First, the best multiple-choice question: There are five alternative answers to the following questions: A, B, C, D and E. Please choose the best answer.

1, the main chemical bond of protein primary structure is ()

A, hydrogen bond b, hydrophobic bond

C, salt bond d, disulfide bond e, peptide bond

2. Which of the following changes will occur after protein degradation ()?

First, the primary structure changes.

B, configuration changes

C, the molecular weight becomes smaller

D, the conformation changes.

E, the solubility becomes larger.

3. The following compound without high-energy bond is ()

Creatine phosphate b glutamine

C, ADP D, 1, 3- diphosphoglyceric acid

phosphoenolpyruvate

4. Ab initio synthesis of purine nucleotides. The first synthesis is ().

A, import b, AMP C, GMP

d、XMP E、ATP

5. In the process of fatty acid oxidation, it is () loading fatty acyl ~ ~SCOA into mitochondria.

A, ACP B, carnitine c, citric acid

Acetyl carnitine e, acetyl coenzyme a

6, the main way of amino acid deamination in the body is ()

First, oxidation deamination

B, combined deamination

C, transamination

D. non-oxidative deamination

E, dehydration and deamination

7, about the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which of the following statements is incorrect ()

A, generating NADH and FADH2.

B. GTP generation

Oxidized acetyl coenzyme a

D. provide net synthesis of oxaloacetic acid.

E, can't run under anaerobic conditions.

8, cholesterol biosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme is ()

A.HMG COA synthetase

B.HMG coenzyme A lyase

C.HMG coenzyme a reductase

D, acetoacetyl coenzyme a dehydrogenase

thiokinase

9, which of the following enzymes is the rate-limiting enzyme in the process of glycolysis ()

Aldehyde b, enolase

Lactate dehydrogenase

Phosphofructokinase

E, 3- monophosphate glycerol dehydrogenase

10, the secondary structure model of DNA is ()

Alpha helix

B, to the opposite right-hand double helix

C, triple helix

D, the opposite left-hand double helix

E, to the same right-hand double helix

1 1, the following vitamins involved in transamination is ().

A, thiamine B, nicotinic acid

Vitamin c, riboflavin d, pyridoxal phosphate

E. pantothenic acid

12, the final product of human purine catabolism is ()

A, urea b, uric acid c, ammonia

D, β -alanine

E, β-aminoisobutyric acid

13, the initial signal of protein biosynthesis is ()

A, UAG B, UAA C, UGA

AGU, Aug

14, the substance with the most content in non-protein nitrogen is ()

A, amino acid b, uric acid c, creatine

D, urea e, bilirubin

15, deoxynucleotide is produced by ().

A. reduction at the level of nucleoside monophosphate

Reduction of nucleoside diphosphate level

C, reducing at the level of nucleoside triphosphate.

D, reducing at the nucleoside level.

E. direct reduction of ribose.

16, the substance that prevents the biliary tract from absorbing calcium is ()

A, lactic acid b, amino acids

C, ascorbic acid d, citric acid

oxalic ester

17, which of the following pathways is carried out in mitochondria ()

First, the anaerobic fermentation medium of sugar

B, the decomposition of glycogen

C, the synthesis of glycogen

D, pentose phosphate pathway of sugar

tricarboxylic acid cycle

18, about DNA replication, which of the following is wrong ()

A. Eukaryotic DNA has multiple replication origins.

B, for semiconservative replication

C, double-stranded parental DNA can be used as a template.

D, the synthesis of progeny DNA is continuous.

E. that nucleotide sequence of the progeny and the parent DNA molecule are identical.

19. Muscle glycogen cannot directly supplement blood sugar because muscle tissue does not contain ().

Phosphorylase b, hexokinase

C, 6- monophosphate glucose dehydrogenase

Glucose -6- phosphatase

Aldehyde aldolase

20, liver synthesis of plasma protein is the most ().

A, α globulin b, β globulin

C, albumin d, prothrombin

Fibrinogen

2 1, the amino acid that can be converted into melanin in the body is ()

Tyrosine b, proline

C, tryptophan d, methionine

glutamic acid

22, pentose phosphate pathway is in which part of the cell ().

A, nuclear b, mitochondria

Cytoplasmic d, microsome

E. endoplasmic reticulum

23. When glycogen is synthesized, the donor of glucose is ().

a、G- 1-P B、G-6-P

c、UDPG D、CDPG E、GDPG

24, which of the following statements about carbamoyl phosphoric acid is correct ()

A, mainly used for the synthesis of glutamine.

B, for the synthesis of uric acid.

C. synthetic cholesterol

Intermediate products of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.

E, the intermediate product of purine nucleotide synthesis.

25, has nothing to do with protein biosynthesis factor is ().

A, initial factor b, termination factor

C. elongation factor d and GTP

E and p factors

26, okazaki fragment refers to ()

A piece of DNA on the template

B, DNA fragments synthesized on leading strand.

