Q: An analysis of how local financial indicators are linked to deposits and loans;
First of all, analyze the relationship between local financial indicators and deposits and loans.
Local financial indicators refer to the important reference indicators for the development of local financial system, mainly including loan balance, deposit balance, loan interest rate and deposit interest rate. These indicators reflect the relationship between supply and demand in local financial markets and can help us understand the relationship between supply and demand in local financial markets and the influencing factors of deposits and loans.
1, deposit balance The deposit balance is an important indicator to measure the development level of the local financial system and the confidence of local customers. Usually, the higher the deposit balance, the stronger the confidence of local customers in the financial market, and the more loans they can support, and the loan interest rate will be reduced accordingly.
2. Loan balance The loan balance is an important indicator to measure the development level of the local financial system and the confidence of local customers in the financial market. Usually, the higher the loan balance, the stronger the confidence of local customers in the financial market, the more loans they can afford and the higher the deposit interest rate.
3. Loan interest rate The loan interest rate is an important indicator to measure the development level of the local financial system and the confidence of local customers in the financial market. Generally, the higher the loan interest rate, the weaker the confidence of local customers in the financial market, and the corresponding decline in the deposit balance.
4. Deposit interest rate The deposit interest rate is an important indicator to measure the development level of the local financial system and the confidence of local customers in the financial market. Usually, the higher the deposit interest rate, the stronger the confidence of local customers in the financial market, the more deposits they can afford, and the higher the loan interest rate.
To sum up, financial indicators are inextricably linked with deposits and loans in various places, which will affect the confidence of local customers in the financial market, thus affecting the balance of deposits and loans and interest rates.
Dry goods: What are the main paths for local government financing?
Government financing is a topic that is often discussed. In fact, the main purpose of government financing is to achieve local economic growth and social development goals. So what are the main paths of local government financing? The following is the "government financing path" I introduced to you. Welcome to reading.
First, revitalize government assets.
(A) the development of land resources
Land is the main asset of the city, and many areas have used land to raise a lot of money for infrastructure construction.
Land is a kind of scarce resource with special properties, so it is necessary to use land reasonably and prudently for financing and adopt a relatively perfect scheme.
(B) the reform of state-owned enterprises
State-owned enterprises are also one of the important assets of the government, which have a profound impact on the government's macro-control and the performance of public functions.
With the acceleration of the reform of state-owned enterprises, various regions have made many attempts to use the reform of state-owned enterprises to finance the government. The main ways are:
1. Build a strong enterprise
Establish backbone enterprises or enterprise groups through enterprise reorganization, enterprise division, joint venture and merger. And through its excellent assets and favorable position to achieve the purpose of financing.
2. Reform of property rights system
For qualified enterprises, joint-stock system or joint-stock cooperative system can be reformed in various ways to gradually realize state-owned shares.
3. Separation of management rights
For enterprises whose property rights system reform cannot be completed in one step, they can sell their management rights by contracting and leasing to achieve the purpose of financing.
To raise funds through the reform of state-owned enterprises, we must consider multiple interests. First of all, we should consider effectively improving the allocation efficiency of state-owned assets and promoting the appreciation of state-owned assets. Secondly, we should consider promoting the development of state-owned enterprises and promoting the growth of the national economy. Finally, consider how to increase government revenue and solve the problem of insufficient construction funds. We should not reform just for financing, at the expense of the interests of state-owned enterprises.
(C) the management of urban intangible resources
As a regional manager, the government has many rights in urban construction and development, and these rights are resources in themselves. The government should make good use of these resources and create high efficiency through the market.
Specifically, the government can manage the following intangible resources:
1. Naming right
Most urban infrastructure such as roads, bridges, squares and green spaces can be regarded as general products, and their naming rights can be auctioned, or enterprises can be allowed to exchange construction for naming rights.
Step 2 make concessions
For example, the right to host large-scale cultural activities, the right to sponsor large-scale conferences and so on.
3. Advertising right
That is, through the sale of advertising rights on both sides of the road and key lots, funds are introduced.
4. Right of adoption
It refers to encouraging enterprises and individuals to adopt trees, green spaces and other related urban facilities in a paid way.
