In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the toast system was the Jimi system, and the prefectures and counties controlled by the toast were called Jimi Prefecture, which abided by the principle of "hereditary duty, keeping its soil and keeping its people for a long time". In Jimi Prefecture, except for tribal leaders who need to pay tribute to the capital regularly, ordinary people do not need to pay taxes from the central government.
Since the Tusi system in Yuan Dynasty, local Tusi have to pay taxes to the central government, but they are not directly collected by the tax officials of the central government, but are collected by the Tusi themselves and handed over to the central government by the Tusi.
In the Yuan Dynasty, four chieftain families had been formed in Guizhou, except for the Yang chieftain in Bozhou and the Tian chieftain in Sizhou. The other two chieftains were Shuixi 'an and Shuidong Songshi mentioned above.
According to the strength of the toast and the size of the controlled territory, Yuan divided the toast into Xuanwei Division, Xuanfu Division, Pacification Division and Changlawsuit. There are more than 300 large and small toasts in Guizhou, and there are many small toasts in Guiyang, which is under the military and civilian pacification division of Shunyuan Road.
The chieftain system in Ming Dynasty was more strict. The people under the jurisdiction of chieftain were logged into "civilian households" and "military households" respectively, and were under the jurisdiction of the Chief Secretary and the Commander-in-Chief. Many of the health centers built by the Ming army along the post road were located under the jurisdiction of chieftain, and they were not in command of each other.
In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Shuidong's family and Shuixi's family * * * entered the DPRK together, and Ming merged Shuixi and Shuidong into one, which was the Xuanwei Department of Guizhou, the Anshi generation was the Xuanwei ambassador, and the Songshi generation was the Xuanwei and Tongzhi. In the 11th year of Yongle (14 13), after the establishment of the Chief Secretary of Guizhou, the land tax system was gradually integrated with the whole country, but all the grain difference in the Tusi area was still claimed by the Tusi, and then it was shared step by step by the natives and the natives.
Matouzhai of Songshi in Shuidong
In the first year of the Apocalypse (162 1), the Ming Dynasty tried to transfer 10,000 troops from Xi 'an to help the war, but it was stopped for fear of causing conflicts. It also prepared to transfer 30,000 troops from Yong Ning, who had always loved and killed Shui Xi 'an, to help Liao, and the head of Yong Ning's luxury family rebelled with his son-in-law Fan Long. In the second year of the Apocalypse, An Bang Yan of Shui Xi 'an's family held his nephew to make him feel comfortable and respond
In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Song Siyin was dismissed from his post in Guizhou, and twelve horseheads of Shuidong Song's direct territorial waters (now Qingzhen, Guiyang) were diverted to Kaizhou (now Kaiyang, Guiyang).
After the Qing Dynasty occupied the north, from the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644) to the second year of Hong Guang (1646), the old ministers of the Ming Dynasty successively established Fu Wang to establish Hong Guang regime in Nanjing, Shaoxing regime with Lu Wang as the supervisor, Longwu regime with Tang Wang as the emperor in Fuzhou, Yongli regime with Gui Wang as the emperor in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and Shaowu regime with Tang Wangdi as the emperor in Guangzhou. With the support of the old ministers of the Ming Dynasty and the remnants of the Great Western Army, the Yongli regime persisted until the fifteenth year of Yongli (166 1) before it was wiped out by the Qing army. Other regimes, either busy competing for orthodoxy or contending for power and profit among supporters, soon failed under the offensive of the Qing Dynasty.
In the short fifteen-year perpetual fifteen-year period that witnessed the last decline and fall of the Ming Dynasty, there were four years (1651-1656), and Guiyang existed as the capital of the perpetual dynasty in the southern Ming Dynasty.
1646, the Hong Guang dynasty and the Longwu regime were defeated one after another. Ding Kuichu, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Qu Shi, and Wang Huacheng, the inspector of patrol, established Wang Gui Zhu Youlang as the supervisor in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and with the support of He Tengjiao, governor of Huguang, officially established Guiwang as the supervisor on October 14th, 1646, and soon proclaimed himself emperor, with/kloc-0.
