I. Main contents
1.The relationship between man and society
Individuals can't live independently without society/people can't grow without society.
2. Social roles: Learn to distinguish several roles.
(1) Inherent role:
Son (daughter), nationality, China citizen ...
(2) Roles stipulated by society: students, passengers, customers ...
(3) Role of one's choice: volunteer ...
(4) The role you want to play: scientist, singer, teacher, etc.
3. Three principles of interpersonal communication
(1) communication and understanding
(2) Respect and equality
(3) Integrity
Honesty and trustworthiness is the basic principle of being a man, while mutual respect and equal communication are important bridges for good communication between people.
4. No rules, no Fiona Fang.
(1) Definition of rules: Rules refer to the rules and regulations stipulated by social groups to achieve a certain goal, which shall be observed by all or participants.
Broad provisions: the general name of all normative documents formulated by the state (including constitution, laws, administrative regulations, etc.).
Narrow rules: normative documents issued by state administrative organs and local state organs.
(2) Forms of expression of rules: ① It exists in the form of words; (2) handed down in a conventional way.
(3) The meaning of rules: to serve a certain goal.
(4) Life is inseparable from rules: traffic signs, football rules, laws ...
Rules are made by people, and the appearance of any rules is closely related to people's lives. It is to enable people to live in an orderly, safe, healthy and appropriate way.
5. Laws and constitutions
Constitution is the fundamental law of the country and the most important law of the country, which stipulates and guarantees the basic rights of all citizens.
In our country, all important laws must be deliberated and passed by the National People's Congress.
6. zebra crossing
People's lives are inseparable from rules. With the development of society, rules are constantly improving and changing.
7. Green lifestyle
Green lifestyle includes: using fluorine-free refrigerators, air conditioners, washing powder that does not pollute water sources, calling for "saving trees", caring for every green space, actively participating in tree planting activities, saving energy, using work and daily necessities made of renewable materials, changing eating habits that are not conducive to environmental protection, living in harmony with animal and plant friends, and sorting and recycling garbage ...
8. Investment and financial management, investment risks
Family financial management methods: saving, buying government bonds and insurance (in which buying government bonds has low risk, high interest and good income).
Venture capital can increase income, but it also has great risks.
Risk Avoidance: Allocate the limited money reasonably and invest in two or more industries, and the factor produced by one industry happens to be the effective factor of the other industry (that is, not putting eggs in one basket).
9. Credit: the foundation of a career.
10. Taxation and paying taxes according to law
Tax revenue is the most important and stable income of the country (accounting for more than 90% of China's fiscal revenue).
Paying taxes according to law is the responsibility and obligation of every citizen.
11.formulation of networks, internet cafes and rules
Let the students understand that there are several main characteristics of middle school students surfing the internet today: first, middle school students generally have a strong interest in surfing the internet; Second, most middle school students are motivated by seeking psychological adjustment, desire satisfaction and spiritual stimulation; Third, 75.32% students choose to surf the Internet in Internet cafes; Fourth, middle school students play games, make friends, chat and watch entertainment programs, and few people really use computers for learning; Fifth, making friends online has become a new development trend in middle school students' interpersonal communication; Sixth, most students think that the network will have a certain negative impact on people, but most students have not paid enough attention and vigilance to this, let alone actively control their behavior.
Of course, the existence of Internet cafes has its reasonable side. Students should be "sparse" and not "blocked" on the Internet.
History and Society Unit 8 Review Outline, Volume II, Grade Seven
The first lesson is the choice you will always face.
1 People in modern life have the same identity, that is, consumers. Consumers are our initial identity when we enter economic life.
Consumption is a process of enjoying goods and services to meet our daily needs.
The relationship between production and consumption is: production determines consumption, and consumption affects production. Without production, there is no consumption.
4 Describe the production "journey" of daily necessities (description, ranking)
In daily life, the most common consumption behavior is shopping in the market.
Commodity: It is not only produced goods, but also goods to be sold in the market. Labor products used for exchange. (will judge)
We can buy goods and services in the market.
Types of market: rural market, urban market, specialized market and e-commerce.
The role of the market: meet people's needs, bring convenience to life, and promote economic prosperity and development.
10 e-commerce: buying and selling goods through computer networks.
1 1 The emergence of e-commerce has broken the traditional face-to-face transaction and enabled people far away from Wan Li to conduct trading activities.