The use of urban intangible resources for financing requires the government to have great innovative spirit. On the one hand, it is necessary to localize the relevant experience that has been implemented in other regions and not mechanically imitate it; On the other hand, it is necessary to combine regional characteristics and create new intangible resources with local characteristics.
Second, the project financing
Project financing is a new financing method in recent years, which refers to the financing form of raising funds in the name of the project for more than one year and bearing the debt repayment responsibility with the operating income of the project.
Mainly can take the following forms:
(1) product payment
Product payment is aimed at the repayment method of project loans. After the project is put into production, the borrower directly repays the principal and interest with the project products, instead of repaying the debts with the sales income of the project products. Before the loan is repaid, the lender owns some or all of the products of the project, and the borrower takes the lender's loan as the discounted net value of the sales income of these products when paying off the debt.
Product payment is the most widely used form of financing for oil, gas and mining projects in the United States. Its characteristics are: the only source of repayment of debt principal and interest is the product of the project; The loan repayment period should be shorter than the effective production period of the project; The lender is not directly responsible for the project operating expenses.
(2) Financing lease
That is, if you need funds to buy some equipment in the project construction, you can apply for financial leasing from financial institutions. The equipment is purchased by the financial institution and leased to the construction unit, and the construction unit pays the financial institution the rent for renting the equipment. Financial leasing is widely used in asset-backed financing, especially in the purchase of ships and aircraft, and in the preparation of large-scale power projects.
(3) BOT financing
Namely "build-operate-transfer". The typical form of BOT is that the government signs a contract with a private sector project company, which is responsible for the design, financing and construction of infrastructure. The project company will own, operate and maintain the facility during the agreement period, and recover the investment and obtain reasonable profits by collecting royalties or service fees.
After the expiration of the agreement, the ownership of the facility will be transferred to the host government free of charge.
BOT investment is mainly used to build infrastructure projects such as toll roads, power plants, railways, sewage treatment facilities and urban subways.
Asset-backed securities financing
That is, asset income securitization financing.
It is a kind of project financing method to raise funds by issuing bonds in the international capital market through a set of credit rating promotion plans with the expected income of project assets as the guarantee.
Third, the use of foreign debt.
Foreign debt is the country's foreign debt.
Since 1980s, Beijing has successfully utilized various foreign debts, effectively making up for the shortage of construction funds and promoting the economic development of the capital. In recent years, local governments at district and county levels have also made useful attempts in utilizing foreign debts.
Specifically, there are two kinds of foreign debts that can be used:
(1) Loans from foreign governments
Foreign government loans refer to long-term preferential loans provided by foreign governments to developing countries. It has the nature of intergovernmental development assistance or partial donation, and is also called bilateral loan in international statistics. Together with multilateral loans, it constitutes official credit. Foreign government loans are mainly used in public and financial fields such as infrastructure construction and environmental protection.
The interest rate of foreign government loans is very low, the term is about 30 years, and the application period is within 1 year. Since 1980s, Beijing has used more than 60 foreign government loan projects/KLOC-0.
(2) Loans from international financial organizations
International financial organizations that provide multilateral loans to China are mainly the World Bank, the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Asian Development Bank.
The loan terms of international financial organizations are relatively favorable, mainly in that the loan interest rate is lower than the market interest rate or even free of interest, the loan term and grace period are longer, and the borrower mainly bears the risk of exchange rate changes in the loan currency. The loan projects of international financial organizations are serious and strict, and are generally related to specific projects.
Ask the lending country to provide detailed information about the loan project. It is required that the loan must be repaid on schedule, and the repayment date cannot be changed halfway. The procedure for approving the project is very strict and takes a long time. Generally, it takes 1.5 ~ 2 years from project proposal to contract signing.
Fourth, domestic capital market financing.
Although China's domestic capital market is not perfect, it is also a way for local governments to raise funds under the existing conditions.
Local governments should first choose one or several companies with listing potential and make them grow up gradually through preferential policies.
(1) Through bundling, backdoor listing, raising funds through the capital market, and then investing in infrastructure construction, the government gives preferential policies to form a virtuous circle of development. This not only completed the infrastructure construction, but also promoted the regional economic development.
(2) issuing bonds for financing. The advantage of bond financing is that the investment risk is smaller than that of stock financing. Domestic practice has proved that as long as the bond interest rate is subsidized to 1 ~ 2 percentage points lower than the loan interest rate in the same period, the attractiveness of corporate bond financing can be greatly enhanced.
