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The Philippines is located in southeast Asia. Bashi channel is far away from Taiwan Province Province of China in the north, and the Sulawesi Sea and Barabak Strait are across from Indonesia and Malaysia in the south and southwest, with the South China Sea in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. * * * There are 7 large and small islands107, of which Luzon Island, Mindanao Island and Sama Island 1 1 are the main islands, accounting for 96% of the country's total area. The coastline is about 18533 km long. It has a tropical maritime climate with high temperature, rainy weather and high humidity. The average annual temperature is 27℃, and the annual precipitation is 2000-3000mm. The tertiary industry accounts for a large proportion, accounting for about half of GDP, and the primary and secondary industries also occupy a very important position in the national economy. In the late 1960 s, the economic opening policy was adopted to actively attract foreign investment, and the economic development achieved certain results. 1982 was listed as a "middle-income country" by the World Bank. Since then, influenced by the western economic recession and its own political turmoil, the economy has shown a downward trend. After President Ramos came to power in the early 1990s, he took a series of positive measures to revitalize the economy, and the economy began to recover in an all-round way and maintained a high growth rate. 197 During the Asian financial crisis, the Philippine economy was relatively less affected. 1999, the Philippine economy gradually began to recover. In 2000, due to the political turmoil, the financial situation in the Philippines deteriorated, the exchange rate hit a record low, and the stock market fell to the lowest level in two years. After President Arroyo came to power in 200 1 year, he promoted economic reform and focused on improving agricultural productivity. Affected by the global economic slowdown and political turmoil, the Philippines only maintained a slow growth and its economic trend was sluggish. Foreign trade has declined, foreign investment has decreased, government debt burden has increased, and poverty is still prominent.
Brunei is located in the north of kalimantan island, bordering the South China Sea in the north and Sarawak in the southeast and west, and is separated into two parts by the forest dream in Sarawak. The coastline is about 16 1 km long. The coast is plain, and the interior is mountainous, with 33 islands. It has a tropical rainforest climate, which is hot and rainy all year round. The average annual temperature is 28 C. Brunei is the third largest oil producer in Southeast Asia and the fourth largest LNG producer in the world. Oil and natural gas are the mainstay of the economy, accounting for 36% of GDP and 95% of total export revenue. In recent years, the proportion of non-oil and gas industries has increased, and the proportion of 200 1 year to GDP is about 66%. In recent years, the Brunei government has vigorously promoted the policy of economic diversification and privatization, trying to change the single economic structure that relies too much on oil and natural gas. In recent years, the construction industry has developed rapidly and become an important industry second only to the oil and gas industry. The clothing industry has also developed greatly, and has become the second largest source of export income after the oil and gas industry. The main problems in economic development are narrow domestic market, weak infrastructure and serious shortage of technology and labor.
Singapore's economy is dominated by electronics, petrochemicals, finance, shipping and service industries, and it is highly dependent on the United States, Japan, Europe and surrounding markets. After independence, we will adhere to the free economic policy and step up the development of capital-intensive and high value-added emerging industries. Vigorously invest in infrastructure construction, and strive to attract foreign investment with the best business environment. Take manufacturing and service industry as the dual engines of economic growth. In order to further promote economic growth, the "regional economic development strategy" has been vigorously promoted since the 1990 s to accelerate overseas investment. 1After the Asian financial crisis broke out in 1997, Singapore's economy suffered little impact and rebounded rapidly, with an economic growth rate of 9.9% in 2000. Affected by the global economic slowdown and the periodic decline of international electronic products, Singapore's economy fell into the worst recession since independence in 20001year, with a negative growth of 2% for the whole year. To this end, the government twice issued supporting plans with a total value equivalent to 8.4% of GDP to stimulate the economy, and at the same time began to brew and adjust the economic development strategy, proposing to climb a new peak of knowledge economy and "build a new Singapore."
Myanmar has superior natural conditions and abundant resources. However, the development of industry and agriculture has been slow for many years. 19871February was listed as one of the least developed countries in the world by the United Nations. 1March 3, 9891day, the government promulgated the Law on State-owned Enterprises, announcing the implementation of a market economy and gradually opening up to the outside world, allowing foreign investment, allowing farmers to freely operate agricultural products and private individuals to engage in import and export trade. At present, the private economy is dominant, accounting for about 75% of the gross national product. 1992-95 Myanmar's economy developed rapidly with an average annual growth rate of 7.5%. 1995 The Myanmar government formulated a five-year economic development plan from1996/1997 to 2000/2001in an effort to give priority to the development of agriculture and promote the development of other industries. During the five-year development plan period, Myanmar's average annual economic growth rate reached 8.4%. In 20001year, the government formulated a four-year economic development plan for 200 1 2002-2004/2005, and set the target of average annual economic growth 10%. At the same time, we will continue to strengthen infrastructure construction, reduce inflation and put the economy on the track of healthy and sustainable development. Due to the long-term sanctions imposed by the United States and other western countries, and the closeness and fragility of its own economic structure, Myanmar's economy is still not out of the Woods.
