First, the concept of first-hand housing-the concept of the first and multiple houses in American families and the policy of differential treatment.
In the United States, taxpayers who own more than one house have a concept of primary house, that is, the basic house of every married family or single person is different from other houses (such as investment rental houses and holiday apartments). ).
According to the definition of main residence in the IRS tax law, if a taxpayer owns two houses at the same time, the main residence is the one that has lived for a relatively long time. The government allows buyers to deduct the interest on first-hand housing loans from their income when paying taxes, which is equivalent to giving buyers a big discount, and the interest rate on first-hand housing loans is the lowest.
In addition, if taxpayers want to sell houses, they have to pay federal capital gains tax. However, if the house is a first-class house, the head of the household has lived in the house for at least two years in the last five years, and the profit from selling the house is less than $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for couples, there is no need to pay capital gains tax.
However, only the main residence can enjoy this preferential treatment, and other residences, such as investing in rental houses, need to declare capital appreciation tax.
After the taxpayer declares his main place of residence, the IRS will regularly check the taxpayer's telephone records, bill payment, whether the taxpayer has exercised his right to vote at his place of residence and a series of situations that can show whether the taxpayer has lived at his place of residence. Therefore, it is difficult for taxpayers to lie about their basic housing conditions.
Second, the American housing security system-"everyone has the opportunity to live" and "provide affordable housing"
Since 1930s, the American government has been gradually adjusting and perfecting its housing policy in view of the housing problems of low-and middle-income groups.
1, housing subsidies for low-income groups
The federal government will allocate special funds to public housing management departments to provide housing subsidies to low-income grassroots in two ways. One is to build and provide cheap government apartments for low-income families, and the other is rent subsidies.
From 65438 to 0949, the federal government revised the National Housing Law, established the Urban Redevelopment Agency, authorized it to demolish the old city and dangerous houses, sold them to private institutions for redevelopment, and planned to build a large number of public houses, but the implementation was not satisfactory.
1965, the United States passed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, and established the HUD (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development) at the same level as the cabinet, which is responsible for most housing plans in the United States. In the same year, the "rent subsidy" plan was adopted, stipulating that the housing expenditure of low-income families should be limited to 20% of their income, and the rest of the rent should be subsidized by the government.
Article 8 of the American Housing Law promulgated by 1974 replaced Articles 235 and 236 of the former American Housing Law of 1937, and explicitly provided credit guarantee for the rent of low-income groups. In the 1980s, Article 8 was revised, and the proportion of low-income groups in income was gradually increased to 25% and 30%.
When low-income people or retirees take a fancy to the housing that meets the government regulations, they can arrange for the owner to go to FHFA (Federal Housing Finance Bureau) to sign a lease contract.
2. Ownership of residential buildings
1986, the United States passed the tax reform bill, which stipulated that the interest on mortgage loans and consumer loans could be tax deductible. These laws and regulations make the housing mortgage loan market develop rapidly.
1990, the Bush administration promulgated the National Affordable Housing Act, which takes home ownership as the main strategy, implements the "Hope Plan", that is, "everyone has a chance to live", sells public housing, and integrates some social services with housing problems, so that home ownership becomes the main strategy.
The U.S. government encourages private houses to build and buy houses by establishing a residential mortgage loan system and a guarantee system. In addition to offsetting personal income tax with mortgage interest, there are other preferential real estate tax policies, such as property tax reduction, capital gains reduction on housing sales, low-interest loans for first-time buyers mentioned above, and value-added tax reduction on first-hand residential assets.
American housing policy advocates the concept of "affordable housing". According to the mortgage loan standard of the Federal National Mortgage Association, the national mortgage loan should follow the 28/36 principle, that is, the loan for housing supply should not exceed 28% of the monthly income of the family, and the total loan including car supply, student loan and credit card should not exceed 36% of the monthly income of the family.
If it exceeds this limit, it can be considered that the housing burden is too heavy. According to a survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2007, although 38% of households bear mortgage loans that exceed 30% of their total monthly income, middle-income American families can afford to buy a house. And because of the sound social security in the United States, people have extra funds for other consumption.
3. Who bought more houses than the second one?
According to the survey, in 20 15, the sales volume of holiday houses in the United States increased by 57% compared with that in 20 14, and * * * sold10.3 million holiday houses. According to the survey, most buyers are the generation born in the last baby boom. They were born between 1946 and 1964, and have gradually entered the retirement period, becoming the main force in purchasing holiday houses to prepare for future retirement. Lending an existing property to get a lower interest rate can reduce your monthly payment, or borrow more net worth to buy another property.
What kind of second house has the most investment value?
First, the rental income is higher than the monthly payment;
Second, the house is located in a good environment, so the risk is minimal.
To sum up, the most basic feature of the management of housing problems and markets in the United States is that it is managed according to law, through continuous legislation and with increasingly strict legal systems and systems.
Among them, the most important thing is the legislative purpose and management concept, which is really based on realizing people's living and working in peace and contentment, rather than using housing as an opportunistic tool to stimulate the economy, let alone turning housing into a tool for wealth transfer and exploitation of people.