12 under the condition of market economy, the price changes with the change of market supply and demand. Other factors that affect the price: season, such as seasonal commodities such as vegetables, fruits and clothing; Time to market, such as electronic products such as mobile phones, MP3 players, computers, wine and antiques; Location, such as different prices of local products due to different places of origin and sales, and different prices of similar goods in different purchasing power regions; Hot spots in life, such as popular things and commodities affected by emergencies; Brands, such as brand-name goods are more expensive, etc.)
13 The factors that affect people's shopping are: The quality, price, origin, brand, after-sales service, the needs and preferences of shoppers, the influence of advertising and the shopping environment, and so on.
14 How to shop reasonably? First of all, we should live within our means and arrange expenditures according to our own income level, so that expenditures can adapt to the income level. Secondly, don't forget thrift at any time, and it is best to analyze and compare before buying when shopping. Thirdly, when shopping, we should proceed from our actual needs and don't blindly follow them.
15 People's consumption patterns change with the development of the times, the progress of society and the improvement of living standards. For example, from the past "new three years, old three years, sewing and mending for another three years" and "buying as many things as you have" to today's timely "upgrading" and "living beyond one's means", we enjoy life in advance (spending ahead) by means of loans.
16 content of household consumption: First, meet the most basic needs of life (material consumption, such as eating and dressing); Then, pursue a higher quality of life (spiritual consumption, such as attending training and traveling); Labor consumption.
17 the purpose of household consumption: subsistence consumption, enjoyment consumption and development consumption (the proportion is rising).
18 Engel coefficient = food expenditure/total living consumption expenditure. (indicating the affluence of people's lives)
19 Engel's law means that the lower the income of a family or individual, the greater the proportion of its food expenditure in the total expenditure, and with the increase of family income, the proportion of food expenditure in the total income or expenditure of the family gradually decreases. For a country, the poorer a country is, the greater the proportion of food expenditure in the average expenditure of each national.
Green lifestyle: save resources and reduce pollution; Green consumption, environmental protection purchase; Reuse and reuse; Garbage sorting and recycling; Save species and protect nature. (such as choosing fluoride-free refrigerators, air conditioners and other electrical appliances, and choosing washing powder that does not pollute water sources; Choose recycled paper, use paper on both sides, recycle waste paper, etc.)
2 1 The consumption that emphasizes environmental protection has become the pursuit of high-quality life and the symbol of modern civilized life.
Lesson 2 A well-founded business is priceless.
1 What is investment: in the way of Qian Shengqian.
2 How to invest and operate successfully?
1) Dad's secret: everyone has nothing-new products-to ensure the leading position of the enterprise; People are superior to me-technological transformation-the source of enterprise vitality; People are superior and I am cheap-product price-an effective competitive means for enterprises; People are cheap and I change-market needs-a prerequisite for the survival of enterprises.
2) Avoid risks: "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." (Diversified investment) The benefits and risks of different projects are complementary.
The same characteristics of investment: it can bring wealth, but it also has risks, and the investment methods and risks that benefit greatly are correspondingly greater.
Enlightenment of uncle's grasping opportunities: ① having market awareness, accurately positioning and grasping opportunities. ② Hierarchy of market demand. ③ Let go of the burden, get rid of the old and take in the new, study the market demand and be brave in innovation. ④ Follow the laws of nature, adjust measures to local conditions and plant scientifically.
The way to start a business is to seize the opportunity, and the essentials of grasping the opportunity are: adapting to the time, adapting to the things, adapting to the circumstances and adapting to local conditions.
Investment is never equal to speculation. Successful entrepreneurs have always regarded credit as the foundation of their career.
A few people may gain temporary benefits by opportunism, immorality and bad faith. But in the end, we will lose all our partners and all our future opportunities.
Keeping promises may make enterprises lose some profits in the short term, but it will make enterprises win opportunities and possibilities for long-term development. Successful enterprises break through the world by virtue of their reputation (quality first, service first).
Lesson 3 It is everyone's responsibility to be the master of the country.
1 Main ways of family financial management: savings, bonds and insurance.
2 savings is one of the most common items in the general family ledger, and it is a method that every family can adopt to manage their finances.
3 savings: one of the most common items in the family ledger; Purpose [emergency, accident prevention, old age prevention, purchase of bulky goods, increase income (with interest, which belongs to investment), ……]; Risks (poor bank management, currency devaluation, financial crisis); Features (less income but more stable; Less risk; Flexible and can be withdrawn at any time)
Bonds, including: corporate bonds, financial bonds, national debt, etc.