C, discontinuous DNA fragments synthesized by following primers on the chain.

D, DNA fragment repaired after RNA primer removal.

E refers to DNA complementary to RNA primers.

27, which of the following changes in kinetic constants belong to the competitive inhibition of enzymes ()

One, km increases, Vmax remains the same.

B, km decreases, Vmax remains unchanged.

C, km unchanged, Vmax increased.

D, km unchanged, Vmax decreased.

E, km decreases, Vmax decreases.

28, transport endogenous triglyceride plasma lipoprotein is mainly ().

Very low density lipoprotein B, centimeter C, high density lipoprotein

d、IDL E、LDL

29, combined with bilirubin refers to ()

I. Bilirubin-albumin

Bilirubin -Y protein

Bilirubin glucuronic acid

Bilirubin -Z protein

Bilirubin-globin

30, the active choline needed to synthesize lecithin is ()

A, ATP choline b, ADP choline

CTP choline d, CDP choline

E, UDP choline

3 1. The connection mode of nucleotides in nucleic acid molecules is ()

2'-3' phosphodiester bond

B, 2'-5' phosphodiester bond

C, 3'-5' phosphodiester bond

D, peptide bond e, glycoside bond

32, can inhibit the decomposition of triglycerides hormone is ()

Thyroxine b norepinephrine

C, insulin d, adrenaline

auxin

33, which of the following amino acids is the intermediate product of urea synthesis process ()?

A, glycine b, tryptophan

Lysine d citrulline

valine

34, the main source of acidic substances in the body is ()

A, sulfuric acid b, lactic acid c, CO2

D, citric acid e, phosphoric acid

35, which of the following substances is free secondary bile acid ()

Chenodeoxycholic acid b glycocholic acid

Taurocholic acid d deoxycholic acid

E. cholic acid

36. How many termination codes does the organism encode amino acid ()?

a、 1 B、2 C、3 D、4 E、5

Second, fill in the blanks.

1, amino acids exist in the form of _ _ _ _ _ ions at the isoelectric point (PI), and in the form of _ _ _ _ _ _ ions at ph >: at PI, at pH.

2. Plasma lipoproteins can be divided into four categories by ultracentrifugation: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

3. β-oxidation of saturated fatty acyl-CoA β-mainly goes through four steps: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. The complete RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli is composed of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

5. Hormones can be divided into four categories according to their chemical properties: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

6. The first stage reaction of liver biotransformation includes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; The second phase reaction is _ _ _ _ _.

7. Most eukaryotic cells have a _ _ _ _ cap structure at the 5' end and a _ _ _ _ structure at the 3' end.

8. The donors of sulfate, methyl and ribose phosphate in the body are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

9. Common carbon units include _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

10, the decarboxylation products of the following amino acids are: histidine _ _ _ _ _ _, tryptophan _ _ _ _ _, glutamic acid _ _ _ _.

1 1 has _ _ _ _ effect on neuromuscular stress Ca+2 and K+ has _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

The active forms of 12 and VitD are _ _ _ _ _.

13. The basic raw material for synthesizing heme in hemoglobin is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

14. The main products of heme catabolism in vivo are _ _ _ _ _, including _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

15 and Watsan-Crick proposed the double helix structure, in which _ _ _ _ _ is located outside the molecule, _ _ _ _ is located at the center of the molecule, and the number of bp is.

16. The secondary structures of proteins are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _.

17. The molecular structure of amino acids that make up protein contains hydroxyl _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

18, blood calcium can be divided into _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _, and only _ _ _ _ _ _ in plasma has direct physiological function.

19. Pyruvate dehydrogenase includes three kinds of enzymes, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

20. The storage forms of human iron are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

2 1. There are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and so on.

22, cholesterol in the body can be converted into what kind of active substances _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _.

23, the basic way of metabolic regulation of biomass is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

24. The "three secretion" function of renal tubules is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

25. The hydrogen donors and electron donors in the mitochondrial respiratory chain are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

26, ketone body is composed of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

27. Nucleotides are composed of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _.

28. The tertiary structure of DNA is _ _ _ _ _ _ structure, and nucleosome is composed of _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _.

Third, the noun explanation

1 and protein's degeneration.

2. Active center of enzyme

3. Sugar rebirth

4. Oxidative phosphorylation

5, respiratory chain

6. Apolipoprotein

7.r- glutamyl cycle

8. semi-conservative replication of 8.DNA

9. Asymmetric transcription

10, activation of zymogen

1 1, bile pigment

12, reverse transcription

Fourth, question and answer.

1, briefly describe the source and route of blood ammonia.

2. What are the two stages of pentose phosphate pathway, and what is the physiological significance of this metabolic pathway?