Malaysia is rich in natural resources. The output and export of rubber, palm oil and pepper are among the highest in the world. Before the 1970s, the economy was dominated by agriculture and depended on the export of primary products. Since the 1970s, the industrial structure has been constantly adjusted, and the export-oriented economy has been vigorously promoted. The electronics industry, manufacturing industry, construction industry and service industry have developed rapidly. In the mid-1980s, affected by the world economic recession, the economy declined. After the government took measures to stimulate foreign investment and private capital, the economy improved obviously. After 1987, the economy continued to develop at a high speed, and the average annual growth rate of the national economy remained above 8%. 197 The Southeast Asian financial crisis hit the Malaysian economy severely. The exchange rate of Malaysian currency ringgit against the US dollar fell by 46%, and the stock market composite index fell by more than half. 1998, the Malaysian economy experienced negative growth (-7.5%) for the first time in 13 years, and the unemployment rate and inflation rate rose. 1September 1998, the Malaysian government adopted an expansionary fiscal and monetary policy and introduced selective capital and monetary control measures. Its main contents are to supervise short-term foreign investment, fix the exchange rate of ringgit against the US dollar at 3.8:1and prohibit offshore ringgit trading. The financial situation in Malaysia tends to be stable and the stock market gradually picks up. 1In February 1999, the Malaysian government replaced the control of short-term foreign investment by levying divestment tax, and foreign investment began to return. 1in the second quarter of 1999, the Malaysian economy began to recover, with an annual economic growth of 5.4%. In 2000, the Malaysian economy maintained a steady growth momentum on the basis of the recovery in199, and various economic indexes basically recovered to the level before the financial crisis, with an economic growth rate of 8.5%. In 2000 10, the Malaysian government cancelled the divestment tax, but still retained monetary control measures. Affected by the economic sluggishness of the United States and Japan, the economic growth rate slowed down obviously in 200 1 year.
Vietnam is one of the economically underdeveloped countries, and its economy is dominated by agriculture. 1986 The Sixth National Congress of Vietnam decided to implement the route of innovation and opening up, and 1996 the Eighth National Congress of Vietnam formulated (reiterated by the Ninth National Congress in 20001year) the development goal of basically realizing the country's industrialization and modernization in 2020. The Ninth National Congress of Viet Nam decided to "establish a socialist oriented market economic system", including six economic components (state-owned economy, collective economy, individual and small business owner economy, private capitalist economy and foreign capital economy). In recent years, the economy has continued to grow at a relatively fast speed. During the five-year plan period from 1996 to 2000, the GDP grew at an average annual rate of 6.7%, the primary, secondary and tertiary industries grew at an average annual rate of 5%,12.2% and 6.4% respectively, the grain output grew at an average annual rate of1300,000 tons, and rice and coffee exports ranked second and third in the world. In the past five years, * * * attracted foreign direct investment of 24.7 billion US dollars. In 2000, GDP increased by 6.7%, of which agriculture increased by 4.9%, industry increased by15.7%, exports increased by 24% (planned growth1-12%), imports increased by 30.8%, and foreign exchange reserves increased. In 20001year, we will continue to implement the policy of "taking economic construction as the center", strive to promote the reform of state-owned enterprises and financial institutions, increase investment in science and technology, further improve the investment environment, stimulate consumption, and intensify poverty alleviation. Despite the slowdown in world economic growth and serious domestic natural disasters, GDP has maintained steady growth.