Treasury bonds: bonds issued by the government, and also the most common bonds.
Advantages and risks of national debt. (Guaranteed by the country's reputation and financial resources, and the country undertakes the responsibility of repaying the principal and interest, it is the bond with the least risk, and the interest rate is higher than that of bank deposits in the same period, and the income is better; Some bonds can't be converted into cash in advance when you need them, which is a risk. )
7 Insurance: Why buy insurance? When encountering difficulties or losses, you can transfer risks, share losses equally, implement compensation and mortgage loans, and it can also be used as investment income in your daily life.
List several types of insurance: property insurance, life insurance, medical insurance, auto insurance, dividend insurance and so on.
9 What is the family budget? Arrange household income and expenditure in a planned way, mainly in two aspects: increasing income and reducing expenditure. Open source means increasing income; Reducing expenditure means planning expenditure.
10 What does a successful family budget do? Family budget is an important way of family financial management. A successful family budget can effectively increase income, reduce unnecessary expenses, and scientifically plan personal and family life.
1 1 surplus: income exceeds expenditure; Deficit: Expenditure exceeds income.
12 national expenditure items: expenditure for economic construction expenditure, social and cultural expenditure, national defense expenditure, administrative expenses expenditure, public facilities and services expenditure, etc.
13 national income and expenditure are called fiscal (national) books. How the state plans to arrange income and expenditure is the state budget.
14 In China, the National People's Congress holds a meeting every year, and one of the important topics is to review and approve the annual budget.
15 In our life, some important public facilities and services must be established by government investment. The army that defends national security, the state organs that work for the people, and many schools and scientific research institutions also depend on the state's income and expenditure.
16 national account books are not only closely related to our lives, but also play an irreplaceable role in the development of the whole society. (Significance of compulsory education project in poverty-stricken areas, Nanning-Kunming Railway, Three Gorges Project, Beijing-Kowloon Railway and South-to-North Water Transfer Project)
17 Various forms of national income: taxes, debts, interests and fees.
18 The most important and stable revenue of the national finance comes from taxes.
19 what is tax: the state collects taxes from taxpayers according to the standards prescribed by law.
20 China's main types of tax revenue:
Value-added tax is a tax that takes the value-added amount of taxpayers in production and business activities as the object of taxation.
Consumption tax is a tax levied on specific consumer goods and consumption behaviors.
Business tax is a tax based on the turnover (sales) of business activities.
Enterprise income tax is a tax levied on the operating income of an enterprise or organization in a certain period of time.
Customs duty is a kind of tax levied on goods and articles entering and leaving the territory of the People's Republic of China.
2 1 There are many kinds of taxes, each of which has a corresponding taxpayer.
Personal income tax is a tax that many people have to pay if their personal income reaches a certain amount.
Taxable items of personal income tax for 23 people: wages and salaries, manuscript fees, interest, etc.
The remarkable characteristics of individual income tax for 24 people are that high-income earners pay more taxes and low-income earners pay less taxes.
Tax function: enrich national finance, adjust personal income and reduce the gap between the rich and the poor.
We are always enjoying the benefits of tax, and we are always bearing the tax: as long as we consume, we are bearing the tax. Taxes, included in the price of final goods, are always paid by consumers.
Paying taxes according to law is the basic obligation of citizens. Our national tax is collected by the people and used by the people.
Be a small housekeeper of civilized life: times are different, and consumption concepts are different. We should respect each other's consumption patterns, but while pursuing high-quality consumption life, we should also be frugal, live within our means, and consume reasonably according to our actual needs. We should not consume excessively, blindly, or even waste indiscriminately.
China's tax authorities: State Taxation Bureau and Local Taxation Bureau.
Other information:
1 Apply for student loan-loan consumption; "If you can't eat, get around"-advocating frugality; "Save trees by saving cards"-the concept of environmental protection. The above are worthy of recognition, and students should be treated according to the actual situation when chatting in Internet cafes and having a birthday party. In general, these consumption patterns should not be advocated among middle school students.
Collecting stamps is also an investment. This is because the number of stamps issued by the state is limited. If it is used as a collection, with the passage of time, the number of stamps of the same kind in the market will continue to decrease, and its value will continue to increase. This is what we usually mean by "collectible". Therefore, it can be considered that "buying stamps is also an investment".
