Accounting year-end closing is the so-called financial year-end final accounts. The end of the year and the beginning of the year are the busiest time of the year for enterprise financial personnel, and there are many tasks to be done: not only to check assets and verify debts; But also to reconcile and settle accounts until the final preparation of financial and accounting reports. In this series of work, there are some problems that should be paid attention to, especially the adjustment of tax-related matters should be worthy of our attention. The following is the method and process of accounting year-end closing and accounting treatment that I brought to you. Welcome to read.

First, the method and process of accounting year-end closing and accounting treatment

Before preparing the annual financial accounting report, an enterprise shall conduct a comprehensive inventory of assets and verify debts in accordance with the following provisions:

(1) Whether the settlement funds, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, taxes payable, etc. exist, and whether they are consistent with the corresponding debts and creditor's rights of the debt and creditor's rights unit;

(two) raw materials, products in process, self-made semi-finished products, inventory goods and other inventories are consistent with the book quantity, whether there are scrap losses and overstocked materials;

(three) whether the investment exists, whether the investment income is confirmed and measured in accordance with the provisions of the unified national accounting system;

(four) whether the actual number of fixed assets such as buildings, machinery and equipment, means of transport and so on are consistent with the book number;

(five) whether the actual amount of construction in progress is consistent with the book records;

(six) other contents that need to be checked and verified.

Through the inventory and verification specified in the preceding paragraph, the enterprise can find out whether the actual quantity of property and materials is consistent with the book quantity, the arrears of various settlement funds and their reasons, the actual reserves of materials and materials, whether the investment has achieved the expected purpose, the use of fixed assets and their completeness. After the enterprise conducts inventory and verification, it shall report the results of inventory and verification and their handling methods to the board of directors of the enterprise or the corresponding institutions, and make corresponding accounting treatment according to the provisions of the unified national accounting system.

An enterprise shall, according to the specific circumstances in the middle of the year, focus on spot checks, take turns to check or regularly check all the property, materials and settlement funds. Before preparing the financial and accounting report, the enterprise shall complete the following tasks in addition to comprehensively checking assets and verifying debts:

(1) Check whether the records of accounting books are consistent with the contents and amounts of accounting vouchers, and whether the bookkeeping direction is consistent;

(two) according to the provisions of this Ordinance, the closing date, the balance and amount of the relevant accounting books, and check the balance between the accounting books;

(three) to check whether the relevant accounting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the unified national accounting system;

(four) for transactions and events that are not stipulated in the unified accounting system of the state, check whether they are confirmed and measured in accordance with the general principles of accounting and whether the relevant accounting treatment is reasonable;

(5) Check whether there are related items in the previous period or the current period that need to be adjusted due to accounting errors, changes in accounting policies and other reasons.

Problems found in the work specified in the preceding paragraph shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the unified national accounting system. When an enterprise prepares annual and semi-annual financial and accounting reports, it shall confirm and measure the verified assets and liabilities in accordance with the standards for the confirmation and measurement of assets and liabilities, and carry out corresponding accounting treatment in accordance with the provisions of the unified national accounting system.

Second, the understanding of tax payable from different angles

1, the calculation formula of tax payable from the perspective of enterprise finance: total profit after financial accounts? The stipulated income tax rate = income tax expense in the current accounting period

2. The formula for calculating the tax payable from the audit perspective of the authentication institution: the total profit after examination and approval (after audit adjustment)? The stipulated income tax rate = the income tax expense approved in this period.

3. Calculation formula of tax payable from the perspective of tax law:

What is the taxable income after the income tax is settled and adjusted? The stipulated income tax rate = the taxable amount stipulated in the tax law. From the above three calculation formulas, we can clearly see that there are great differences in the calculation caliber of the three, and there are significant differences in the calculated tax amount. The reason for the difference is that there are different adjustments between them. Audit institutions have made certain audit adjustments on the basis of accounting profits, while settlement and payment institutions and tax inspection organs have made corresponding tax adjustments on the basis of accounting profits, thus obtaining different taxable income and calculating different tax amounts. The following are examples from the principles of these three tax-related adjustments.

