2. The invasion of China by foreign powers in the second stage is characterized by great changes in the way of invading China: politically. From the frenzy of carving up to the gradual implementation of the policy of "governing China with China"; Economically, from commodity export to capital export; Militarily, the great powers tend to unite and launch Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China. The "open door" policy of the United States marks the formation of the alliance between imperialism and the massacre of China to a certain extent; Cultural aggression is also increasing. In addition to the old capitalist countries, the main countries that invaded China were Germany, Japan, Italy and Austria, and Japan became China's fiercest enemy. They colluded and competed in China, and the competition between Japan and Russia in the northeast of China became more and more fierce, which finally triggered the war between Japan and Russia on the territory of China. The main pattern of aggression against China was dominated by * * * at the beginning, and the United States dominated. During the First World War, Japan dominated.
3. The characteristics of the foreign powers' invasion of China in the third stage are: the main way of aggression against China is from "controlling China with China" to monopolizing China. The main countries that invaded China were the United States and Japan, and they fought fiercely in China. With the Japanese ambition of dominating China expanding day by day, it finally launched the September 18th Incident at 193 1 and launched an all-out war of aggression against China at 1937. Japanese imperialism invaded China to exclude other powers, monopolize China and turn China into its colony. The main pattern of aggression against China was dominated by foreign powers first, and then by Japan.
4. The characteristics of the invasion of China by the great powers in the fourth stage are that the main country invading China is the United States. The United States adopted the policy of supporting Chiang Kai-shek against * * *, and continued to take Chiang Kai-shek as the agent, gradually forming a monopoly situation in China. The main ways of invading China are: politically, "ruling China with China" and pursuing the policy of supporting Chiang Kai-shek against * * *; Economically, relying on strong strength, dumping goods and exporting capital under the banner of equality; Militarily, in the name of aid, tighten control over China; Culturally exporting American values and supporting pro-American forces. The establishment of the new China. Make the imperialist aggressive policy completely bankrupt.
Third, review skills
1. Grasp the reasons, general situation and influence of western powers' invasion of China since modern times.
2. Grasp the development track and stage characteristics of western powers' invasion of China since modern times.
3. The fundamental reason for China's repeated aggression in modern times is the aggressive nature of the great powers (expansionism and plunder), and China's backwardness is also one of the important reasons for its strong aggression. "Lagging behind will be beaten" is a truth repeatedly proved by history.
4. The invasion of China by foreign powers is an inevitable product of the development of world capitalism and an important part of the military aggression of capitalist imperialism in colonial rule, competition for raw material production areas, commodity sales markets and world hegemony;
From 1 840 to 1 900, the capitalist powers successively launched six large-scale wars of aggression against China, namely the Opium War, the Second Opium War, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War, the Eight-Nation Alliance War of Aggression and the Japanese War of Aggression. Through these wars, the powers forced the China government to sign a series of unequal treaties, which seriously damaged China's territorial integrity and national sovereignty, and gradually reduced China from an independent sovereign country to a semi-colonial country.
1, Opium War (1840— 1 842). ① Background: After the 1960s, with the progress of the industrial revolution, British productivity developed greatly, and capitalist countries in Europe and America rose rapidly. The feudal rule of the Qing government was decadent and backward. Due to China's self-sufficient natural economic structure and the Qing government's "closed door policy", Britain's commodity exports to China were seriously hindered, resulting in a large deficit. Goal: Seize the sales market and raw material producing area, and open the door of China. (3) Excuse: China's anti-smoking campaign. Results: The Qing government was defeated and China and Britain signed the treaty of nanking. ⑤ Influence: After the Opium War, China opened its doors and began to become a semi-colony of the great powers. The five-port trade, agreed tariffs, free trade and unilateral MFN treatment stipulated in Sino-British treaty of nanking and its annexes have facilitated the economic expansion of Britain and other western powers to China. However, the opening of China in this period was limited to the southeast coastal areas.
2. The Second Opium War (1 856— 1 860). Objective: To further open the door of China and expand the rights and interests of invading China. (2) Excuses: yarrow incident and Father Ma incident. ③ Features: British-French joint launch and US-Russian cooperation. Occupy the most territory and the most open port. Results: The Qing government was forced to sign Tianjin Treaty, Aihui Treaty and Beijing Treaty with the great powers. (5) Impact: Through these treaties, inland and northern cities such as Hankou, Niuzhuang and Tianjin were opened as commercial ports; The treaty also stipulates that foreign warships and merchant ships can sail freely in the Yangtze River port. Foreigners can travel, do business and preach in the mainland. In this way, the interests of the great powers in China have been further expanded, from the southeast coastal areas to the inland and northern regions. Russia used the Second Opium War to plunder the northern part of China, embezzling more than1.5000 square kilometers. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has deepened, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded with each other to suppress the China Revolution.
3.65438+ 1960s and 1970s, the United States and Japan invaded Taiwan Province Province, Russia invaded Xinjiang, and Britain invaded Yunnan and Tibet.