Everyone pays taxes, and the tax amount is the same. (wrong)
In China, only taxpayers are directly obligated to pay taxes. Moreover, when taxpayers pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, due to different taxes and tax rates, different collection methods, and different tax amounts, tax payment depends on voluntary rather than compulsory. (Wrong) Taxes are collected by the state with political power and free of charge according to law, which is mandatory. Taxpayers must pay taxes according to the provisions of the tax law, or they will be punished by law.
Paying taxes will increase personal burden and reduce family living standards. (wrong)
In China, tax revenue mainly comes from state-owned economy and collective economy, and the growth of tax revenue mainly depends on the development of production, the expansion of economic scale and the improvement of economic benefits. Paying taxes is not increasing the burden on individuals and families, nor will it reduce the living standards of families. The collection method of personal income tax also illustrates this point.
Paying taxes according to law is the duty of citizens. (right)
As a taxpayer, it is something to be proud of to pay taxes for our country consciously. Every citizen must bear the obligation to pay taxes while enjoying the services provided by the state. If everyone only wants to get benefits and doesn't want to pay the price, it will inevitably lead to the decline of the country, and even the best personal wishes will fail.
6 calculation of personal income tax
Review outline of history and society in grade one of junior high school
1.The relationship between man and society
Individuals can't live independently without society/people can't grow without society.
2. The main characteristics and critical period of adolescent healthy self-awareness.
Main characteristics: self-esteem, self-improvement, self-reliance, self-discipline, ability to distinguish right from wrong, and preparation for social responsibility.
The key period of adolescent healthy self-consciousness formation: middle school stage.
3. Social roles: Learn to distinguish several roles.
(1) Inherent roles: son (daughter), nationality, China citizen ...
(2) Roles stipulated by society: students, passengers, customers ...
(3) Role of one's choice: volunteer ...
(4) The role you want to play: scientist, singer, teacher, etc.
4. Three principles of interpersonal communication
(1) communication and understanding
(2) Respect and equality
(3) Integrity
Honesty and trustworthiness is the basic principle of being a man, while mutual respect and equal communication are important bridges for good communication between people.
5. Social fear
The reason for social phobia is timidity. Overcoming the fear in the process of communication and cultivating and exercising one's communication ability are important manifestations of good psychological quality.
The key to overcoming social fear is to have confidence in yourself.
6. No rules, no Fiona Fang.
(1) Definition of rules: Rules refer to the rules and regulations stipulated by social groups to achieve a certain goal, which shall be observed by all or participants.
Broad provisions: the general name of all normative documents formulated by the state (including constitution, laws, administrative regulations, etc.).
Narrow rules: normative documents issued by state administrative organs and local state organs.
(2) Forms of expression of rules: ① It exists in the form of words; (2) handed down in a conventional way.
(3) The meaning of rules: to serve a certain goal.
(4) Life is inseparable from rules: traffic signs, football rules, laws ...
Rules are made by people, and the appearance of any rules is closely related to people's lives. It is to enable people to live in an orderly, safe, healthy and appropriate way.
7. Laws and constitutions
Constitution is the fundamental law of the country and the most important law of the country, which stipulates and guarantees the basic rights of all citizens.
In our country, all important laws must be deliberated and passed by the National People's Congress.
8. zebra crossing
People's lives are inseparable from rules. With the development of society, rules are constantly improving and changing.
9. Social security system
(1) purpose of social security system: to ensure the basic living rights of all members of society.
(2) Content: The state provides assistance and subsidies.
(3) Meaning: In order to ensure the basic living rights of all social members, the state has established a system of providing assistance and subsidies in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, which is called the social security system.
(4) The social security system includes social insurance, social relief and social welfare.
10. Consumer rights and interests
When consumers' rights and interests are infringed, the correct way is to call the relevant departments to complain or to appeal to the consumers' association. When personal rights and interests are infringed, the correct way is to use legal means to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.
11.Green lifestyle (textbook 70 pages)
Green lifestyle includes: using fluorine-free refrigerators, air conditioners, washing powder that does not pollute water sources, calling for "saving trees", caring for every green space, actively participating in tree planting activities, saving energy, using work and daily necessities made of renewable materials, changing eating habits that are not conducive to environmental protection, living in harmony with animal and plant friends, and sorting and recycling garbage ...
12. Investment, wealth management and investment risks
Family financial management methods: saving, buying government bonds and insurance (in which buying government bonds has low risk, high interest and good income).
Venture capital can increase income, but it also has great risks.