In the same year of Hong Guang's second year, Zhang Xianzhong was killed by the Qing Dynasty, and Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo, Liu Wenxiu and Aiqi were returned to the Ming Dynasty to fight against the Qing Dynasty. For three years, Sun Kewang marched from Chongqing to Guizhou, went down to Tongzi County in Zunyi, and defeated the fortification of the Ming army in Wujiang River, crossed the Wujiang River, then conquered Huishui County in Qianxi, which borders Guiyang and Anshun, and then conquered Guiyang. It was expected to head for Guangxi to join the Yongli Dynasty in Wang Gui, * *.
Coincided with the chaos in Yunnan, Shiping Tusi Long was in the field for help. Sun Kewang suddenly changed his plan and marched into Yunnan. With the personality of Sun Kewang's first mouse at both ends, the reason for the sudden change of plan was probably because Sun Kewang saw the opportunity to expand his territory, and he probably only used Guiwang and Yongli Court as political chips in his hands from the beginning.
After the occupation of Yunnan by the Great Western Army, Sun Kewang claimed to be the King of Pingdong, and soon claimed to be the "King of the Country". He even made a "Prosperous Dynasty Tongbao" with the help of the calendar year. Under the planning of Yang Weizhi, the former Yunnan envoy of the Ming Dynasty, Sun Kewang returned to the Yongli regime and served as a vassal, but he still insisted on asking the Yongli court for the title of "King of Qin".
From 1647 to 1650, He Tengjiao was captured and failed, Guilin fell, and most of the Ming troops in the hands of Emperor Yongli had been lost, but only Sun Kewang, who was left with a dagger in his heart, was still showing him kindness. The imperial court in Yongli had nowhere to go. In December of the fifth year of Yongli, the Kong Youde Department of Qing Dynasty advanced on Nanning. In the first month of the sixth year of Yongli, Wang Gui arrived in Guangnan. Sun Kewang sent Wang Aixiu, the company commander, to meet the driver. The book said: I went to Guangdong in a lonely place, and I was invited again, but I was not allowed to do it ... I thought again and again, only the three provincial capitals of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangdong, where Anlong was located, had strong battlements, and all the food was repaired.
In the first month of the fifth year of Yongli, Emperor Yongli and his party set out from Guangnan, and after more than ten days' trekking, they arrived at Anlong, hundreds of kilometers away from Guiyang (now in Qianxi Autonomous Prefecture, Anlong is not on the five major post roads in Guizhou built by Yuan, and this resettlement plan can also be seen that Sun Kewang's plan to replace Nanming was planned early), while Sun Kewang sat alone in Guiyang, officially beginning the history of Yongli Dynasty in Guiyang.
The Yongli regime in Nanming made Guiyang its capital for a short time.
In the second year of Yongli, in order to break the siege of Yunnan and Guizhou by the Qing army, Sun Kewang stayed in Yunnan, Li Dingguo led 100,000 troops to March to Hunan, and Liu Wenxiu led 50,000 troops to March to Sichuan. Liu and libing were in a strong position, and Liu joined Yibin, Leshan, Chengdu and Chongqing, while Li Dingguo attacked Hunan in two ways, then joined forces with Guangxi, captured the whole territory of Guangxi, and forced Kong Youde to set himself on fire and die in Guilin.
When Sun Kewang saw Li Dingguo's impressive record, he was suspicious and worried that his position would be threatened. In the same year, Sun Kewang transferred the troops occupying Sichuan into Guizhou and marched into Hunan. From the seventh year to the eighth year of Yongli, Li Dingguo fought in Guangdong and Guangxi, winning many battles, while Sun Kewang repeatedly designed plots to attack Li Dingguo, but failed.
Sun Kewang returned to Guiyang, plotting to get the throne he longed for so much. In the spring of the eighth year of Yongli, Emperor Yongli sent someone to call Li Dingguo to Enron to enter the guard, but Sun Kewang noticed that all the eighteen ministers who had planned this matter were put to death on charges of "stealing treasures and correcting imperial edicts, deceiving the monarch and making mistakes in the country". Except for Wu Yuzhen, who was hanged by Emperor Yongli's intercession, all the others were executed in the year.