(3) issue convertible bonds, which are a kind of mixed financial instruments. The stock attribute is over 90% and the bond attribute is 100%. It is precisely because of its dual attributes that it not only integrates all the advantages of stocks and bonds, but also avoids some defects of stocks and bonds, so it is a very promising financing tool.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) private financing
Under the basic national conditions of persistent deflation and insufficient effective demand, it is of great significance to start private capital.
It is a useful attempt to learn from relevant experience and explore how to introduce it into the field of public investment.
Generally speaking, private financing can take the following ways:
Direct investment
Opening the field of government investment directly to the people, because it saves construction funds, which is equivalent to raising funds in disguise.
So far, there are not many examples of private capital participating in government infrastructure construction, but it is very common abroad. Establish individual and private investment development funds, guarantee the investment development of individual and private units or discount loans, encourage individual and private units to participate in infrastructure construction, relax the restrictions of individual and private units on urban infrastructure investment, and encourage individual and private units to participate in investment in high-tech industries, especially high-tech industrialization projects.
(2) Social fund-raising
It is also an effective way to raise urban construction funds by adopting appropriate social fund-raising methods. The core of this form is who benefits and who invests, which can effectively alleviate the pressure on urban construction funds.
(3) Social donation
Social donation is mainly to publicize the significance of urban construction and the prospect of urban development, and to mobilize powerful entrepreneurs to support urban construction through voluntary donation of funds and goods.
The government needs to study how to give non-material rewards to donors, encourage them to donate, and form a good social trend.
Six, commercial bank loans
At present, the liabilities of most local governments in China are loans from commercial banks. These loans are widely used by local governments because they are easy to obtain and the procedures are simple. Once the repayment is tight, they can also make use of the relationship between the government and banks to make some accommodation. On the other hand, commercial bank loans generally have shorter term, higher interest rate and more restrictions. Moreover, with the widespread concern of non-performing loans of banks, repayment has become more and more rigid, which has caused a greater repayment burden to local governments.
The consequences of the government debt crisis are unimaginable, so commercial bank loans should be used with extra caution.
Seven, strive for superior funds.
Strive for funds mainly combined with related project construction, and strive for financial support from units above the city. To sum up, there are various ways of government financing, which can be arranged reasonably according to the actual situation.
Is the loan in inclusive finance formal?
Shanghai inclusive finance loan is formal.
Under normal circumstances, as long as loans are granted to institutions with consumer finance licenses and local financial licenses in inclusive finance, regular companies include:
1. inclusive finance lending institutions with consumer finance licenses: Suning Consumer Finance, BOC Consumer Finance, Zhaolian Consumer Finance, etc.
2. inclusive finance lending institutions with local financial licenses: Ant Small Loan, Loan Repayment, Pleasant Loan, Auction Loan, etc.
Why is a local bank loan better?
1, the loan threshold of local banks is still slightly lower.
2. Local banks are joint-stock local financial institutions with multiple shares, and the loan threshold will be tailored to local conditions.
Regulations of Zhejiang Province on Local Finance
Chapter I General Provisions Article 1 These Regulations are formulated in accordance with relevant laws, administrative regulations and the provisions of the State Council, combined with the actual situation of this province, with a view to strengthening local financial supervision and management, preventing and defusing financial risks, maintaining regional financial stability, promoting the healthy development of local finance and guiding financial services to the real economy. Article 2 Local financial institutions, local financial supervision and management (work) departments and other departments engaged in financial business within the administrative region of this province shall abide by these regulations when implementing local financial supervision and management and preventing and handling financial risks. Where laws, administrative regulations and the state provide otherwise, such provisions shall prevail.
The term "local financial organizations" as mentioned in these Regulations refers to legally established companies, financing guarantee companies, pawn shops, financial leasing companies, commercial factoring companies, local asset management companies, regional equity markets and other local trading places, farmers' professional cooperatives, private financing service enterprises, and other organizations engaged in financial business as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations and authorized by the provincial people's government of the State Council.