Risk Avoidance: Allocate the limited money reasonably and invest in two or more industries, and the factor produced by one industry happens to be the effective factor of the other industry (that is, not putting eggs in one basket).
13. Emergency rescue and help
Fire alarm: 1 19 medical emergency: 120 Fei Jing: 1 10 traffic accident alarm: 122.
Correct use: report the detailed location and dangerous situation of the patient (case, fire).
14. Credit: the foundation of a career.
15. Taxation and paying taxes according to law
Tax revenue is the most important and stable income of the country (accounting for more than 90% of China's fiscal revenue).
Paying taxes according to law is the responsibility and obligation of every citizen.
16. literature, art and thought pursue achievements (the main achievements in textbooks include literature, art, science and thought)
Scientific achievements: China invented block printing as early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and there is the earliest block printing in the world, the Diamond Sutra; Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty; German scientist Gutenberg created modern lead movable type printing under the influence of Chinese movable type printing. American Bell invented the telephone; 1969, American astronauts successfully landed on the moon; Yuan Longping invented rice hybrid technology and successfully solved the problem of food and clothing in the world ...
Wei Gena's theory of continental drift. Madame Curie invented radium. Three great scientists: Newton, Hawking and Einstein.
Achievements in literature and art: There are so many beauties in the mountains, Rodin's sculpture The Thinker, Miron's sculpture The discus thrower, Picasso's large-scale oil painting guernica, Zhu Ziqing's prose The Back, Wei Wei's article Who is the cutest person, and Dude's novel The Last Lesson ...
China's national opera Peking Opera, China's calligraphy.
Architectural achievements: Gothic architecture (typical architecture is Cologne Cathedral), Renaissance architecture (Florence Cathedral).
Ideological achievements: early people's thinking about the world (Qu Yuan, Thales), Socrates' persistent understanding of "I", Confucius' great harmony society, Tao Yuanming's ideal country-Xanadu, Moore's utopia, French progressive thinkers (Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot), Marx and Engels' * * * Manifesto of the Productive Party.
17. farming age
As early as the Tang Dynasty, China had printing, which was developed in the Song Dynasty and became a model of scientific and technological invention in the farming era.
18. Olympic Movement and Spirit
The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece in the 8th century BC.
The important connotation of the Olympic spirit is: faster, higher and stronger.
The important spirit advocated by the Olympic Movement is: focusing on participation.
19. Rights and obligations of minors
(1) The rights of minors are
1.Right to life and health 5. Right to education 9. Right to freedom of speech
2. Name right 6. Portrait right10. Freedom of publication
3. Right to personal freedom 7. Right to honor11.Right to criticize and make suggestions
4. Custody 8. Copyright12. Right to expose and report
(2) obligations of minors: obligations in school life (study hard), family obligations (such as mopping the floor, taking out the garbage, taking care of relatives) and life obligations (such as protecting the ecological environment, maintaining indoor and outdoor sanitation of classrooms and schools, actively participating in greening activities, maintaining social order, observing traffic rules, etc.)
20. Whether you are physically disabled or mentally disabled (such as thunder? Yuri and Helen? Keller ... Let's talk briefly about the deeds of these characters. )
21.Famous sayings (name one of your favorite famous sayings and explain the reasons)
22. Honesty and examples (Honesty and trustworthiness is the basic principle of being a man, while credit is the foundation of an enterprise's career. You can cite examples that you know reflect honesty)
Engel's coefficient
The ratio of food expenditure to total living consumption expenditure is called Engel coefficient.
The greater the Engel's coefficient, the poorer the family or country, and conversely, the richer it is.
24. The formulation of networks, Internet cafes and rules
Let the students understand that there are several main characteristics of middle school students surfing the internet today: first, middle school students generally have a strong interest in surfing the internet; Second, most middle school students are motivated by seeking psychological adjustment, desire satisfaction and spiritual stimulation; Third, 75.32% students choose to surf the Internet in Internet cafes; Fourth, middle school students play games, make friends, chat and watch entertainment programs, and few people really use computers for learning; Fifth, making friends online has become a new development trend in middle school students' interpersonal communication; Sixth, most students think that the network will have a certain negative impact on people, but most students have not paid enough attention and vigilance to this, let alone actively control their behavior.
Of course, the existence of Internet cafes has its reasonable side. Students should be "sparse" and not "blocked" on the Internet.
Investigation requirements: let students make rules (how to surf the internet, but with restrictions, without the negative influence of the network. )