In June of the same year, Sun Kewang rushed to Kunming to claim the title of emperor, but failed because of the narrow size of the crown. In the ninth year of Yongli, Guan Youcai was sent to Nanning to attack Li Dingguo. After defeating Guan Youcai's department, Li Dingguo arrived in Anlong in the tenth year of Yongli, escorting Yongli Emperor from Panxian County, Guizhou Province to Yunnan, ending the history of Yongli regime in Guiyang.
In the end, the Yongli regime was defeated by Wu Sangui who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and with the stabilization of the Qing Dynasty's rule, the Southwest Tusi came to an end.
In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), Wu Sangui took the view that "An Kun, the water-west toast, has long stored up different ideas, and it would be bad to hear about the ghosts being sacrificed". The meeting of Wang Dachen in the Qing Dynasty decided that "An Kun, Ma Nai, the water-west toast, Long Jizhao, and Wu Sa, the toast, An Chongsheng, etc., were willing to be obedient and rebellious, with ulterior motives. Should be carefully planned as requested, and the camera will be annihilated. "
In the third year of Kangxi, the Qing court ordered Wu Sangui to attack Shuixi, besieged it with ten troops, captured Ankun and An Chongsheng, and completely abolished Shuixi Tusi. In four years, Wu Sangui requested that Shuixi and Wusa Tusi be changed to Dading, Pingyuan, Qianxi and Weining. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Anshengzu, the posthumous son of Shuixi Tusi Ankun, got the support of the clansmen, led the troops to help clear the rebellion, and the Qing court restored Shuixi Tusi, but Anshengzu was childless. According to the policy of stopping the attack on the Tusi without heirs, Shuixi Tusi completely withdrew from the historical stage of Guizhou.
After the downfall of Wu Sangui's regime, the Tusi system continued to develop in the direction of centralization. In the early Qing Dynasty, the policy of "Tusi in Yunnan and Guizhou temporarily followed its customs" was adopted, but in order to restrict Tusi, four measures were still implemented:
First, strictly regulate the inheritance system to prevent disputes and attacks on the toast. The second is to make it clear that Tusi has three major obligations: "only tribute, only tribute and only soldiers". The third is to use the central civil servants to audit the Tusi's work. "If you are meritorious, you will be punished, and if you are guilty," you will be assessed every three years. The fourth is the promulgation of the "Miao Jiang Prohibition", which stipulates that the chieftain must be controlled by the officials at the same level. In addition, it is stipulated that the heirs of the toast should stop attacking, and the guilty toast should be demoted or removed.
In the fourth year of Yongzheng, E Ertai, governor of Yunnan-Guizhou Guangxi, published the book "Improving the soil and returning to the flow". The general principle of improving the soil and returning to the flow is to cut the big and save the small, and all the toast fields will be cleared, and all the people will enter the household. The toast against the central power will be resolutely abolished. Compared with the previous generation, the political power of the chieftain in Guizhou and Yunnan has declined to the lowest point in history.
Mixed folk customs in eleven provinces
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guiyang has become a city with a history of 400 years of immigration, and the customs of Guiyang city are mixed with immigrants from various provinces.
These foreigners have brought all their local beliefs to Guiyang in the above-mentioned nine halls in eleven provinces, and none of them have a dominant position in culture. This is also the reason why Guiyang people can never feel that Guiyang is a city with culture, because the obvious folk customs in the immigrant city have been melted by the city, which does not prevent the culture of the former immigrants from lying quietly in Guiyang's place name and past history.
Hubei Guild Hall built Yu Palace because Hubei people worshipped Dayu, and its address is Tianjiaxiang in Guiyang today.
Zilin 'an, a famous area in the old city of Guiyang, was named Zilin 'an because Hunan people were good at building Shoufu Temple, and there was a "Chuheng Villa" in the suburbs of Guiyang at that time, so it had quite a field scenery and became the first gathering place for Guiyang literati and scholars in the late Qing Dynasty. During the Anti-Japanese War, the people moved to Chongqing, and immigrants flocked to Guiyang again, opening up Zilin 'an area for foreigners to live in, so Zilin 'an, with its beautiful fields, did not exist.
Today Zilin 'an
The remains of Jiangxi people still exist. Jiangxi people worship Xu Xun, a Taoist priest in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and there are Wanshou Palace in Guiyang. The Wanshou Palace in Guiyang is located in Taiping Street, and so is the Wanshou Palace built by Qingyan in Guiyang, which still exists today.
