Monopoly or imperfect competition in the market does not always produce the most effective results.

The externality of market behavior may produce negative spillover effect.

The market mechanism cannot guarantee the supply of public goods.

④ Economic uncertainty caused by incomplete or asymmetric market information.

The consequences of income distribution caused by the market are unacceptable politically or morally.

2. Functions of finance: resource allocation, income distribution, economic stability and economic development.

3, the principle of tax efficiency

Whether to get the maximum tax revenue at the minimum cost and maximize economic development by using the economic adjustment function of tax, or to minimize the obstacles of tax to economic development. Usually there are two meanings: one is administrative efficiency, and the other is economic efficiency. The principle of tax efficiency is considered as one of the four basic principles of western tax law.

4. Tax classification

1. It is divided into turnover tax, income tax, resource occupation tax, property tax and specific behavior tax according to the tax object.

2. Based on the collection link, it is divided into production link taxation, circulation link taxation, distribution link taxation, consumption link taxation, investment link taxation and property link taxation.

3. According to the tax basis, it is divided into ad valorem tax and specific tax.

4. According to the relationship between tax and price, it is divided into out-of-price tax and in-price tax.

5. According to the ownership of tax management and control authority, it is divided into central tax, local tax and central and local tax.

6. According to whether the tax burden is easy to pass on, it can be divided into direct tax and indirect tax.

In addition, there are some tax division methods, such as progressive tax, proportional tax and fixed tax, monetary tax and material tax.

5, the principle of tax fairness:

It means that people with equal tax paying ability should bear the same tax, and people with different tax paying ability should bear different taxes.

6. Tax sharing system:

The tax-sharing system is a system in which the central government and local governments divide tax sources according to their respective powers, and on this basis, determine their respective tax rights, tax systems and tax agencies, and coordinate the relationship between fiscal revenue and expenditure. According to the division of powers between the central and local governments, reasonably determine the expenditure scope of finance at all levels; According to the principle of combining administrative power with financial power, taxes are uniformly divided into central taxes, local taxes and central and local taxes. Scientifically verify the amount of local fiscal revenue and expenditure, and gradually realize the relatively standardized tax return and transfer payment system from the central government to local finance; Establish and improve the hierarchical budget system and strengthen budget constraints at all levels. After the implementation of the tax-sharing system, the first-level government budget will be implemented in principle, and the hierarchical budget system will be implemented to harden the legal constraints of the budget.

7. Advantages and disadvantages of single budget and dual budget.

A single budget is a form of budget in which all income and expenditure are listed on a unified balance sheet.

Advantages: complete, unified and concise in form.

Disadvantages: A single budget can no longer adapt to the expanding financial revenue and expenditure, and a new budget form that can accommodate a variety of revenue and expenditure items is needed.

Double budget is to compile various financial revenues and expenditures into two or more fund balance tables according to their nature, forming two or more independent and relatively separated budget schedules.

Advantages: The double-entry budget is scientific to some extent, and it has accumulated significance in improving budget management.

Disadvantages: the double budget breaks the integrity of the budget, and the overall reflection function is weak, which is more difficult and requires higher budget management level.

If you want to know more details, you can find a textbook for junior economists written by Finance or Chen Gong. There is also a lot of related content on the Internet.