Three, the enterprise financial year-end self-examination tax adjustment principles and examples:

In recent years, with the "Accounting System for Enterprises" and related accounting standards (hereinafter referred to as? Accounting system and related standards? ), some changes have taken place in the recognition and measurement principles of accounting elements; At the same time, in the process of national tax policy reform, according to the development of market economy and the reality of enterprises, some adjustments have been made to the enterprise income tax laws and regulations. As a result, there are some differences between the accounting system and related standards in the recognition and measurement standards of income, expenses and losses and the provisions of enterprise income tax laws and regulations. For the differences between the recognition and measurement standards of income, expenses or losses related to the accounting system and relevant standards and the provisions of the tax law, the principle of handling them is as follows: when accounting, an enterprise shall confirm, measure, record and report all accounting elements in accordance with the provisions of the accounting system and relevant standards; if the recognition and measurement standards stipulated in the accounting system and relevant standards are inconsistent with the tax law, the amount of related items in accounting books and statements shall not be adjusted. When calculating the income tax payable in the current period, the enterprise should calculate the total profit in accordance with the accounting system and related standards (i.e.? Income statement? In? Total profit? , the same below), after adding (or subtracting) the differences between the accounting system and relevant standards and the tax law on the confirmation and measurement of a certain income, expense or loss, it is adjusted to taxable income, and the income tax payable in the current period is calculated accordingly.

Because of the different purposes of accounting and taxation, there will be some differences in the confirmation and measurement standards of a certain income, expenses and losses and the provisions of the tax law, but if the difference is too large, it will increase the cost of taxpayers' tax adjustment. Therefore, through coordination, State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China recently issued the Notice on Income Tax Issues Needed to Be Clear in Implementing the Accounting System for Business Enterprises (Guo Shui Fa [2003] No.45), which further clarified some income tax policies that need to be adjusted in implementing the Accounting System for Business Enterprises. Answers to questions about the implementation of the Accounting System for Business Enterprises and related accounting standards (III) According to the implementation of accounting system for business enterprises and related standards, and in combination with the relevant issues involved in the document No.45 of the State Administration of Taxation, the accounting treatment of transactions or events such as accepting donations, donating to foreign countries, returning sales, withdrawing and reversing reserves, causing permanent and substantial damage and other differences related to the adjustment of corporate income tax are given in detail.

This provision is applicable to the accounting treatment and related tax adjustment of the above-mentioned transactions or events involved by enterprises that implement the Accounting System for Business Enterprises and related standards; For enterprises that have not implemented the Accounting System for Business Enterprises and related standards, the accounting treatment and tax adjustment of related matters in this question should be handled in accordance with the provisions of this question.

The enterprise shall confirm the income tax expenses and the amount of income tax payable in accordance with the Accounting System for Business Enterprises, relevant standards and the principles specified in this question. If the final settlement of income tax in the reporting year occurs before the date of approval of the financial report in the reporting year, the annual income tax expenses involved in the final settlement of income tax should be adjusted. Previous annual profit and loss adjustment? Accounting for subjects and adjusting related items of annual accounting statements; If the final settlement of income tax in the reporting year occurs after the date of approval of the financial report in the reporting year, the "need to adjust the income tax expenses in the reporting year" involved in the final settlement of income tax shall be approved. Previous annual profit and loss adjustment? Accounting subjects and adjust the number of related items at the beginning of this year's accounting statements accordingly.

Related answer: At the end of the year, the accountant's job is to close the account. What matters should be paid attention to before and after closing and the specific process of closing the account?

Closing the account is to calculate and record the amount of the current period and the ending balance on the basis of registering all the economic business that occurred in a certain period. The accounting procedures and methods stipulated in the Basic Accounting Work Standard are as follows:

(1) Before closing the account, all the economic businesses that happened in this period must be registered.

(2) When closing the account, the final balance of each account shall be made. If it is necessary to calculate the amount incurred in the current month, it shall be indicated in the summary column? Total this month? Words, and draw a single red line in the column below. If it is necessary to calculate the accumulated amount of this year, it shall be indicated in the summary column? Accumulated this year? Words, and draw a single red line in the column below; 1end of February? Accumulated this year? Is the annual cumulative amount, the annual cumulative amount should be crossed with a double red line, and all general ledger accounts should bear the annual amount and year-end balance at the end of the year.

(3) At the end of the year, the balance of each account should be carried forward to the next fiscal year and indicated in the summary column? Carry over to next year? Words; Fill in the balance carried forward from the previous year in the first balance column of the newly-built accounting books in the next fiscal year, and indicate it in the summary column? Carry over from last year? Words.

How to use different methods according to different account records when checking out?

(1) For accounts that don't need to calculate the amount of the current period on a monthly basis, such as various accounts receivable ledgers and various property and materials ledgers, the balance should be settled at any time after each accounting, and the last balance of each month is the month-end balance. In other words, the month-end balance is the balance in the same line of the last economic business record of this month. When closing at the end of the month, you only need to draw a single red line under the last economic business record, and you don't need to settle the balance again.

(2) Cash, bank deposit journals and detailed accounts such as income and expenses that need to be settled on a monthly basis should be marked with a single red line under the last economic business record, and the amount and balance of this month should be noted in the summary column? Total this month? Words, draw a single red line below.