Other trading places mentioned in these Regulations refer to all kinds of trading places that engage in equity transactions such as creditor's rights, intellectual property rights, cultural and artistic rights, financial assets rights and commodity trading, excluding trading places that only engage in physical transactions such as vehicles and real estate, and public resource trading places established by the people's governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments according to law. Article 3 Local financial work shall follow the principles of classified management, prudence, risk prevention and control, and innovation and development. Article 4 The people's governments at the provincial level shall establish and improve the local financial supervision and management system, improve the deliberation and coordination mechanism of local governments' financial work, coordinate major issues of local financial reform, development and stability, coordinate and solve major issues in local financial supervision and management and financial risk prevention and disposal, implement the responsibility of territorial financial supervision and management, financial risk prevention and disposal and the responsibility of the first person responsible for illegal fund-raising, and accept the guidance and supervision of the State Council Financial Stability and Development Committee.
The deliberation and coordination mechanism of local government financial work should strengthen cooperation with the local coordination mechanism of the State Council Financial Stability and Development Committee Office in the aspects of supervision and management of local financial organizations, prevention and disposal of financial risks, protection of financial consumers' rights and interests, and information sharing.
The people's governments of cities and counties (cities, districts) divided into districts shall strengthen their leadership over local financial work, strengthen the capacity building of local financial supervision and management, take measures to guide financial services to the real economy, promote the development of the financial industry, and assume the responsibility of preventing and handling local financial risks in accordance with regulations. Fifth provincial local financial supervision and management departments are responsible for the supervision and management of local financial organizations in the province, and organize, coordinate and guide the prevention and disposal of financial risks.
The local financial department of a city divided into districts and the department determined by the people's government of a county (city, district) (hereinafter referred to as the local financial department) shall be responsible for the specific work of preventing and handling financial risks within their respective administrative areas, and undertake the relevant work of supervision and management of local financial organizations in accordance with the provisions of these Regulations.
The development and reform, finance, public security, judicial administration, human resources and social security, market supervision and management, taxation and other departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall do a good job in relevant work in accordance with their statutory duties. Article 6 People's governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall adopt various forms to popularize financial laws and regulations and knowledge of financial risk prevention, so as to improve the public's financial knowledge level and awareness of risk prevention.
News, publishing, radio, television, Internet and other business units should carry out public welfare propaganda to prevent financial risks and strengthen supervision by public opinion. Article 7 Any unit or individual has the right to complain and report acts in violation of the provisions of these Regulations.
The relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall establish and improve the complaint reporting mechanism, publish a unified acceptance method, and handle complaints and reports in a timely manner. Chapter II Supervision and Administration of Local Financial Institutions Article 8 When engaging in financial activities, local financial institutions shall follow the principles of legal operation, honesty and trustworthiness, and controllable risks, and shall not harm the national interests, social public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of others. Article 9 Companies, financing guarantee companies, pawn shops, financial leasing companies, commercial factoring companies, local asset management companies, regional equity markets and other local trading places, farmers' professional cooperatives and other local financial organizations that are supervised and managed by the provincial people's government authorized by the State Council as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations shall obtain corresponding administrative licenses or put on record in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and relevant national financial supervision and management regulations.
Private financing service enterprises shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the province, file with the local financial department of the city divided into districts. Article 10 The local financial supervision and management (work) departments of provinces and cities divided into districts shall establish the information publicity system of local financial institutions, and publish and update the list of local financial institutions and their relevant licensing and filing information in a way that is convenient for the public to know. Article 11 Local financial institutions shall improve corporate governance structure, implement business compliance and risk management systems, and form effective internal checks and balances and risk prevention and control mechanisms.
Local financial institutions should strengthen equity management, standardize shareholders' shareholding behavior, and concentrate equity in qualified equity custody institutions according to regulations. Specific measures for equity custody shall be formulated by provincial and local financial supervision and management departments.
Regulations of Shandong Province on Local Finance
Chapter I General Provisions Article 1 In order to give full play to the role of financial services in economy and society, promote financial development and maintain financial stability, these Regulations are formulated in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations and in light of the actual situation of this province. Article 2 Local financial institutions, local financial supervision institutions and relevant units and individuals engaged in financial services, financial development and financial supervision activities within the administrative region of this province shall abide by these regulations.
