foreign law", learning foreign science, using machines, mining and setting up factories.