Sichuanese worship Li Bing's father and son, so they build the Chuanzu Temple for Li Bing's father and son. Fujian people admire Mazu, and Mazu Tempel was built in Guiyang.
From this record alone, it can be seen that the Han people also have diversity in their beliefs, and their beliefs also occupy a great position in the spiritual world of the Han people. Otherwise, they will definitely not leave home for Wan Li, and they will sacrifice to the gods of their hometown in the remote southwest hinterland.
As for the old immigrants, they built Yangming Temple and Yin Daozhen shrines on Fufengshan Mountain in Guiyang. Sacrifices were given to Wang Yangming, who had cultivated literature and enlightened Taoism in the hometown of Shuixi, and Yin Daozhen, a great scholar in Guizhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty, to commemorate their great achievements in opening up cultural and educational undertakings in Guizhou.
Apart from the diverse beliefs of the Han nationality, the beliefs of the Miao, Buyi and all the ethnic minorities around Guiyang also exist in Guiyang.
The "April 8th" of Guiyang Miao people is the most well-known in the past, but now Guiyang people and even Guiyang Miao people know nothing about it.
According to the legend of Miao people in Guiyang, in the Song Dynasty, a leader named Gulu Sad Zan led Miao ancestors to reclaim land near Heiyangqing occupied by Yi people, and died of overwork. His successor Sai Luyujiu, who died of overwork, is said to have been buried at the Great Cross in the center of Guiyang Old City (fountain area, where the bronze statue of Zhou Xicheng was located in the Republic of China, is still the financial center and once the commodity center of Guiyang Old City). It is agreed that the Miao people near Guiyang, regardless of distance, sex, age and rain, will bring glutinous rice to the bronze statue platform and Guangdong Street to sweep graves every April 8, and then this activity will gradually take on an entertainment nature in addition to sacrifice. On April 8, the Miao people in Guiyang will gather near the bronze statue platform to sing and dance.
Qingyan, Huaxi and Longli Miao people near Guiyang are also blessed places of anthropology in China. As early as the late Qing Dynasty, the famous anthropologist Torii Ryuzo, 1902, went to the southwest alone for an anthropological investigation, stayed in Guizhou for 40 days, took a lot of photos of Qingyan and Huaxi Miao people in Guizhou, as well as the natural scenery and customs along the way, and published "Investigation and Research on Miao People" after returning home.
A plaque inscribed by Yan Yinliang
These four people are all young people who go out to seek scholars or grow up in other places, and Guiyang and even Guizhou have no ability to cultivate them. Now Guiyang No.1 Middle School is inferior to Liu Gao and Nanning No.2 Middle School in Guangxi, and it is not strong enough to deter high schools in southwest education.
The second big problem is that folk customs are lax. Guiyang people are accustomed to ease, like to have fun, wear the best clothes and eat two things every day, have a backward mental outlook, and sometimes even relax in the state of spiritual and cultural lack on the pretext of "being good at enjoying life". It is normal for Guiyang people to be short-sighted. In Taobao's 20 18 ranking of women's online clothing consumption in provincial capitals, Guiyang girls ranked seventh.
Every urban life, like an individual's life, has its own mature stage, and of course, like an individual's life, it grows fast and slowly. Guiyang lives in the plateau and mountainous areas, and its infant nutrition has been insufficient, but Guiyang has just begun now, just like a senior high school student aged 16, and under modern scientific and technological conditions, this nutrition is absolutely sufficient.
Cities, like adults, undoubtedly take time to grow up and shine. Although Guiyang people are at ease and lazy, this city is also the place where Laoganma is born. Laoganma is brave in fighting, knowing backwardness but confident, persevering and fearless of others' eyes. The spirit of Guiyang people and Guizhou people is also * * *.
Look at Guiyang people. Isn't Zhu Qiqian born in Kaizhou, which was still twelve horseheads on the riverside in the17th century? The housing plot ratio of Nanming District reclaimed in the1940s is even comparable to that of Hong Kong. However, with abundant nutrition and the hidden tenacity of Guiyang people, Guiyang will definitely not let the world and the future down!