Thailand has implemented the five-year plan for national economic and social development since 196 1, and the ninth five-year plan since 2002. Implement a free economic policy, encourage private investment and competition, and guide the private sector to play a leading role in national economic development; Increase government investment in infrastructure, improve the investment environment, vigorously introduce foreign capital and technology, and strive to expand exports. Accelerate the pace of economic restructuring, lift the control of foreign exchange transactions under the current account, and allow foreign banks to handle "offshore business" (BIBF) in Bangkok. In addition, actively participate in regional economic cooperation, join the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), actively participate in the Mekong sub-regional cooperation, and promote the "growth triangle" cooperation between Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. With the development of manufacturing and service industries, especially the rise of tourism, Thailand's economic structure has undergone major changes, from an agricultural country that used to export agricultural products to a new industrial country, and manufactured goods have become Thailand's main export commodities. From 1990 to 1996, the average annual growth rate of Thai economy reached about 8%. 195 Thailand's per capita national income exceeded $2,500, and the World Bank listed Thailand as a middle-income country. 197 The Asian financial crisis had a great impact on Thailand. In that year, the economic growth was-1.4%, and in198, the economy declined sharply with a growth rate of-10.5%. 1Since the second half of 1999, Thailand's economy has started to come out of the trough, growing by 4.4% that year. In June 2000, Thailand announced its departure from IMF supervision, and its economy gradually picked up, with a GDP growth of 4.3% that year. In 200 1 year, Thailand continued to implement an expansionary proactive fiscal policy, increasing government investment and expenditure, encouraging consumption, stimulating domestic demand and expanding exports. While trying to absorb foreign direct investment, we have implemented a series of economic reform measures, mainly including: setting up a national asset management company to deal with bad debts of banks, setting up a People's Bank, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, delaying farmers' debt repayment for three years, implementing the "rural million baht development fund" and the "30 baht medical plan", developing local specialty products and vigorously developing tourism, etc. Foreign debts have decreased, foreign exchange reserves have increased slightly, and the stock market has slowly rebounded. By the end of 20001year, foreign debt had dropped to $69.4 billion and foreign exchange reserves had increased to $33 billion.
Laos is dominated by agriculture and its industrial base is weak. /kloc-since 0/988, we have carried out the route of innovation and opening up, adjusted the economic structure, that is, combined agriculture and forestry, industry and service industry, giving priority to the development of agriculture and forestry; Cancel the highly centralized economic management system, switch to the business accounting system, implement the economic policy of coexistence of various forms of ownership, gradually improve the market economic mechanism, and strive to turn the natural and semi-natural economy into a commodity economy; Opening to the outside world, promulgating foreign investment law and improving investment environment; Expand foreign economic relations and strive to introduce more capital, advanced technology and management methods. From 199 1 year to 1996, the national economy grew at an average annual rate of 7%. 1997 was hit by the Asian financial crisis, and the Lao currency kip depreciated sharply. The Lao government has basically maintained social stability and economic stability by taking measures such as strengthening macro-control, rectifying financial order and expanding agricultural production. In 20001year, the Seventh National Congress of the Lao Party formulated the economic development plan from 20001year to 2005. In the next five years, the average annual growth rate of Laos' GDP will be no less than 7%, focusing on developing advantageous industries such as agriculture, energy, minerals and tourism, and increasing exports. By 2020, the per capita GDP will triple to 1500 USD.
Since Indonesia 1968, especially after the adjustment of economic structure and product structure in the 1980s, economic development has made certain achievements. In the first 25-year long-term construction plan, the gross national product grew at an average annual rate of 6%, and inflation was controlled within10%. 1April 1994 entered the second 25-year long-term construction plan, that is, the economic take-off stage. The government has further relaxed investment restrictions to attract foreign investment, and taken measures to vigorously support small and medium-sized enterprises, develop tourism and increase exports. 1997 was hit hard by the southeast Asian financial crisis, with a sharp economic recession, currency depreciation and high inflation. In order to get rid of the economic difficulties, the government was forced to ask the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for help. 199 The economy began to recover slowly, but there was a great resistance to rectification, and problems such as foreign debts of private enterprises and bad debts of banks were difficult to solve.
Cambodia is an agricultural country and one of the least developed countries in the world. The poor population accounts for 36% of the total population. 1993 After the establishment of the Royal Government, a free market economy was implemented, and economic privatization and trade liberalization were promoted. 1998 after the establishment of the new government, economic development and poverty eradication were the primary tasks and priorities, and agriculture, infrastructure construction and personnel training were the priority development areas; Introduce a number of reform measures to improve the investment environment and attract foreign investment; Reduce military and political officials and administrative expenses. In 20001year, Cambodia made great efforts to promote reforms in administration, taxation, finance and justice, and made new achievements in economic development. The main economic figures are as follows: gross domestic product (GDP): 3.648 billion US dollars.
Per capita GDP: US$ 273.
GDP growth rate: 5.2%.