3. Describe the characteristics and physiological significance of glucose metabolism in mature red blood cells.

4. What is the normal value of blood sugar and how the body regulates it.

5. Briefly describe the regulatory mechanism of protein and peptide hormones.

6. How does the body adjust the acid-base balance during metabolic acidosis?

Reference answer

First, multiple-choice questions:

1、E 2、D 3、B 4、A 5、B 6、B 7、D 8、C 9、D 10、B 16、D 12、B 13、D 14、D 15、B 16、E 17、E 18

Second, fill in the blanks:

1, zwitterion, negative ion, positive ion

2, cm, very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein

3. Dehydrogenation, water addition, dehydrogenation again, thiolysis, acetyl coenzyme A, 5.

4、α2ββ′σ、α2ββ′、σ

5. protein and polypeptide hormones, amino acid derivative hormones, steroid hormones and fatty acid derivatives.

6, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, chemical reaction

7、M7G、POLYA

PAPS· Sam ·PRPP

9 、-CH3 、=CH2 、-CH=、

-CHO 、-CH=NH、FH4

10, histamine, 5- hydroxylamine, R- aminobutyric acid

1 1, decrease and increase

12, 1.25-(OH2) vitamin D3

13, glycine, succinyl coenzyme A, Fe2++

14, iron porphyrin compound, bilirubin, biliverdin, urine urobilinogen, biliverdin.

15, ribose phosphate, base, 10

16, α helix, β fold, β angle, random curl

17, tyrosine serine threonine

18, non-diffused calcium, diffused calcium, Ca2++

19, pyruvate decarboxylase, lipoic acid acetyltransferase, dihydrolipoic acid dehydrogenase, TPP, lipoic acid, fadnad coast.

20, ferritin, hemosiderin

2 1, temperature, PH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, inhibitor

22, bile acids, steroid hormones, vitamin D3

23, cell level, organ level, overall level

24. Secrete h+, k+, and NaHCO3.

25.NAD+ or NADP++, FAD or FMA, ferritin, coenzyme Q and cytochrome.

26, acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone

27. Nitrogen-containing alkali, pentose and phosphoric acid

28, supercoil, DNA, histone,

Third, the noun explanation

1. Physical or chemical factors (such as heating, acid, alkali, etc. ) causes the structural change of protein, which leads to the change of physical and chemical properties and the loss of biological activity of protein, which is called protein degeneration. Denaturing does not involve the change of primary structure or the break of peptide bond.

2. The necessary groups are relatively concentrated and form a certain spatial conformation, which is directly responsible for binding and catalyzing the substrate reaction.

3. The process of converting non-sugar substances such as lactic acid and glycerol into sugar in the liver.

4. The energy release reaction of biological oxidation is accompanied by the energy absorption reaction of ADP phosphorylation to ATP, which is called oxidative phosphorylation.

5. It is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria and consists of a group of H and electron transporters arranged in a certain order. The reaction chain that can oxidize the reduction equivalent (2h = 2e+2h+) into H2O is called respiratory chain.

6. Apolipoprotein is a kind of protein existing in plasma lipoprotein. At present, it is generally divided into five categories represented by A, B, C, D and E, and some are divided into several subcategories (represented by I, II and III, etc. ). Their * * * function is to promote the dissolution and transport of lipids in plasma and stabilize the lipoprotein structure. Some have special functions, such as activating related enzymes and recognizing receptors.

7. It refers to the process of absorbing amino acids from intestinal mucosal cells, reacting the absorbed amino acids with G-SH under the catalysis of R- glutamyl transpeptidase located on the membrane to generate R- glutamyl-amino acids, and then transporting the amino acids into the cells. Because of its cyclic nature, this process is called R- glutamyl cycle.

8. Two offspring DNA molecules obtained by copying one parent DNA molecule at a time, one of the two strands comes from the parent and the other is newly synthesized, that is, "old and new" are equally divided, which is called semi-conservative replication.

9. There are many genes distributed on double-stranded DNA molecules. Not all genes are transcribed on the same DNA single strand, but some genes are transcribed on this single strand and some genes are transcribed on another single strand. Only one strand (or one strand) of DNA double-stranded can be transcribed as a template at a time, which is called asymmetric transcription.

10. Some enzymes do not show catalytic activity when they are synthesized and secreted in cells. The precursor of this inactive enzyme is called zymogen. Under certain conditions, some peptide bonds of zymogen molecules are hydrolyzed by some factors, which changes the molecular structure and forms the active center of the enzyme. Inactive zymogen is converted into active enzyme, which is called zymogen activation.

1 1. Bile pigment is the decomposition product of iron porphyrin compounds, including bilirubin, biliverdin, urine urobilinogen and bilirubin. Bile pigment is named for its color. Usually excreted with bile.

12, the process of synthesizing DNA with viral RNA as template, 4SRNA or tryptophan RNA as primer, and four kinds of dNTP as raw materials according to the principle of base pairing, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.

Four. Question and answer (omitted)