The term "local financial organizations" as mentioned in these Regulations refers to companies, financing guarantee companies, private financing institutions, trading places for equity transactions and bulk commodity transactions between spot and futures, farmers' professional credit cooperatives, private investment management institutions and other institutions or organizations engaged in financial activities authorized by the State Council and its relevant departments.
Where the state has other provisions on financial services, financial development and financial supervision, those provisions shall prevail. Article 3 Local financial work should adhere to the combination of promoting development and preventing risks, follow the principles of being active, steady, safe and prudent, maintain the healthy and stable operation of finance, build a good local financial ecological environment, promote financial services to the real economy, and promote economic and social development. Article 4 People's governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the organization and leadership of local financial work, establish and improve the local financial supervision system in accordance with the principle of territorial management, strengthen coordination and cooperation with relevant state departments and financial institutions, formulate support policies, timely study and solve major problems in local financial work, prevent and resolve financial risks, and promote the healthy development of local finance. Article 5 The local financial supervision institutions of the people's governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the comprehensive coordination and guidance of financial services and financial development within their respective administrative areas, and supervise local financial institutions and related financial activities in accordance with the provisions of these Regulations.
The people's governments at or above the county level shall develop and reform, economy and informatization, finance, public security, agriculture, land and resources, housing and urban construction, commerce, auditing, industrial and commercial administration and other departments, and do a good job in related work according to the division of responsibilities. Article 6 Local financial institutions shall conduct business according to law and shall not be interfered by any organ, unit or individual.
Local financial institutions shall operate legally, be honest and trustworthy, take risks at their own risk, and conduct self-discipline management, and shall not harm the public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of others. Article 7 Radio, television, newspapers, internet and other media should strengthen the publicity and supervision by public opinion of financial laws and regulations and related knowledge, improve the public's financial knowledge level and risk prevention awareness, and create a good financial development environment. Chapter II Financial Services Article 8 When conducting business, local financial institutions shall firmly establish the concept of taking customers as the center, sign contracts fairly according to law, strictly fulfill their legal obligations, and safeguard the property and information safety of consumers.
Local financial institutions should establish appropriate systems for financial consumers and investors, and introduce appropriate financial products and services to appropriate consumers and investors. When providing financial products and services, local financial institutions should truthfully disclose information that may affect their decisions to consumers and investors in easy-to-understand language or words, and fully remind them of risks; Those who fail to fulfill the obligation of truthful notification or risk warning shall be liable for compensation according to law.
Units and individuals engaged in financial investment and consumption activities should enhance their risk awareness and follow the principle of self-financing and self-risk. Article 9 A company shall conduct its business in accordance with the principle of small amount and decentralization, focusing on providing financing services for small and micro enterprises, farmers, agriculture and rural economic development. It can broaden financing channels by issuing preferred shares, private placement bond and asset securitization, and improve its ability to serve the real economy. Article 10 A financing guarantee company shall carry out loan guarantee, bill acceptance guarantee, trade financing guarantee, project financing guarantee and letter of credit guarantee according to law, so as to improve the service level of enterprise financing and credit enhancement. When the loan guarantee business that meets the national and provincial regulations is compensated, the financing guarantee company, the risk compensation fund and the loan bank can determine the risk sharing ratio through consultation. Eleventh private capital management institutions, private financing registration service institutions and other private financing institutions shall conduct business in accordance with the approved business scope and region, and promote the orderly docking of private capital supply and demand.
Private capital management institutions shall provide equity investment, debt investment, short-term financial investment, capital investment consulting and other services for real economy projects.
Non-governmental financing registration service institutions shall, in the form of information intermediary or information platform, provide the public with information on the supply and demand of financing funds and related supporting services. Article 12 Local trading places such as stock exchange market, regional stock exchange market, spot and futures commodity exchange market shall improve their business rules and management systems, implement appropriate access management for investors, strengthen interconnection and unified settlement platform construction, innovate over-the-counter trading methods, and provide high-quality and efficient services for market participants in trading places. Thirteenth farmers' professional cooperatives should adhere to the principle of membership and closure, improve scientific decision-making and effective governance structure, effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of members, meet the capital needs of members, and serve the development of farmers, agriculture and rural economy.
The introduction of local financial loans and local financial policies ends here. I wonder if you have found the information you need?