4. Sino-French War (1 883- 1885)
5. Sino-Japanese War (1 894— 1895). ① Reasons: After Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the road of capitalism, and at the same time embarked on the road of foreign aggression and expansion. Objective: To satisfy the greed of the bourgeoisie and divert the attention of the people's struggle. (3) Major battles: Battle of Toyoda, Battle of Pyongyang, Battle of the Yellow Sea, Battle of Liaodong Peninsula and Battle of ahava. Results: The Sino-Japanese War ended in China's defeat, and the Qing government was forced to conclude treaty of shimonoseki with Japan in April 1895. ⑤ Influence: treaty of shimonoseki accelerated the process of semi-colonization of China society and caused extremely serious consequences to modern China society. The Japanese occupation of China and Taiwan Province Province has seriously damaged the territorial and sovereign integrity of China. Stimulated the powers to set off a frenzy to carve up China; The huge indemnity aggravated the financial crisis of the Qing government, and the Qing government was forced to borrow foreign debts at the expense of sovereignty, which further controlled China's internal affairs and diplomacy: allowing foreign capital to invest and set up factories in China to legalize imperialist capital export to China; Japan, on the other hand, used huge war reparations to expand its armaments crazily. Squeeze yourself into the ranks of imperialist powers and quickly become the source of the war of aggression in the Far East.
6. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China (1900- 190 1). ① Reason: The major capitalist countries entered the stage of imperialism and set off a frenzy of dividing up the world. Objective: To protect the interests of imperialist powers in China. (3) Excuse: 1900, imperialist powers launched Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China on the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. Results: The Qing government surrendered and was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" with 1 1 imperialist countries. ⑤ Content: The "boxer indemnity" stipulated in the "Xin Chou Treaty" has a total principal and interest of 980 million taels of silver, plus more than 20 million taels of local compensation, which is1000 billion taels of silver. This is a cruel economic plunder of the people of China; Its provisions on punishing the "first disaster" and prohibiting China people from joining or establishing anti-imperialist organizations reflect the harsh political slavery to China; Its provisions on setting up a separate embassy district in Beijing, sending troops to protect and dismantle the fort from Beijing to Dagu, and allowing countries to station troops are barbaric military control over China. ⑥ Influence: The Xin Chou Treaty is an unprecedented and serious unequal treaty, which further seriously damaged China's sovereignty, greatly strengthened the influence of imperialist powers in China, and made the Qing government a tool for imperialism to rule China. China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society has finally taken shape.
7. Japanese war of aggression against China (193 1- 1945). ① Reasons: Japan's economic crisis is serious and it needs a foreign war to get rid of its predicament; The Kuomintang's massive encirclement and suppression of the Red Army provided a favorable opportunity. Objective: To get rid of the economic crisis by invading China. Turn China into its colony. ③ Process: 193 1 year. After the September 18th Incident, Northeast China was occupied. 1 932, launched the "November 28th Incident" to attack Shanghai; 1935, threatening Ping Jin and creating events in North China; 1937 launched the "July 7th Incident", and Beiping and Tianjin were captured. 1August, 937, launched the "August 13th Incident"; 1938 10 month, Wuhan and Guangzhou were captured; In the stalemate stage, large-scale attacks on anti-Japanese base areas; Continue to attack the frontal battlefield and launch the battle of mainland communication lines; From 1944, the troops were contracted to railway lines and larger cities; 1On August 5th, 945, the Japanese army surrendered unconditionally, and the people of China won the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. ④ Influence: War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory was the first complete victory of China people against foreign aggression since the Opium War. Taiwan Province Province, which was occupied by the Japanese for fifty years, has also returned to the motherland, greatly enhancing the national self-esteem and self-confidence of the people of China. China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression made great contributions to the victory of the world anti-fascist war. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression also laid the foundation for winning the national victory of the democratic revolution. However, the people of China have also made great sacrifices, with more than 35 million casualties, property losses and war consumption reaching more than 600 billion dollars.
8. American invasion of Korea (1 950- 1 953)
Political aggression:
1. forced China to sign a series of unequal treaties. For example, the treaty of nanking in 1 842, the Five Ports Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty in 1 843, the Wang Xia Treaty in 1 844, the Huangpu Treaty between China and France, and the Tianjin Treaty in 1 858. Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, 1864 Treaty on the Demarcation of Northwest Border between China and Russia, 19 Treaty on the Revision of China-Russia in 1980s and the five subsequent demarcation protocols, 1 885 Sino-French New Testament, l 895 Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki and l 896 Sino-Russian Secret Treaty. 19 15 Article 21, 1932 Songhu Armistice Agreement, 1935 River-US Agreement, 1946 Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation, etc.
2. Infringement of China's sovereignty. (1) occupied territory. Britain occupied Hongkong, Russia occupied more than 6,543.8+500,000 square kilometers, and Japan occupied Taiwan Province Province, Penghu Islands and affiliated islands. (2) Open up concessions. Open the concessions of trading ports such as Shanghai and seize political, legal and police sovereignty there. ③ Control tariffs. Seriously undermine China's tariff autonomy. (4) Destruction of judicial power. Consular jurisdiction, one-sided MFN treatment, etc. ⑤ Seize the leased land and divide the sphere of influence. Germany forcibly leased Jiaozhou Bay, according to Shandong, Russia forcibly leased Lushun and Dalian, according to the north of the Great Wall and Xinjiang, France forcibly leased Guangzhou Bay, according to Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Britain forcibly leased "New Territories" and Ahava, according to the Yangtze River basin, and Japan according to Fujian.