(3) Some subsidiary accounts, such as product sales revenue and cost subsidiary ledger, which need to be settled this year, should be settled in? Total this month? The accumulated amount from the beginning of the year to the end of this month shall be recorded under the monthly amount and indicated in the summary column. Accumulated this year? Words, and draw a single red line below. 1end of February? Accumulated this year? It is the accumulated amount of the whole year, and a double red line is drawn under the accumulated amount of the whole year.

(4) The general ledger account only needs to settle the month-end balance at ordinary times. At the time of year-end closing, in order to reflect the whole picture of the changes in assets, liabilities and owners' equity throughout the year and facilitate the checking of accounts, all general ledger accounts should be accounted for the annual amount and year-end balance, and indicated in the summary column? Total this year? Words, and draw a pair of red lines under the total number. Units that use checkerboard general ledger and account summary table instead of general ledger shall compile a Zhang Quannian total account summary table and chessboard general ledger for year-end closing.

(5) For some accounts that need to settle the amount incurred this month, if only one economic transaction occurs this month, as the amount recorded in this account is the amount incurred this month, when closing the account, just draw a single red line under the record of this bank to indicate that it is separate from the amount incurred next month, and there is no need to settle it separately? Total this month? Count.

How to draw a line when checking out?

The purpose of the closing line is to highlight the total amount of this month and the balance at the end of the month, indicating that the accounting records of this accounting period have been closed or ended, and to clearly separate the records of this period from those of the next period. According to the "Accounting Basic Work Standard", the monthly statement is marked with a single line and the annual statement with a double line. When drawing a line, you should draw a red line; The crossing line should be crossed, and it should not only be crossed in the amount part of this account page.

How to fill in the account balance when checking out?

Generally speaking, when closing the account every month, the month-end balance of the account should be written in the same line of the last economic business record of this month. However, in cash journals, bank deposit journals and other accounts that need to be settled on a monthly basis, such as detailed accounts of various costs, expenses and income, the balance at the end of the month should also be written in the same line as the amount incurred this month, and indicated in the summary column? Total this month? Words. In this way, the balance at the beginning of the month in the account record plus or minus the amount incurred in this period is equal to the balance at the end of the month, which is convenient for the audit of the account record. For some subsidiary accounts that need to settle the accumulated amount of this year, when closing the account every month, Total this month? If the line has a balance,? Accumulated this year? Ok, you don't have to write the balance again.

Can I check out in red letters?

The scarlet letter used in account records has a specific meaning, which indicates the decrease or negative balance of the blue word amount. Therefore, when closing the account, if there is a negative balance, you can register it in the balance column in red, but if the direction of the balance (such as borrowing or lending) is printed in front of the balance column, it should be written in blue and black ink instead of red ink.

How to carry forward the balance of a balance account to the next year?

There are two nonstandard methods for how to carry forward the balance of an account with a balance to the next year:

(1) record the year-end balance of this account in the amount incurred under the last account in the opposite direction. For example, when an account is debited at the end of the year, fill this balance in the column of credit amount (if the balance is a credit, record it in the opposite direction) and fill it in the summary column. Carry over to next year? The words, in? Borrow or lend? Fill in the column? Ping? Words and in the balance column? Yuan? Fill in the column symbol on the bit, indicating that the account has been settled.

(2) in? Accumulated this year? For the second line of the amount, record the balance at the beginning of the year in the amount column in the same direction, and fill in the summary column. Carry over from last year? Words; Register the year-end balance in the next bank. If it is debit balance, fill it in the column of credit amount, otherwise, debit it and fill it in the column of summary. Carry over to next year? Words. At the same time, add the total count of borrowers and lenders at the bottom of the bank and fill in the summary column of the bank? Total? Two words, in? Borrow or lend? Fill in the column? Ping? Word, in the balance column? Yuan? Fill in the column? 0? Symbol to show that the account has been settled.

The correct method should be: when closing the account at the end of the year, the balance of the account with balance can be directly recorded in the balance column of the new account, and there is no need to prepare accounting vouchers, and it is not necessary to record the balance in the debit or credit (receiver or payer) of the account this year, so that the balance of the account with balance this year becomes zero. Because, since there is a balance account at the end of the year, the balance should be truthfully reflected in the account, which is more clear and clear. Otherwise, it confuses the difference between an account with balance and an account without balance.

Generally speaking, the general ledger, journals and most subsidiary ledgers should be replaced once a year. However, some property and material ledgers and creditor's rights and debts ledgers, because there are many kinds of materials, specifications and current units, require a lot of work to replace new ledgers and copy them again. Therefore, they can be used across years without having to be replaced once a year. Various memo books can also be used continuously.

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