3. Foster care agent. (1) Support the Qing government and govern China with China. After the Second Opium War, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces formally colluded to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement. After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", the Qing government became a tool of imperialist aggression against China. ② Fostering Yuan Shikai and his Northern Warlord Government. After the Revolution of 1911, the Qing government collapsed, and the imperialists took Yuan Shikai, the head of Beiyang warlord, as a new agent and a tool to rule China. With the support of imperialism, Yuan Shikai usurped the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 and betrayed the country. After Yuan Shikai's death, he chose Duan as his agent to control the Beijing government. (3) Support warlords of all factions to "divide and rule". ④ Foster Chiang Kai-shek and his Nanjing National Government. After the rule of the northern warlords ended, imperialism chose Chiang Kai-shek as its agent. ⑤ Japan fostered the puppet Manchukuo and Wang puppet regime. 6. After World War II, the United States helped Chiang Kai-shek to fight * * * and launch a civil war.
4. Destroy and suppress the revolutionary struggle of the people of China. (1) From the 1960s of 19, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement. (2)1900, the imperialist organization Eight-Nation Alliance directly sent troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. ③ During the Revolution of 1911, he supported the Qing government and Yuan Shikai in sabotaging the revolution. (4) During the first revolutionary civil war, it helped warlords of various factions to suppress the people's revolution, and a series of tragedies occurred, such as the May 30th Massacre, the Wanxian Massacre and the March 13th Massacre. , was directly made, destroyed the China workers' anti-imperialist struggle and the Northern Expedition. ⑤ 1927 supported Chiang Kai-shek to launch the "April 12th" counter-revolutionary coup. 6. Support Chiang Kai-shek's civil war policy in the war of confrontation and liberation. All landowners after the victory of China's democratic revolution, New China was surrounded and blocked, and so on.
Economic aggression:
Before the opium war. In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain gradually expanded opium smuggling and plundered a lot of silver, which brought disaster to the Chinese nation. After the Opium War, the opium trade was actually legalized.
2. Before the Opium War to the Sino-Japanese War. Capitalist countries relied on war, signed unequal treaties, seized various privileges, dumped goods in China, and gradually turned China into a capitalist raw material producing area and commodity sales market.
In the above two periods, capitalist economic aggression mainly focused on commodity export, including: ① seizing the right of customs management. Britain, France and the United States first seized the management right of Shanghai Customs by suppressing the uprising of the Knife Association; During the Second Opium War, the Qing government was forced to extend the Shanghai customs system to all trading ports. After the establishment of the Prime Minister's yamen, British Hurd and others were appointed as the General Tax Department of China Customs. Britain manipulated China Customs for nearly a century; After the Opium War, China became the country with the lowest tariff in the world. Later, the Tianjin Treaty stipulated the principle of "one hundred to five", but in fact, the import and export goods of foreign businessmen were far from this level. ② Commodity export (before 1 895). /kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, the great powers invaded China economically by smuggling opium, dumping commodities and plundering raw materials. During the period of 1865, China ran a deficit for the first time, China was gradually involved in the capitalist world market, and the natural economy disintegrated, which hindered the development of the national economy. (3) selling Chinese workers. 19 in the 1950s, about 50,000 Chinese workers were trafficked abroad from Guangdong every year. The Beijing Treaty allows China workers to go abroad. ④ Early capital export. Run a foreign firm, open a bank (Shanghai Branch of British Oriental Bank 1 848 opened), operate a shipping company (American flag Chang shipping company, British Swire shipping company), and set up a factory.
3. 19 end of the 20th century. The transition from world capitalism to imperialism. Capital export has become the main economic means for foreign powers to invade China. Including loans to the Qing government, mining, building railways, opening banks and setting up factories. Through capital export, the great powers squeezed high profits, controlled China's finance, expanded the political rights and interests of invading China, and hindered the development of China's national economy.
4. Early National Government. Imperialist investment in China increased sharply, and commodities were dumped to China. 1932, the record before China's foreign trade breakthrough.
5. During my stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. The Japanese brutally plundered China naked. In agriculture, occupying cultivated land and purchasing agricultural products at low prices; In terms of industry, mining and transportation, mining, steel industry and transportation are designated as "controlled undertakings" and monopolized by Japanese companies; In finance, they seized banks and looted gold, silver and cash; Spamming counterfeit money, a large number of military tickets, and increasing exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees.
6. During the War of Liberation. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek betrayed his national sovereignty in order to get American assistance. 1946 The Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation was called "New Twenty-one Articles". The influx of American goods into the China market is a devastating blow to China's national capital. After the founding of New China, under the leadership of the Party, the economic aggression of foreign powers against China was completely eliminated.
Part, its characteristics are closely related to the development process of capitalism as a whole. The backward economy, political corruption and military compromise of the Qing government led to the invasion of western powers and brought great disasters to China.